生物友好型設(shè)計(jì)
——新加坡裕廊湖畔花園

安博戴水道

1 裕廊湖平面圖Master plan

裕廊湖畔花園是裕廊湖花園一期開發(fā)地塊，占地53 hm2。裕廊湖花園位于裕廊區(qū)的西岸，地處最核心區(qū)域，是新加坡第一個(gè)位于市區(qū)的國(guó)家級(jí)公園。裕廊區(qū)曾經(jīng)是一片被紅樹林和淡水沼澤覆蓋的澤國(guó)，是水鳥、蜻蜓、水獺、巨蜥和蘭花、糖膠樹、香蘭草、紅椰樹等動(dòng)植物的家園。新加坡建國(guó)后，為了發(fā)展遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸業(yè)，填湖造地，并將這片沼澤和濕地規(guī)劃為工業(yè)園區(qū)。20世紀(jì)80年代，隨著人口的大量增加，這片曾經(jīng)的工業(yè)園區(qū)慢慢又轉(zhuǎn)化為新興的住宅區(qū)，并配有地鐵、高速公路、學(xué)校、醫(yī)院和商場(chǎng)，成為市民們的家園，但往日的生物多樣性已不復(fù)存在。

安博戴水道在該項(xiàng)目中負(fù)責(zé)景觀設(shè)計(jì)、水利生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)和湖濱花園游樂場(chǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)咨詢顧問。通過有效的生態(tài)修復(fù)設(shè)計(jì)，恢復(fù)澤國(guó)風(fēng)光，為鳥類和昆蟲類提供淡水森林棲息地，同時(shí)也為公眾提供親水樂園、野趣樂園、生態(tài)步道等，滿足當(dāng)下市民的生活、學(xué)習(xí)、健身需求。

湖畔花園的設(shè)計(jì)以生物友好型設(shè)計(jì)（biophilic design）為原則，關(guān)注自然層面，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體自然環(huán)境和生物棲息地。將人們的內(nèi)在需求與自然功能結(jié)合，增強(qiáng)人們對(duì)環(huán)境和場(chǎng)所的情感依戀，用一種深刻而基本的方式來保護(hù)自然。

1 糖膠樹島和南部溪地

提高和改善野生動(dòng)物的棲息環(huán)境，使游客能夠享受自然和生物多樣性，保持該地區(qū)的寧?kù)o是裕廊湖畔花園設(shè)計(jì)開發(fā)中需思考的關(guān)鍵因素。設(shè)計(jì)在恢復(fù)裕廊湖畔花園澤國(guó)風(fēng)光的同時(shí)，歸還動(dòng)物們的舊日家園。

新建的糖膠樹島是生態(tài)修復(fù)后的水鳥家園，也是愛好者們的觀鳥點(diǎn)。淡水濕地是裕廊湖區(qū)曾經(jīng)最普遍的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。這里的植物利用發(fā)達(dá)的呼吸根抵抗潮水的侵襲，如糖膠樹（Alstonia spatulate）。這里的動(dòng)物則適應(yīng)了潮漲潮落，擅長(zhǎng)利用水位的變化來覓食。落入公園中部區(qū)域的雨水經(jīng)過生態(tài)水溝的匯集，注入重建的淡水濕地。

濕地和裕廊湖兩者重現(xiàn)了裕廊湖曾經(jīng)的生態(tài)群落。低水位的時(shí)候，人們可以走在濕地汀步上近距離觀察上岸的巨蜥（Varanus salvator）；高水位的時(shí)候，人們可以在觀景臺(tái)上遠(yuǎn)眺糖膠樹島上的蒼鷺（Ardea cinerea）。

