西里西亞省的后礦業(yè)時代煤礦，波蘭

亞當·哈伊杜加，馬雷克·戈洛斯，帕維爾·多斯 文/Text by Adam Hajduga, Marek Golosz, Pawel Dos

尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

1 西里西亞省博物館在原先的“卡托維茲”礦井開設(shè)的新館/The Silesian Museum opened its new seat in the former"Katowice" mine （圖片來源/Sources: Ars Cameralis Silesiae Superioris）

密集工業(yè)化的時代在西里西亞省已成為歷史，但現(xiàn)實中采煤仍在繼續(xù)。不過，面向新后工業(yè)經(jīng)濟，再利用舊工業(yè)設(shè)施的新途徑帶來的變化已歷歷在目。

在西里西亞進行旅游和文化改造的遺址中，不少革新項目是引人矚目的：卡托維茲的西里西亞博物館、希維托赫洛維采的波蘭礦井卷揚塔、圭多煤礦，以及帶有世襲主橫井和馬切伊豎井的路易斯女王礦井。最后3 處遺址位于扎布熱市，那是今天上西里西亞后工業(yè)改造的主體，也是省中心。

創(chuàng)立于1929 年的西里西亞省博物館于2015 年在原先的“卡托維茲”礦井開設(shè)了新館，使6.5hm2的后工業(yè)遺址得以復(fù)興。項目為一座主要博物館提供了場地，將原有的礦業(yè)設(shè)施改造成博物館建筑，并創(chuàng)造出引人矚目的戶外空間。奧地利工作室里格勒爾-里韋建筑事務(wù)所的建筑理念避免了對這個后工業(yè)景觀造成過度干擾：巨大的建筑群大部分都隱藏在地下。龐大的地下部分有一個320 座的禮堂、一座圖書館、許多教室和會議室、令人印象深刻的展示空間，以及一座高12.5m 的停車場。這個建筑群包括原華沙豎井的機房和更衣室。前者被改造為一座兩層的餐廳，后者是波蘭演藝中心大樓。

圭多煤礦建于1855 年，在開采終止后成為排水點和試驗礦。如今，這座礦井成了歐洲硬煤礦最深的旅游路線之一：在地下170m、320m 甚至355m 深的地方，游客穿著礦工的全套工作服，重新體會普通礦工的工作。游線以歐洲地下最深的酒館為終點。這座礦井還舉辦克日什托夫·彭代雷茨基國際節(jié)等藝術(shù)和音樂活動。

扎布熱的路易斯女王橫井是該地區(qū)礦業(yè)遺產(chǎn)保護的主要項目。路易斯女王礦井是上西里西亞最古老的國有硬煤礦，遺址保留了它原來的地上和地下區(qū)域，并加以布置。它包括可運轉(zhuǎn)的蒸汽卷揚機以及由通道和挖掘點組成的迷宮，并在地下展示19世紀以來的采礦機械。最吸引游客的一個景點是通往世襲主橫井的1100m 地下水路——歐洲煤礦中最長的水利工程。

扎布熱原來的煤礦馬切伊豎井實施了注重歷史的改造。它是1920 年代以來原康科迪亞煤礦大建筑群的一部分。其中，馬切伊豎井建筑群有一座全美食餐廳和時尚酒館。游人可以參觀豎井的主要建筑，以及卷揚塔頂部、機房和水站。2015 年，馬切伊豎井作為杰出保護遺跡榮獲波蘭文化部大獎。

這條工業(yè)遺跡路線是波蘭集中展示該地區(qū)工業(yè)文化和遺產(chǎn)各方面內(nèi)容的主題路線，并在過去10年吸引了650 萬游客。□

An era of intensive industrialisation has gone in Silesian Voivodeship, but coal mining keeps beeing involved in its reality. However, there is already possible to perceive the change resulting from the new approach of reuse of former industrial facilities towards new postindustrial economy.

Amongst the sites adapted to tourism and cultural purposes in Silesia, few of them stand out as transformative projects: the Silesian Museum in Katowice, the Polska Mine Hoist Towers in Swietochlowice, the Guido Coal Mine, the Queen Louise Mine with the Main Key Hereditary Adit and the Maciej Shaft. The last three sites are located in the city of Zabrze, the current host of postindustrial readaptations in Upper Silesia, a central part of the voivodeship.

Muzeum ?l?skie, founded 1929, opened its new seat in the former "Katowice" mine in 2015 revitalising 6.5hm2of the post-industrial site,by providing a main museum venue, converting former mining facilities into museum buildings and creating an attractive outdoor space. The architectural concept by the Austrian studio Riegler Riewe Architekten avoids over-interference with the post-industrial landscape: most of the large complex is hidden underground. The large underground section comes with an auditorium for 320 visitors,a library, educational and conference halls, an impressive exhibition space, that is 12.5-metre-high carpark. The complex includes the former machine room of Warszawa shaft, converted into a twostory restaurant, and a former clothing storehouse,today's building of Centrum Scenografii Polskiej.

Guido Coal Mine was established in 1855 and served as a drainage point and experimental mine after the end of explotation. Today, the mine offers one of the deepest tourist routes in a hard coal mine in Europe: 170m, 320m and even 355m by depth,where visitors wear full miner's outfit and re-enact common miner's tasks. The tour ends in the deepest located pub in Europe. The mine also hosts artistic and music events such as the Krzysztof Penderecki International Festival.

