申格爾貝格住宅區(qū)
——翻新、擴(kuò)建與礦渣堆“龍根貝格”，北萊茵-威斯特法倫州，德國

克里斯塔·萊歇爾 文/Text by Christa Reicher

尚晉 譯/Translated by SHANG Jin

1 俯瞰/Overlook view

申格爾貝格田園城市工人住宅區(qū)是1897-1919 年根據(jù)總建筑師威廉·約霍夫的方案為附近的雨果煤礦工人建造的。住宅區(qū)有309 棟礦工宿舍。在1916 年的規(guī)劃中，擴(kuò)建后的環(huán)形住宅區(qū)還有一個中心節(jié)慶紀(jì)念廣場，但由于經(jīng)濟(jì)原因只有部分得以建成。這個亟需翻新的住宅區(qū)被礦井、礦渣堆、廢水道和煤礦鐵道包圍。1970 年代提出將它徹底拆除，所幸這個方案被廢止。在1988-1998 年埃姆舍公園國際建筑展期間，住宅區(qū)的歷史建筑得以翻新和擴(kuò)建，并遵循了公認(rèn)的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)做法。申格爾貝格的總體概念還包括城市規(guī)劃和周邊地區(qū)的景觀提升、魯爾科勒將附近的龍根貝格礦渣堆改為休閑娛樂區(qū)的設(shè)計、埃姆舍合作社的蘭費(fèi)爾巴赫溪再生項目，以及保留下來的礦業(yè)建筑物的利用。

按照公認(rèn)的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)做法進(jìn)行翻新并對周邊地區(qū)進(jìn)行提升，意在讓住宅區(qū)與周邊環(huán)境更緊密地聯(lián)系起來，并保留其鮮明的特色。翻新措施包括：

（1）對公寓進(jìn)行現(xiàn)代化和局部組合；

（2）按照公認(rèn)的遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)做法翻新立面；

（3）對花園和住區(qū)居住環(huán)境進(jìn)行重新設(shè)計。

申格爾貝格是第一個同所有參與方簽訂質(zhì)量協(xié)議的埃姆舍公園IBA 項目。協(xié)議內(nèi)容涉及到每項具體措施以及委托機(jī)構(gòu)間的合作。

這塊曾經(jīng)用于配給的土地如今已被空置。在這里，政府資助建造了244 套公寓。瑞士建筑師羅爾夫·凱勒在1990 年贏得了國際城市規(guī)劃競賽，為住宅區(qū)進(jìn)行了當(dāng)代水平的擴(kuò)建規(guī)劃，并對孤立的住宅與環(huán)境聯(lián)系加以整合。城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計通過附近龍根貝格礦渣堆的放射形道路建立了與城市的聯(lián)系。一至三層的刷白聯(lián)排住宅再現(xiàn)了歷史上煤礦工人宿舍區(qū)的許多特征。每個住宅的入口、花園和附屬建筑，以及每棟住宅和被房前花園或樹籬包圍的街道空間中各式各樣的設(shè)計，都具有代表性。在新建筑與原有住宅相連的地方都會沿用原建筑的朝向。

龍根貝格礦渣堆同原有的建筑都是住宅區(qū)擴(kuò)建部分的第二個城市參照點。它的中軸線正對礦渣堆，并延伸到一座臺階上。雨果/埃瓦爾德礦渣堆如今是埃姆舍景觀公園的地標(biāo)之一。其抬起的雙椎幾何造型也是一個典型特征。藝術(shù)家赫爾曼·埃斯里希特和克勞斯·諾庫拉克則用光雕“夜標(biāo)”，即從人造尖峰上射出光柱的兩盞聚光燈使它愈發(fā)突出。礦渣堆的設(shè)計出自由魯爾區(qū)藝術(shù)家參與的一場競賽。此外，礦渣堆底部的蘭費(fèi)爾巴赫溪則是由露天排水溝改造而成的一條接近自然的小溪。□

Schüngelberg garden city workers' housing estate was built from 1897 to 1919 for miners from the neighbouring Zeche Hugo coal mine to plans by master builder Wilhelm Johow. The estate comprised 309 miners' flats, but the extended, ring-shaped estate concept with a central festival and memorial square planned in 1916 was only partly built for economic reasons. In the 1970s total demolition of the estate, which urgently needed renovation and is encircled by the mine, slag heap, a waste-water canal and coal mine railway, was prevented. The estate's historic buildings were renovated and extended in keeping with accepted conservation practice from 1988 to 1998 during the period of the International Building Exhibition (IBA) Emscher Park. The overall concept for Schüngelberg also included urban planning and landscape improvements to the surrounding area with the design of the neighbouring Rungenberg slag heap as a recreational and leisure area by Ruhrkohle, regeneration to the Lanferbach stream by the Emschergenossenschaft(Emscher Co-operative) and the development of concepts for using the remaining mine structures.

Renovations in keeping with accepted conservation practice and improvements to the surrounding area are designed to network the estate more strongly with its surroundings and conserve its distinctive character. The renovation measures included:

2 原有住宅/Existing houses

3 翻新住宅/Houses after renovation

(1) Modernising and partial combination of the flats;

(2) Renovation of the fa?ades in keeping with accepted conservation practice;

(3) Redesign of gardens and the neighbourhood residential environment.

