蓋爾森基興原北極星煤礦，北萊茵-威斯特法倫州，德國(guó)

瑪麗·門澤 文/Text by Marie Mense

尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

1 2019年鳥(niǎo)瞰/Aerial Picture 2019（圖片來(lái)源/Sources: BEE2B Dronesforgood UG）

歷史回顧

“北極星”這個(gè)名字記載著魯爾礦業(yè)向北拓展的決定性一步：蓋爾森基興的硬煤礦。這座煤礦于1868 年開(kāi)始運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，是萊茵-威斯特法倫州工業(yè)區(qū)當(dāng)時(shí)最北部的煤礦。它后來(lái)發(fā)展成該地區(qū)最大、最深的一座煤礦。

建筑師弗里茨·舒普和馬丁·克雷默在1926 年為這座煤礦設(shè)計(jì)了最初一批辦公建筑，不久之后又規(guī)劃了今天的聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)地埃森關(guān)稅同盟煤礦。他們從根本上簡(jiǎn)化了形式，將支撐結(jié)構(gòu)與外皮分開(kāi)——并隨后使這一理念日臻完善。這些建筑師還在1927-1930 年設(shè)計(jì)了北極星中央焦化廠。

二戰(zhàn)后，克雷默逝世。舒普則繼續(xù)深化北極星的設(shè)計(jì)。他以統(tǒng)一的語(yǔ)言重新設(shè)計(jì)了地上設(shè)施；延伸了洗煤廠和鍋爐房，并新建了浴池、薪水廳和行政樓。1951-1952 年，舒普完成了2 號(hào)豎井上的新卷?yè)P(yáng)塔，但在那里卻看不到煤礦的典型地標(biāo)——帶繩槽滑輪的卷?yè)P(yáng)架。舒普以此實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)的有力統(tǒng)一，賦予北極星一幅不同尋常的新面貌。

1993 年煤礦關(guān)閉后，北極星塔及技術(shù)遺存和其他經(jīng)過(guò)篩選的地上建筑在1995 年被列為歷史遺跡。

活力四射之地

1997 年的北極星國(guó)家園林展（BUGA）是埃姆舍公園國(guó)際建筑展（IBA）中的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目。它帶動(dòng)了廢棄煤礦遺址的復(fù)興，將北極星改造成一個(gè)多樣化的景觀和工業(yè)公園，它的旁邊還有住宅。這100hm2的遺址變得引人矚目，并引起了投資商的興趣。

復(fù)活的心

當(dāng)時(shí)，起源于礦工宿舍建設(shè)的住宅公司THS（今VIVAWEST）發(fā)現(xiàn)了北極星中心建筑群的獨(dú)到之處——機(jī)車環(huán)線、篩分廠和1、2 號(hào)豎井——于是決定將新的總部搬到這里。除了北極星卷?yè)P(yáng)塔，建筑群的所有建筑都解除了遺跡保護(hù)要求，使它們能被改造成新的辦公樓。

THS 與PASD 建筑事務(wù)所費(fèi)爾德邁爾+弗雷德的建筑團(tuán)隊(duì)于2000-2003 年對(duì)建筑群進(jìn)行了重建。重工業(yè)的機(jī)械廠房被改造成現(xiàn)代的辦公樓。其獨(dú)到之處在于：從外面很難看出復(fù)用的功能，因?yàn)樾铝⒚娴耐庥^和施工與原建筑幾乎一模一樣。

地區(qū)的新高點(diǎn)

2012 年，2 號(hào)豎井的北極星塔在作為不對(duì)外的遺跡10 余年后對(duì)公眾開(kāi)放。為此增加了一座新的通行塔，而原有的歷史樓面進(jìn)行了結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)。此外，在增加了4 層之后，最頂部的平臺(tái)成了游客的露臺(tái)，創(chuàng)造出地區(qū)的新高點(diǎn)。憑借塔尖上藝術(shù)家馬庫(kù)斯·呂佩茨的赫拉克勒斯雕塑，蓋爾森基興市在2010年魯爾作為歐洲文化之都時(shí)獲得了一個(gè)藝術(shù)地標(biāo)。

2012 年10 月，北極星塔中的博物館也對(duì)外開(kāi)放。其多媒體常展“惟變永恒”記載了北極星煤礦的重大改造歷程。

新鍋爐房

2015-2018 年間，在原先鍋爐房的位置增建了VIVAWEST 新行政樓，由此恢復(fù)了北極星公園空間邊界清晰的歷史狀況。兩座橋?qū)⑿碌霓k公樓與原有的建筑群連接起來(lái)。尺度、比例、材料和色彩使各部分融為一個(gè)新的整體。改造的過(guò)程為北極星創(chuàng)造了1500多個(gè)崗位，其中680 個(gè)是VIVAWEST 公司的?！?/p>

