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[摘要] 目的 研究圍麻醉期右美托咪定(Dex)的應(yīng)用對(duì)老年患者股骨粗隆間骨折行髓內(nèi)釘(PFN)術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)的影響。 方法 選取2018年1~12月廣州市第一人民醫(yī)院南沙醫(yī)院收治的股骨粗隆間骨折,在椎管內(nèi)麻醉下?lián)衿谛蠵FN手術(shù)的老年患者60例為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為Dex組(D組,n = 30)和對(duì)照組(C組,n = 30)。D組患者麻醉前15 min靜脈泵注Dex 0.3 μg/kg作為術(shù)前用藥,10 min泵注完,術(shù)中泵注Dex 0.3 μg/(kg·h)至術(shù)終,術(shù)后Dex 1 μg/(kg·d)+舒芬太尼2 μg/(kg·d)行PCIA 48 h;C組患者圍麻醉期靜脈泵注生理鹽水,術(shù)后舒芬太尼2 μg/(kg·d)行PCIA。檢測(cè)麻醉前(T0)、術(shù)后24 h(T1)、術(shù)后48 h(T2)血清丙二醛(MDA)、8-異構(gòu)前列腺素F2α(8-iso PGF2α)水平,并行簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)量表(MMSE)評(píng)分。 結(jié)果 兩組患者T1、T2的MDA、8-iso PGF2α水平高于T0,但D組低于C組同時(shí)點(diǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者T1、T2的MMSE評(píng)分低于T0,但D組高于C組同時(shí)點(diǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。C組T1和T2的VAS高于D組,按壓次數(shù)、有效按壓次數(shù)、舒芬太尼用量多于D組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 圍麻醉期應(yīng)用Dex,可降低老年患者PFN術(shù)后 POCD的發(fā)生率。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 右美托咪定;術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙;圍麻醉期;丙二醛;8-異構(gòu)前列腺素F2α
[中圖分類號(hào)] R687.4? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)07(a)-0117-04
Effects of Dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly patients undergoing PFN in perianesthesia
YAN Yan
Department of Anesthesiology, the First People′s Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou? 510180, China
[Abstract] Objective To study the effects of Dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly patients undergoing PFN in perianesthesia. Methods Sixty elderly scheduled for PFN surgery under spinal anesthesia were enrolled in Nansha Hospital of the First People′s Hospital of Guangzhou City from January to December 2018 were selected as study objects, and they were divided into Dexmedetomidine group (group D, n = 30) and control group (Group C, n = 30) by using random numeral table method. The patients in group D were intravenous infused 0.3 μg/kg Dexmedetomidine within 10 min as premedication 15 minutes before anesthesia, followed by 0.3 μg/(kg·h) infusion until the end of operation. The patients in group C received intravenous infusion of saline. Patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) was started for all patients when they were transferred to the ward. The patients were given Sufentanyl 2 μg/(kg·d) as PCIA 100 mL in group C. Group D were given Dexmedetomidine 1 μg/(kg·d) + Sufentanyl 2 μg/(kg·d) as PCIA 100 mL. The levels of MDA and 8-iso PGF2α in serum were detected before anesthesia (T0), 24 h (T1) and 48 h (T2) after operation. The min-mental state examination (MMSE) scores were estimated at T0, T1 and T2. Results The levels of MDA and 8-iso PGF2α at T1 and T2 in two groups were higher than those at T0, but those in group D were lower than those in group C at the same time, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). MMSE scores of T1 and T2 in two groups were lower than those of T0, but those in group D were higher than those in group C at the same time, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). VAS of T1 and T2 in group C was higher than that in group D, and the times of pressing, effective pressing and the dosage of Sufentanil in group C were higher than those in group D, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly patients undergoing PFN in perianesthesia.