Schüngelberg was the first IBA Emscher Park project in which quality agreements were concluded between all participants on concrete individual measures and cooperation between the commissioning bodies.

On the vacant land that had previously been used for allotments, 244 publicly funded flats were built. A design by the architect Rolf Keller from Switzerland won an international urban planning competition in 1990, planning a contemporary extension to the estate while integrating the networking of isolated estates and their environs.The urban planning design creates links with the city through the planning of radials over the adjacent Rungenberg slag heap. One to three-story, whiteplastered terrace houses reiterate many of the characteristics of a historical coal miners' estate.Individual house entrances, gardens and ancillary buildings, and the varying designs of individual houses and street spaces bounded by front gardens or hedges are typical. In areas where the new buildings join the existing estate the orientation of existing buildings is followed.

As well as the existing building stock,Rungenberg slag heap is the second urban reference point of the estate's extension. Its central axis is directly oriented towards the slag heap and continues into a stairway. Hugo/Ewald mine slag heap is now one of the landmarks of the Emscher Landscape Park. Its geometric form as a raised double pyramid, emphasised by the "Nachtzeichen"(Night Sign) light sculpture by artists Hermann EsRichter and Klaus Noculak is also a defining characteristics. Two spotlights from an artificial peak with beams of light. The slag heap design emerged out of a competition involving artists from the Ruhr area. The Lanferbach Stream at the foot of the slag heap was also transformed from an open drain into a near-natural brook.□

4 地圖/Map

5 臺階/Stairway

6 光雕“夜標(biāo)”/"Nachtzeichen" (Night Sign)

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點/Location: 德國蓋爾森基興/Gelsenkirchen, Germany

規(guī)劃建筑設(shè)計/Planning Architects: Rolf Keller, Zumikon; Peter Poelzig, Atelier am See,Duisburg

基底面積/Built Area: 5.3hm2

造價/Cost: 2700萬歐元/27M EUR（申格爾貝格住宅區(qū)翻新/For Schüngelberg Estate Renovation），3500萬歐元/35M EUR（申格爾貝格住宅區(qū)擴(kuò)建與礦渣堆“龍根貝格”/For Schüngelberg Estate Extensions and Rungenberg Slag Heap）

設(shè)計時間/Design Period: 1990-1993

施工時間/Construction Period: 1993-1999

評論

龍灝：新舊環(huán)境要素在改造成果中的整體性和延續(xù)性是申格爾貝格住宅區(qū)更新項目給人留下的最深刻印象，項目不僅按照遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的做法翻新了舊建筑的立面并進(jìn)行了其內(nèi)部現(xiàn)代化改造，同時又在新建部分的住區(qū)規(guī)劃和單體建筑及細(xì)部設(shè)計上體現(xiàn)了歷史和環(huán)境（如礦渣堆）帶給新項目的獨(dú)特的文脈特征，而藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作對礦渣堆的利用（光雕、改自排水溝的溪流等）也是別具匠心。這一以居住等日常使用為目標(biāo)的項目完全基于對歷史和環(huán)境帶來的各種要素的自然運(yùn)用，并沒有強(qiáng)介入的“過度設(shè)計”，可謂“于無聲處聽驚雷”，非常值得中國建筑界在面對“當(dāng)代建筑遺產(chǎn)”的更新利用時參考。

章明：申格爾貝格住宅區(qū)項目從場地上原有的龍根貝格礦渣堆出發(fā)，使新建的公寓與城市片區(qū)產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系，以此尊重城市記憶，塑造社區(qū)特征。新建筑以一至三層聯(lián)排住宅的形式再現(xiàn)了歷史上煤礦工人宿舍區(qū)的許多特征，但由于新建公寓規(guī)模較大，又缺乏與原有環(huán)形住宅區(qū)在規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)和建筑形式、色彩方面的因借協(xié)調(diào)，便顯得自成體系，減弱了場所歷史氛圍的塑造。

7 刷白聯(lián)排住宅外景/Exterior view of white-plastered terrace houses

Comments

LONG Hao: The integrity and continuity of old and new environment elements as the result of transformation are what make the renewal project of Schüngelberg Housing Estates most impressive.The project not only renovates the fa?ade of the old building in accordance with heritage conservation practices while modernising the interior, but represents unique contextual features that its history and environment (for example the slag heaps) has bestowed upon the new project in the new built housing estate planning as well as individual buildings and their detail designs. Artists' creative use of the slag heap (light sculpture, creeks transformed from drainages, etc) is a touch of ingenuity. The project,designed for everyday life, is entirely based on a natural use of historical and environmental elements without forceful interventions of "over-design". Such "a pursuit of the profound from subtlety" deserves to be a lesson for the Chinese architectural community in the face of "contemporary architectural heritage" renewal and utilisation. (Translated by SHANG Jin)

ZHANG Ming: The Housing Estate of Schüngelberg links the newly built apartments to the surrounding urban district by referring to Rungenberg slag heap on the site, which articulates the memory of the city and shapes the characteristics of the community. The new buildings represent many features of the dormitories for mining labours before. However, because of the broad scale and lack of coordination with the existing community in form and colour, the new buildings seem to be autonomous,reducing the historical feeling of the place.