2 糖膠樹島Alstonia island

南部溪地區(qū)原本有一條普通排水渠，將附近的居住區(qū)、馬路、學(xué)校的雨水排入裕廊湖。然而水渠會(huì)對(duì)江獺（Lutrogale perspicillata）、巨蜥的通行造成困擾，過于筆直和炎熱的水泥壁，并不是它們爬行的理想河岸。于是在設(shè)計(jì)中拆除水渠，構(gòu)建一片溪地，并在岸邊建設(shè)多層嵌套平臺(tái)，且保證動(dòng)物的生活不被打擾，保持不少于55 m的距離，多層嵌套平臺(tái)尺寸最小為1 m2，方便人行通過。

溪岸采用生態(tài)工法進(jìn)行加固：石塊能降低水速、減緩侵蝕；深根性的灌木和地被能穩(wěn)固基岸；可降解的椰櫚織物能在植物的根系成熟前，暫時(shí)固定土壤。相較于硬質(zhì)的混凝土，生態(tài)工法能夠進(jìn)行持續(xù)的生長(zhǎng)與自我修復(fù)，對(duì)水生生物和兩棲動(dòng)物更友好，同時(shí)能滿足城市排水管道的泄洪需求。

2 香蘭棧道和草甸

在裕廊湖的西部香蘭棧道和草甸區(qū)域是鳥類和兩棲類生活的河岸濕地帶，設(shè)計(jì)中尊重植物生境，提高動(dòng)物棲息地質(zhì)量，也寓教于樂地向年輕一代介紹濕地生物，并供人們徜徉其中。這塊區(qū)域原本只是一片水泥停車場(chǎng)，通過地形修復(fù)，被改造為一片高低起伏、緩緩向湖面延伸的草甸。

地勢(shì)低的區(qū)域，通過生態(tài)改造打造了香蘭棧道，沿岸種植了50多種適應(yīng)潮汐變化的濕地植物，成了香蘭草（Pandanus amaryllifolius）、紅椰樹（Cyrtostachys renda）、野菠蘿（Oncosperma tigillarium）叢生的河岸，成了巨蜥和蜻蜓的家園，成了冠斑犀鳥（Anthracoceros albirostris）、蒼鷺和江獺覓食的地方。根據(jù)湖泊的水位，濕地棲息地被水淹沒，為水鳥提供食物和飼料，同時(shí)棧道可以帶游客穿過這片經(jīng)過修復(fù)的淡水沼澤森林，游客可以體驗(yàn)到各種各樣的棲息地，觀察到生活在這里各種各樣的動(dòng)物，如蒼鷺、犀鳥和江獺。

地勢(shì)高的區(qū)域種植了成片的紅毛草（Pennisetum setaceum）和狼尾草（Pennisetum alopecuroides），打造一個(gè)適合鳥兒筑巢和捕食的環(huán)境。項(xiàng)目建成后吸引了大群嘰嘰喳喳的田鷚（Anthus richardi）出沒。鳥巢形狀的觀鳥亭由場(chǎng)地里回收的雨樹（Samanea saman）做成，人們可以躲在觀鳥亭里暗中觀察這些吵鬧的小鳥。

連接這兩片區(qū)域的是穿繞其中的香蘭棧道。棧道300 m長(zhǎng)，時(shí)而纖細(xì)，時(shí)而寬闊，纖細(xì)處繞過保留的孿葉蘇木（Khaya Senegalensis）和雨樹，寬闊處留有望向湖面的座椅。人們從棧道上走過，巨蜥從棧道下穿過。黃昏的時(shí)候，棧道兩側(cè)會(huì)亮起微弱的熒光，仿佛螢火蟲在沼澤中飄蕩，為人們指引方向，但又不驚醒睡夢(mèng)中的動(dòng)物。

3 野趣樂園橋Bridge at Forest ramble

4 潮水灣Clusia clove

3 野趣樂園和潮水灣

野趣樂園占地2.3 hm2，受自然啟發(fā)，打造了13個(gè)不同的探險(xiǎn)主題區(qū)，讓5～12歲的兒童能夠在不同主題的游樂園林中探索自然生態(tài)，邊玩耍邊學(xué)習(xí)。孩子們可以在野趣樂園中模仿生活在淡水沼澤棲息地的濕地生物滑翔、跳躍。