2 主行政樓VIVAWEST的前世今生——北極星塔“惟變永恒”展覽背景下的建設(shè)圖（照片中左側(cè)屏幕為改造前，右側(cè)屏幕為改造后）/Main Office Building VIVAWEST before and after - Installation view in the context of the exhibition"Wandel is immer" (Change ain't never gonna stop) in the Nordstern Tower (The photo in the left screen is "before"and the right is "today")（展覽攝影/Photo of the exhibition:Matthias Jung，改造前攝影/Before Photo: Michael Scholz，改造后攝影/After Photo: Tomas Riehle）

3.4 新鍋爐房外景/Exterior views of new boiler house（圖片來(lái)源/Sources: ?michael thomas wolff frankfurt main）

Historical review

The name "Nordstern" documents a decisive step of the Ruhr mining expansion to the North: the hard coal mine in Gelsenkirchen, which went into operation in 1868, was the northernmost colliery in the Rhine-Westphalian industrial area at the time. It grew into one of the largest and deepest coal mines in the region.

The architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer designed the first company buildings for the colliery in 1926, shortly before planning the present UNESCO World Heritage Site of the colliery Zollverein in Essen. Radically reducing the form,they separated the supporting structure from the outer skin - a principle, which they perfected in later years. The architects also designed the Nordstern central coking plant in 1927-1930.

After World War II and the death of Kremmer,Schupp continued with the further design for Nordstern. He redesigned the aboveground facilities in a uniform language through the extension of the coal washing plant and boiler house and the new construction of pithead baths, a wages hall and administration building. In 1951 - 1952, Schupp realised the new winding tower above shaft 2, whereby the classical landmark of collieries - the winding scaffold with the rope sheaves - disappeared. Schupp thus achieved the strong unity of design that gave Nordstern a new, striking face.

After the closure of the mine in 1993, the Nordstern tower, including its technical inventory,and other selected aboveground edifices, were classified as historic monuments in 1995.

Thriving land

The National Garden Show (BUGA) in 1997 on Nordstern - a project within the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Emscher Park - triggered the revitalisation process of the abandoned colliery site: It transformed Nordstern into a diverse landscape and industrial park with adjoining residential buildings. The 100hm2site became attractive, arousing the interest of investors.

Revived heart

At that time, the housing company THS (today VIVAWEST), which originates from the housing construction for miners, discovered the uniqueness of the central building ensemble of Nordstern -the tub circuit, screening plant and shafts 1 and 2 -and decided to locate its new headquarters there.Excepting only the Nordstern winding tower, all buildings of the ensemble were released from monument protection in order to enable their transformation into a new office building.

The architectural team of THS - PASD Feldmeier + Wrede rebuilt the ensemble from 2000 to 2003. The machinery halls for heavy industry were converted into modern offices. The peculiarity:From the outside, we hardly see the functional rededication, since the appearance and construction of the new facade came very close to the original.

New high point in the Ruhr region

In 2012, the Nordstern tower of shaft 2 was opened to the public, after more than a decade as inaccessible monument. Therefore, a new access tower was added and the existing historic floors were structurally upgraded. Moreover, adding four more storeys, the uppermost platform became a visitor terrace, creating a new high point in the Ruhr region. With the Hercules sculpture by the artist Markus Lüpertz on the spire, the city of Gelsenkirchen got an artistic landmark in 2010, the year of the European Capital of Culture RUHR.2010.

In October 2012, also the museum in the Nordstern tower was opened, were a permanent multimedia exhibition entitled "Wandel is immer"(Change ain't never gonna stop) documents the major transformations of the Nordstern colliery.