The Queen Louise Adit complex in Zabrze is the main project of the preservation of the mining heritage in the region. The site preserves and arranges the on-ground and underground area of the former Queen Louise Mine, the oldest stateowned hard coal mine in Upper Silesia. It comprises an active steam winding engine, and a labyrinth of gangways and excavations with an underground exhibition of mining machinery that has been working since 19th century. One of the biggest tourist atractions is an underground water route of 1100m that leads to the Main Key Hereditary Adit - the longest hydro-engineering structure in the European coal mining industry.

2 圭多煤礦/Guido Coal Mine（圖片來源/Sources: Coal Mining Museum, Zabrze）

A sensitive transformation is applied in the former coal mine Maciej Shaft in Zabrze. It is part of the bigger complex of edifices of the former Concordia mine from the 1920s. Among others,the Maciej Shaft ensemble offers a full gourmet restaurant and posh pub. Tourists can visit the main building of the shaft, along with the top of hoisting tower, an engine room and a water station. In 2015,the Maciej Shaft won the prize of Polish Minister of Culture as a well-maintained monument.

The Route of Industrial Monuments - the thematical route in Poland that highlights all aspects of industrial culture and heritage in the region -attracted 6.5 million vistors in the last 10 years.□

3-6 圭多煤礦/Guido Coal Mine（圖片來源/Sources: Coal Mining Museum, Zabrze）

7-12 路易斯女王橫井/Queen Louise Mine（7.9.10圖片來源/Sources: Ars Cameralis Silesiae Superioris；8圖片來源/Sources: Silesian Voivodeship, Industrial Monument Route；11.12圖片來源/Sources: Coal Mining Museum, Zabrze）

13 扎布熱馬切伊豎井外景/Exterior view of Maciej Shaft in Zabrze（圖片來源/Source: Silesian Voivodeship, Industrial Monuments Route）

14.15 扎布熱馬切伊豎井全美食餐廳內(nèi)景/Interior views of full gourmet restaurant in Maciej Shaft in Zabrze（14.15圖片來源/Sources: Silesian Voivodeship, Industrial Monuments Route）

評論

章明：波蘭西里西亞省的后礦業(yè)時代煤礦旅游和文化改造項目保留了圭多煤礦全部工藝流程，將新老建筑嚴格分開，尊重工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)的歷史價值和文化價值，挖掘地下工業(yè)構(gòu)筑物的空間特征。除此之外，該項目在礦井深處植入現(xiàn)代生活與沉浸式游覽模式，凸顯了良好的后期策劃運營。地面層新建筑所在位置雖然與原先礦坑洞相對應(yīng)，但其體量以及整個場地的景觀劃分與原有工廠肌理相脫離，對后工業(yè)景觀塑造產(chǎn)生了一定干擾。

龍灝：本項目需要處理的是在一個現(xiàn)實中仍在開采的礦區(qū)中如何對開采終止后的區(qū)域善加利用的問題，和久負盛名的德國埃森魯爾工業(yè)區(qū)改造項目相比，設(shè)計顯然更加注重讓游客“深入”體驗舊時礦業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的點點滴滴：游客不僅可以深入地下逾300m深、體驗迷宮般的挖掘點和通道、參觀可運轉(zhuǎn)的蒸汽卷揚機，還可以泛舟歐洲煤礦中地下最長的水利工程。這一“深入體驗”的過程，伴隨著在現(xiàn)代設(shè)計的光環(huán)境下交替出現(xiàn)的老舊礦業(yè)遺跡和當代游憩設(shè)施，避免了帶給游客過分“幽閉”的感覺。這些，或許正是這一改造項目的成果可以帶來啟迪的地方。

Comments

ZHANG Ming: The project of mines in post-mining era in Silesian voivodeship, Poland, maintains the historic and cultural value of the industrial heritage through preserving the entire mining system. It separates the old buildings from the new ones and identifies the spectacular characteristics of the underground industrial structures. Besides, this project implants modern life into the mine well and introduces immersive experience for the visitors, which proves to be marvelous scheme and operation. Nevertheless, although occupying the original positions of the mining wells, the scale and the landscape of the new buildings above the ground do not match the former industrial textures, which to some extent disturbs the post-industrial scenery.LONG Hao: The project has to deal with the problem of how to properly use a mining area that is still operating after its eventual termination. In comparison with the renowned German Essen-Ruhr Industrial Area renovation, its design is apparently more focused on visitors' "in-depth" experience of the trivialities in the old mining production: visitors are not only able to descend over 300m underground, immerse themselves among labyrinthine extraction points, and see operable steam winding engines, but enjoy boating in the longest subterranean hydro-engineering work of European coal mines. Such "in-depth experience",with an alternation of old mining monuments and contemporary recreational facilities under modern designs for the lighting landscape, manages to avoid making visitors victims of "claustrophobia". These may well be where the renovation project can bring inspirations. (Translated by SHANG Jin)

16 希維托赫洛維采的礦井卷揚塔/Mine Hoist Towers in Swietochlowice（圖片來源/Sources: Silesian Voivodeship,Industrial Monuments Route）