像蝴蝶一樣飄過池塘，像白鷺一樣掠過水面，像青蛙一樣躍過草叢，像蛇一樣從樹上游下，像猴子一樣爬上藤蔓，像松鼠一樣在枝頭尋找平衡，像水獺一樣挖洞，像螃蟹一樣在洞穴里暗中觀察……每一種動(dòng)物都是裕廊湖區(qū)常見的，稍加留意就可以在樹上、草叢中、溪水里觀察到它們。

樂園大部分非承重結(jié)構(gòu)的取材都是更為自然的石塊和木材。它們有的擺放成溪澗落石和枯木的樣子，仿佛水獺在其間工作；有的壘成鳥窩的形狀，仿佛幼鳥在等待歸巢的父母。倒下的病木和枯木，則被堆放在一起慢慢腐爛，慢慢長(zhǎng)出蘑菇。它們是巨蜥和鳥雀覓食的地方，是生態(tài)循環(huán)的一部分。在腐爛之前，木堆和蘑菇又兼職孩子們爬高爬低的玩耍去處。

考慮到熱帶白蟻的危害和殺蟲劑的毒性，所有有原木的區(qū)域，地基四周都由細(xì)密的鐵紗包圍。既無毒害，又能防止白蟻的鉆入，保障樂園的安全。值得一提的是，其中一半的區(qū)域是無障礙區(qū)，所有的孩子都可以無差別地在一起玩。坐輪椅的小孩子也應(yīng)該有一個(gè)盡情玩耍的童年。

潮水灣是模擬潮汐的生態(tài)池，也是玩水的去處。孩子們可以體驗(yàn)一個(gè)獨(dú)特的水上游樂場(chǎng)，模擬潮汐模式，像水表面波紋、海岸的水運(yùn)動(dòng)等。并采用生態(tài)凈化群落作為一個(gè)天然的水處理系統(tǒng)對(duì)回收的雨水進(jìn)行凈化處理，凈化后的雨水在地下經(jīng)過紫外線處理之后進(jìn)入游樂場(chǎng)供孩子們玩耍。

潮水灣由5個(gè)相連接的月牙形池塘組成。第1個(gè)池塘是生態(tài)凈化群落，回收自第4個(gè)池塘的水，經(jīng)過層層水生植物和吸附層的凈化，再經(jīng)過地下的紫外線消毒管，最終達(dá)到安全潔凈的水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，流入第2個(gè)池塘；第2個(gè)池塘是潮水淺灘，凈化后的水像潮水一樣從石縫中涌出又回落，孩子們可以在淺灘中追逐潮水，感受潮漲潮落，漫溢出的潮水流入第3個(gè)池塘—嬉水沙灘；沙灘上矗立著巨大的巖石，沙灘是小孩子們挖沙、堆城堡的地方，巖石之間是水閘，大孩子們可以用它們來控制水位，漫過沙灘的水，進(jìn)入第4個(gè)池塘；第4和第5個(gè)池塘是生態(tài)水池，沿岸種有水生植物，被孩子們玩臟的水，在這里沉淀，化作植物的養(yǎng)分，池水最后循環(huán)回到第一個(gè)生態(tài)進(jìn)化群落。

潮水灣通過循環(huán)生態(tài)凈化，將回收水凈化至游泳池水的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，供孩子們嬉水。相較于使用常規(guī)的硫酸銅、消毒粉、凈水劑進(jìn)行水質(zhì)凈化消毒，生態(tài)凈化群落不會(huì)對(duì)周邊自然水體造成化學(xué)污染，不會(huì)對(duì)孩子們的皮膚造成刺激，它與周邊的自然環(huán)境融為一體，讓人們意識(shí)到大自然的驚人凈化能力。