New boiler house

Between 2015 and 2018, a supplementary new administrative building for VIVAWEST was erected on the site of the former boiler house, thus restoring the historical situation of a clearly defined spatial edge to the Nordstern park. Two bridges connect the new office building with the existing ensemble.Scale, proportion, materiality and colourfulness connect the parts to a new unity. In the course of the transformation, more than 1,500 jobs were created on Nordstern, 680 by VIVAWEST.□

5 當(dāng)下中央組團(tuán)地圖/Map Central ensemble today（繪圖/Drawing: JSWD Architekten GmbH & Co. KG）

6 新鍋爐房外景/Exterior view of new boiler house

7 新鍋爐房?jī)?nèi)景/Interior view of new boiler house（6.7圖片來(lái)源/Sources: ?michael thomas wolff frankfurt main）

評(píng)論

賀龍：今天的蓋爾森基興北極星公園是不同年代建造藝術(shù)的有機(jī)組合，在這里，年代感并沒(méi)有賦予建筑至高無(wú)上的榮耀，所有的建筑以一種平等的關(guān)系互相存在。為了這樣的平等，設(shè)計(jì)者甚至挑戰(zhàn)了建筑遺跡的常規(guī)保護(hù)要求。進(jìn)而，設(shè)計(jì)最終以統(tǒng)一簡(jiǎn)化的形式和皮骨獨(dú)立的策略，讓園區(qū)在保存舊工業(yè)氣息的同時(shí)，充分地表現(xiàn)了新工業(yè)時(shí)代的藝術(shù)力量。

張杰：除了那些像高爐之類的建筑構(gòu)筑物外，工業(yè)建筑多數(shù)形式都比較簡(jiǎn)單，甚至“單調(diào)”，尤其是20世紀(jì)初的工業(yè)建筑，可以說(shuō)它們最好地闡釋了現(xiàn)代建筑的設(shè)計(jì)精髓。為了尊重這一特點(diǎn)，“北極星”煤礦的改造設(shè)計(jì)，一方面在不改變外觀的條件下，對(duì)保護(hù)類的建、構(gòu)筑物加以再利用，同時(shí)新加建的建筑秉承了簡(jiǎn)約的風(fēng)格，突出了場(chǎng)所感。新的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、材料、功能、景觀的要素的引入都使得整個(gè)項(xiàng)目充滿了時(shí)代的氣息。

Comments

HE Long: Today's Nordsternpark is the combination of the artworks of different ages. However, the sense of the age does not provide the architecture with the highest honor here - all the architecture exists equally. To achieve such equality, the designers even challenged the conventional protection requirements for architectural heritage. In the end, the design resulted in the form of unified simplicity and utilised the approach of separating the skin from bone, which allows the Park to remain in the old industrial style with a powerful presence of art in the age of the new industry. (Translated by Dandan Wang)

ZHANG Jie: With the exception of buildings such as blast furnaces, most forms of industrial buildings are relatively simple, even "monotonous", especially the industrial buildings of the early 20th century,which can be said to best illustrate the essence of modern architecture. In order to respect this feature,the renovation design of the Colliery "Nordstern",on the one hand, reused the protective buildings and structures under the condition of preserving the appearance, and on the other hand, built new buildings that adhere to the simple style, which highlights the sense of place. The introduction of new structural forms, materials, functions and landscape elements makes the whole project full of the contemporary spirit. (Translated by PANG Lingbo)

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 德國(guó)蓋爾森基興/Gelsenkirchen, Germany

項(xiàng)目/P ro j e c t: 北極星豎井1號(hào)、2號(hào)翻新核心系統(tǒng)/Refurbishment Core ensemble Nordstern Shaft 1 and 2

建筑設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Architects Team: THS, PASD Feldmeier +Wrede, Gelsenkirchen/Hagen

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 1.9hm2

造價(jià)/Cost: 4500萬(wàn)歐元/45M EUR

設(shè)計(jì)與施工時(shí)間/Period of Design and Realisation: 2000-2003

項(xiàng)目/P r o j e c t: 北極星塔豎井2號(hào)翻新與增設(shè)結(jié)構(gòu)/Refurbishment and Structural increase Nordstern Tower Shaft 2

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: Karl-Heinz Petzinka with Nathalie Ness and René Clasen, THS GmbH, Gelsenkirchen

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: 0.36hm2

造價(jià)/Cost: 1360萬(wàn)歐元/13.6M EUR

設(shè)計(jì)與施工時(shí)間/Period of Design and Realisation: 2009-2012

項(xiàng)目/Project: 新建行政樓（新鍋爐房）/Additional new office building (new boiler house)

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: JSWD Architekten GmbH& Co. KG, Cologne

基底面積/Built Area: 1.08hm2

造價(jià)/Cost: 2200萬(wàn)歐元/22M EUR

設(shè)計(jì)與施工時(shí)間/Period of Design and Realisation: 2015-2018

8 北極星塔剖面/Nordstern Tower long section（繪圖/Drawing:THS GmbH）