[Key words] Dexmedetomidine; Postoperative cognitive dysfunction; Perianesthesia; Malondialdehyde; 8-iso prostaglandin F2α
術(shù)后認(rèn)知功能障礙(POCD)是患者在術(shù)后出現(xiàn)精神活動(dòng)、人格、社交活動(dòng)及認(rèn)知能力的變化,65歲以上患者發(fā)病率達(dá)20%~50%[1]。在手術(shù)損傷時(shí),往往同時(shí)發(fā)生炎癥與氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),腦組織的高代謝特性,導(dǎo)致其容易遭受氧化應(yīng)激損傷,使神經(jīng)元變性、壞死或凋亡,出現(xiàn)認(rèn)知障礙[2]。鹽酸右美托咪定(Dex)有鎮(zhèn)靜、抗焦慮、降低應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的作用,本研究對(duì)股骨粗隆間骨折行髓內(nèi)釘(PFN)內(nèi)固定術(shù)的老年患者,圍麻醉期應(yīng)用Dex,探討Dex對(duì)POCD的影響。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2018年1~12月廣州市第一人民醫(yī)院南沙醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱“我院”)收治股骨粗隆間骨折,擇期行PFN手術(shù)的老年患者60例為研究對(duì)象,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為Dex組(D組,n = 30)和對(duì)照組(C組,n = 30),其中男23例,女37例。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①ASA分級(jí)Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí);②年齡60~75歲;③初中以上文化;④術(shù)前無認(rèn)知障礙,簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)量表(MMSE)評(píng)分>23分。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①精神神經(jīng)病史,服用精神類藥物史;②嚴(yán)重心肺功能不全;③酗酒及長(zhǎng)期使用鎮(zhèn)靜藥或吸毒史;④術(shù)前不能完成MMSE測(cè)評(píng)。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審查批準(zhǔn),參與研究者及家屬簽署知情同意書。
1.2 麻醉方法
患者入手術(shù)室后開放左上肢靜脈,D組麻醉前15 min靜脈泵注Dex(江蘇恒瑞醫(yī)藥股份有限公司,批號(hào):181124BP,規(guī)格:2 mL∶200 μg/支)0.3 μg/kg作為術(shù)前用藥,10 min泵注完。C組給予生理鹽水。所有患者行椎管內(nèi)麻醉,穿刺一次成功,蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔給予0.75%羅哌卡因1.7 mL(阿斯利康制藥有限公司,批號(hào):NAXY,規(guī)格:10 mL∶100 mg/支),控制麻醉平面T8以下。麻醉平面確切后,D組和C組分別泵注Dex 0.3 μg/(kg·h)和生理鹽水至術(shù)終。維持術(shù)中平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)波動(dòng)范圍在基礎(chǔ)值±20%,心率<50次/min者,靜脈注射阿托品糾正。
1.3 自控靜脈鎮(zhèn)痛(PCIA)方法
D組:Dex 1 μg/(kg·d)+舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)有限責(zé)任公司,批號(hào):1180401,規(guī)格:5 mL∶250 μg/支)2 μg/(kg·d)+昂丹司瓊(齊魯制藥有限公司,批號(hào):HB2B8003,規(guī)格:2 mL∶4 mg/支)8 mg,C組:舒芬太尼2 μg/(kg·d)+昂丹司瓊8 mg。設(shè)置總量為100 mL,連續(xù)背景輸注量2 mL/h,單次給藥量1.5 mL,鎖定時(shí)間15 min。記錄術(shù)后24 h和48 h視覺模擬評(píng)分(VAS)、鎮(zhèn)痛泵參數(shù)及不良反應(yīng)。
1.4 觀察指標(biāo)
麻醉前(T0)、術(shù)后24 h(T1)、術(shù)后48 h(T2)抽取外周靜脈血3 mL,4℃,3000 r/min,離心半徑13.5 cm,離心30 min(德國(guó)Sigma 1-15K),取上清液,-80℃凍存。酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(ELISA)檢測(cè)血清丙二醛(MDA,Abcam公司,ab238537)和8-異構(gòu)前列腺素F2α(8-iso PGF2α,Abcam公司,ab133025)水平,操作按試劑盒說明書進(jìn)行。
MMSE評(píng)分[3],從時(shí)間定向力、即刻記憶、延遲記憶、地點(diǎn)定向力、語言、注意力及計(jì)算力、視空間七個(gè)方面,評(píng)估被試者智力狀態(tài)及認(rèn)知功能缺損程度。25~30分為正常,20~24分可能認(rèn)知障礙,<20分明確認(rèn)知障礙。測(cè)試患者麻醉前及術(shù)后24 h和48 h的MMSE評(píng)分。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
所有數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行處理。計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,組間比較采用配對(duì)t檢驗(yàn),組內(nèi)比較采用單因素方差分析,計(jì)數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般情況比較
D組有4例因心率<50次/min,靜脈注射阿托品0.5 mg糾正。兩組患者性別、年齡、體重、身高、手術(shù)時(shí)間比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者血清MDA、8-iso PGF2α水平和MMSE評(píng)分比較