（編輯/劉昱霏）

項(xiàng)目面積：53 hm2

業(yè)主單位：新加坡國(guó)家公園局

景觀設(shè)計(jì)：安博戴水道

水生態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)：安博戴水道，新加坡CPG集團(tuán)

游樂場(chǎng)設(shè)計(jì)：安博戴水道，德國(guó)Kukuk

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：新加坡CPG集團(tuán)

施工單位：鴻業(yè)私人有限公司

植物施工：Prince’s Landscape

游樂園施工：CT-Art Creation

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間：2014—2015年

施工時(shí)間：2016—2019年

開業(yè)時(shí)間：2019年4月27日

團(tuán)隊(duì)成員：里奧納德·安，瑞恩·舒賓，麥勒·范迪克，谷凌一，幸嘉琪，穆罕默德·法伊茲，馬修·本， 杜飛鵬

圖片來源：安博戴水道

5潮水灣生物群落Clusia cove and Biotope

Jurong Lake Gardens will be Singapore’s third national garden, and the first in the heartlands. Lakeside Garden is the 1st phase of the developments at Jurong Lake Gardens,Located in the future largest commercial and regional centre outside Singapore’s city centre(Jurong Lake District). Strategically located to serve the communities in the western region Lakeside Garden is home to the largest children’s nature play garden in the heartlands, boardwalk and wetland trails, water sport facilities, as well as community gardening spaces. Ramboll Studio Dreiseitl is the lead landscape architecture, water engineering and playground design consultant of Lakeside Garden.

Identified as the first phase of development of Jurong Lake Gardens, Singapore’s third national garden and the first in the heartlands, Lakeside Garden is a 53 hm2site that looks to restore the landscape heritage of the freshwater swamp forest as a canvas for recreation and community activities. The development is envisioned to be a“people’s garden” accessible to all segments of the community and is a conscious effort to bring back the nature that was once unique to the area.

1 Ecotones

Before the early-mid 1900s, the area was a swamp that was teeming with flora and fauna.

The freshwater swamp, woodlands and grasslands are the primary ecotones that make up the garden. The ecotones are then further broken down into key habitat spaces, each with unique characteristics and plant types that are suited for the respective fauna. Over 3 000 existing trees are preserved within the site, with 200 trees transplanted. Existing big trees such as banyans and yellow flames are preserved carefully, which provide a connected corridor for wildlife and biodiversity. Bird, butter fly and dragon fly attracting trees and shrubs are specially selected to provide food source and nesting opportunities, ensuring a vibrant habitat with rich biodiversity. Rare species such as hornbills, buffy fish owls and otters are spotted to be regular inhabitant of the garden.

7 石籠墻Gabion wall

8 草甸區(qū)Grassland

Planted predominantly with Alstonia spatulate to reflect the natural history of the area, the Alstonia Island’s conditions are greatly influenced by changes in the water level of Jurong Lake. The island has conditions similar to that of a freshwater swamp, as it is constantly flooded when there are changes in Jurong Lake’s water levels. The dense vegetation and almost-permanently waterlogged conditions of the Freshwater Swamp Forest have led to the development of a unique habitat for flora and fauna. Singapore has lost many of its freshwater swamp forests since the early 1800s,largely due to development and land conversion for commercial agriculture, such as pineapple and rubber plantations. The area was a mangrove swamp forest before it was developed into an industrial estate in 1961.

As a series of braided waterways that adds up to 900 m winding around islands of trees, Neram Streams was previously a straight concrete drain that led from the road outside to the lake. With excavation depth as much as 6 m, the streams banks are precisely engineered through various bioengineering technique to ensure slope stability.The banks of the Neram Streams are planted with collections of tree species commonly found in tropical riverine forests, such as the Dillenia,Syzygium, Diospyros, Saraca and Barringtonia species. Clusters of Neram trees (Dipterocarpus oblongifolius) can also be found along the streams’bends.

The picturesque Grassland sits in between the Garden streams and the wooded areas. It forms part of the intertidal habitat, transiting from dry grassland of the inland area towards wet grasslands at the shore edge. With over 3.5 hectare in size, it aims to create a transition that provides refuges areas for both migratory and resident avian population, as well as food sources and nesting grounds. A series of mounds are located at the periphery of the vastly open grasslands, where 3 bird-hides are located at these mounds for bird watching activities. At dusk, grassland birds are seen to be hiding amongst the tall waving grasses, jumping from cluster to cluster, or flying in a flock against the sky in the vast grasslands.Besides being a hotspot for biodiversity, the soft yellow hues of the Grassland have also become the most popular spot for Instagram-worthy photos.The charming, alluring space is one of the rare spots in urbanised Singapore that is shared by both humans and wildlife in a non-intrusive manner.

Rooted in the middle of the open grasslands amongst the tall grasses is a sculpture in the shape of a bare tree made from recycled iron reinforcement bars salvaged from demolished steel-reinforcement from the site’s old pathways.Named as the Lone Tree, it is not just an artistic sculpture piece. This tree aims to serve similar ecological function as a snag or a dead tree in a wild meadow. This bare tree form becomes the perfect resting locations for either a feeding predator that is scouring the horizon for his meal, or temporary resting points for a flock of migratory bird of their journey. With long grasses waving in the foreground, the Long Tree with a perfect sculptural form is also found to be one of the most photogenic element within the garden.

Meandering along the water’s edge, the 300 m barrier free Rasau Walk offers visitors the opportunity to get up close with nature along the shoreline. Winding around islands of special palm collection and existing trees, moments of the tranquil grasslands and serene lakeside scenery are uncovered at various viewing spots. With a carefully engineered slope edge, the boardwalk sits within the transitional tidal edge that has varying water depths. Plants along Rasau walk such as the sealing wax palms, nibong palms, are adapted to cope with constant inundation. In the evening, the boardwalk will be illuminated with a soft glow along the edge,accentuating the curvatures of the meandering boardwalk.

2 Elements of play and water

Lakeside Garden is home to the largest children’s nature play garden in the heartlands. At Forest Ramble, a biophilic play space, children are encouraged to mimic the actions and motions of animals that inhabit freshwater swamps which were common in the Jurong Lake area.

9 香蘭棧道Rasau walk

10 野趣樂園內(nèi)的蛇形滑梯Snake tower at Forest ramble

They can hop about like a frog on the trampolines at the Frog Play zone, cruise in the air on a zipline and pretend to be a Heron flying from one nest to another, test their balance and agility by bouncing from one platform to another like a Squirrel, or glide down the slithering slide at the Snake Play zone. At this biophilic nature playground, they are also encouraged to come out with their own way of pretending to be any animal imaginable that looks to conquer the place and find their own path to an adventure within the garden.

To add to the play experience at Lakeside Garden, Clusia Cove is a fascinating, interactive water playground where children can experience the water movements that mimic the tidal pattern,surface ripples and directional currents similar to coastal shores. Children can put on their cutest swimwear, build sandcastles, and feel the currents tickle their shins at Clusia Cove, much like a day out at the beach. A three-hectare closed-loop water recycling system that treats water naturally is used for the water playground. Cleansing biotope which serves as a natural water treatment system and UV treatment are used to disinfect the water before being pumped into this play area. The cleansing biotope makes up of a series of cells filled with sand filter media, as well as semi-aquatic plants which absorbs excess nutrients from the water. It serves as a natural water treatment system before finer filtration and disinfection take place in the underground UV control room.

To improve the drainage system in the garden,Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) elements such as vegetated swales and gravel swales are introduced as drainage conveyance measures. As a result, 12,000 m concrete drain was demolished,and a new 8,500 m concrete drainage and 4,750 m swales and streams was constructed. 100% of the catchment is conveyed through WSUD elements drainage before being released to Jurong Lake. Three concrete drains were transformed into completely naturalised streams, which provides new spaces for community and ecology along the streams.

(Editor / LIU Yufei)