兩組患者T1、T2的MDA、8-iso PGF2α水平高于T0,但D組低于C組同時(shí)點(diǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。兩組患者T1、T2的MMSE評(píng)分低于T0,但D組高于C組同時(shí)點(diǎn),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者VAS和PCIA參數(shù)比較
C組T1和T2的VAS高于D組,按壓次數(shù)、有效按壓次數(shù)、舒芬太尼用量多于D組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。C組惡心、嘔吐6例,而D組僅有2例。
3 討論
POCD是老年人術(shù)后常見并發(fā)癥,通常認(rèn)為全身麻醉手術(shù),由于聯(lián)合用藥藥物作用,誘發(fā)POCD的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于椎管內(nèi)麻醉[4],而Coburn等[5]證明不同麻醉方式并不影響其發(fā)生率,一項(xiàng)多國(guó)研究[6]證明全身麻醉和椎管內(nèi)麻醉患者術(shù)后3個(gè)月POCD發(fā)生率分別是14.3%和13.9%,無顯著差異。本研究選擇股骨粗隆間骨折老年患者,在椎管內(nèi)麻醉下行PFN術(shù),觀察從術(shù)前用藥、術(shù)中鎮(zhèn)靜至術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛圍麻醉期Dex應(yīng)用對(duì)患者POCD的影響。
大腦對(duì)疼痛感知和認(rèn)知的區(qū)域重疊,疼痛感受器超敏化狀態(tài)加劇了術(shù)后疼痛,同時(shí)作用于認(rèn)知區(qū)域。有研究[7]表明疼痛導(dǎo)致海馬體積縮小,因此手術(shù)引起的術(shù)后疼痛是POCD的發(fā)生因素之一。Dex是高選擇性α2腎上腺素能受體激動(dòng)劑(α2∶α1比例為1620∶1)[8],用于鎮(zhèn)靜、鎮(zhèn)痛及全身麻醉輔助用藥,產(chǎn)生的睡眠-清醒鎮(zhèn)靜模式更接近生理狀態(tài),患者是可喚醒和合作的,能夠降低譫妄的發(fā)生率[9]。Meta分析證實(shí),Dex與阿片類聯(lián)合PCIA安全有效[10],本研究應(yīng)用Dex聯(lián)合舒芬太尼行PCIA,發(fā)現(xiàn)其鎮(zhèn)痛效果優(yōu)于單純舒芬太尼,降低惡心、嘔吐的發(fā)生率,減少舒芬太尼用量,可達(dá)到更加滿意的鎮(zhèn)痛效果。
MMSE自1975年起用于評(píng)估認(rèn)知功能[11],是應(yīng)用最廣泛的認(rèn)知篩查量表,對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的檢測(cè)敏感,是臨床POCD評(píng)估的常用方法[3]。Rohan等[12]發(fā)現(xiàn),MMSE對(duì)大腦認(rèn)知功能的測(cè)定,敏感度87%,特異度82%。本研究采用MMSE評(píng)估患者認(rèn)知功能,兩組患者術(shù)前評(píng)分無差異,術(shù)后24 h和48 h評(píng)分均低于麻醉前,對(duì)照組明顯低于Dex組,因此Dex可降低POCD的發(fā)生率。
眾所周知,術(shù)中缺氧、低血壓等傷害性刺激引起腦損傷,可產(chǎn)生氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),導(dǎo)致POCD[13]。8-iso PGF2α在體內(nèi)經(jīng)脂質(zhì)過氧化由花生四烯酸衍生而成,是檢測(cè)氧化應(yīng)激的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[14],其含量在腦損傷患者大腦間質(zhì)明顯增加,反映腦損傷的嚴(yán)重程度及預(yù)后[15]。髖骨骨折患者術(shù)后血漿8-iso PGF2α含量增加,可獨(dú)立預(yù)測(cè)POCD的發(fā)生,敏感度為82%、特異度為75%[16]。臨床及基礎(chǔ)研究均證實(shí)[17-19],Dex可降低氧化應(yīng)激標(biāo)志物含量,對(duì)氧化應(yīng)激損傷具有保護(hù)作用,然而Dex對(duì)8-iso PGF2α的影響尚未見相關(guān)報(bào)道。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)Dex可降低MDA和8-iso PGF2α水平,這與Rodríguez-González等[20]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的Dex降低MDA水平,通過抗氧化應(yīng)激發(fā)揮腦保護(hù)作用是一致的。腦干藍(lán)斑核在傷害性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)調(diào)控中起著重要作用,是Dex的主要作用靶點(diǎn)[21],推測(cè)Dex可能通過作用于藍(lán)斑核,調(diào)控傷害性神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的釋放,從而降低傷害性刺激,抑制氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),這需要進(jìn)一步的研究證實(shí)。本研究中行PFN手術(shù)的老年患者在圍麻醉期應(yīng)用Dex,從術(shù)前用藥至術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛,維持Dex一定的血漿濃度,減少阿片類藥物術(shù)后鎮(zhèn)痛的用量,降低氧化應(yīng)激反應(yīng),在圍麻醉期的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)發(fā)揮POCD保護(hù)作用。
綜上所述,圍麻醉期應(yīng)用Dex,可降低老年患者PFN術(shù)后POCD的發(fā)生率。
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中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2019年19期