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    可可對血壓影響的Meta分析

    2019-09-10 16:25:26劉仲霞項榮武王鵬偉吳海英范冬竹趙明沂
    中國食物與營養(yǎng) 2019年8期
    關(guān)鍵詞:Meta分析巧克力血壓

    劉仲霞 項榮武 王鵬偉 吳海英 范冬竹 趙明沂

    摘?要:目的:評估巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品對有或無高血壓成人血壓的影響。方法:檢索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、中國知網(wǎng)(CNKI)和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫,檢索時限從建庫至2018年11月,由2名研究者分別對納入文獻進行數(shù)據(jù)提取與風(fēng)險偏倚評價后,采用RevMan5.3和Stata12.0軟件進行Meta分析。結(jié)果:納入34篇文獻(38項符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的隨機對照試驗),共1 897名參與者。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,與對照組相比,服用巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品組能更顯著地降低參與者的收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)[(WMD=-1.87,95%CI(-3.04,-0.70),P=0.002]和舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)[(WMD=-1.60,95%CI(-2.11,-1.08),P<0.001],差異均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。結(jié)論:巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品在一定程度上可降低有或無高血壓成人的血壓,但長期攝入對血壓的影響還有待研究。

    關(guān)鍵詞:可可;巧克力;血壓;Meta分析

    近年來,富含黃烷醇的巧克力和可可產(chǎn)品作為降壓的非藥物治療受到人們的青睞。生活方式的改變,包括飲食習(xí)慣對血壓的控制有重要的影響,控制血壓可預(yù)防心腦血管疾病患者的發(fā)病及死亡[1]。心血管疾病發(fā)生風(fēng)險與血壓水平呈相關(guān)性,即使血壓稍有降低,也會大大降低患心血管疾病的風(fēng)險[2]。臨床研究表明,黑巧克力和可可產(chǎn)品中的黃烷醇可增加內(nèi)皮NO的形成,促進血管舒張,從而降低血壓[3]。先前的Meta分析表明[4-7],富含黃烷醇的巧克力和可可可能會降低血壓,但最新的臨床試驗結(jié)果與先前的Meta分析結(jié)論相互矛盾[8-9],本研究基于現(xiàn)有的有關(guān)可可降壓的臨床試驗,采用系統(tǒng)評價的方法進行綜合評價可可對血壓的影響,為臨床治療提供科學(xué)依據(jù),此外,本研究還探討了參與者基線血壓水平、平均年齡、體重指數(shù)(BMI)對血壓的影響。

    1?資料與方法

    1.1?檢索策略

    計算機檢索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、EMbase、CNKI及萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫,搜集關(guān)于可可或富含黃烷醇的巧克力用于降壓的研究,檢索時間為建庫至2018年11月,并手工追溯所有納入文獻的參考文獻。英文檢索詞包括cocoa、chocolate、blood pressure、hypertension;中文檢索詞包括可可、巧克力、血壓、高血壓等。

    1.2?納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

    1.2.1?研究類型?隨機對照試驗(RCTs)。

    1.2.2?研究對象?有或無高血壓的成人,試驗進行時間≥14d。

    1.2.3?干預(yù)措施?實驗組服用黑巧克力或可可產(chǎn)品,對照組服用安慰劑或含低劑量黃烷醇的產(chǎn)品。

    1.2.4?結(jié)局指標(biāo)?收縮壓(SBP)、舒張壓(DBP)。

    1.2.5?排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)?實驗對象使用抗高血壓藥物,對照組可可劑量超過實驗組可可劑量25%的試驗,失訪人數(shù)超過50%的試驗。

    1.3?文獻篩選和資料提取

    由2位研究者獨立篩選文獻、提取資料并交叉核對,如有分歧,則通過討論或第三方協(xié)商解決。資料提取的基本情況包括研究基本特征、療程、樣本量和納入患者基本特征等。

    1.4?納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險評價

    由2位研究者獨立評價納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險,并交叉核對結(jié)果。偏倚風(fēng)險評價采用Cochrane手冊5.3.0推薦的偏倚風(fēng)險評估工具進行。

    1.5?統(tǒng)計分析

    采用RevMan5.3和Stata12.0軟件進行Meta分析。計量資料以加權(quán)均數(shù)差(WMD)及95%置信區(qū)間(95% CI)作為合并效應(yīng)量。采用χ2檢驗對納入研究進行異質(zhì)性檢驗,P≤0.1時各研究間存在異質(zhì)性,P>0.1時,各研究間不存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)異質(zhì)性。采用I2對異質(zhì)性進行定量分析,當(dāng)I2≤50%時,采用固定效應(yīng)模型計算[10];當(dāng)I2≥50%時,則選用隨機效應(yīng)模型合并分析。根據(jù)可能存在的異質(zhì)性,包括參與者基線血壓水平的不同(SBP<130mmHg、130~140mmHg、140≥mmHg;DBP<80mmHg、80~90mmHg、≥90mmHg)、平均年齡的不同(<50歲、≥50歲)、參與者是否肥胖(BMI<28kg/m2、BMI≥28kg/m2)進行亞組分析。采用Eggers檢驗發(fā)表偏倚,若P<0.05,則提示存在發(fā)表偏倚。

    2?結(jié)果與分析

    2.1?文獻檢索結(jié)果

    初檢獲得相關(guān)文獻1 052篇,經(jīng)過逐層篩選,最終納入34篇文獻[8-9,11-42],共38項研究,1 897例參與者。通過數(shù)據(jù)庫檢索獲得相關(guān)文獻(n=1 052):PubMed(n=298)、The Cochrane Library(n=235)、EMbase(n=485)、CNKI(n=23)、萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫(n=11)。文獻篩選流程及結(jié)果見圖1。

    2.2?納入研究的基本特征與偏倚風(fēng)險評價結(jié)果

    納入研究的基本特征見表1,偏倚風(fēng)險評價結(jié)果見圖2。

    2.3?Meta分析結(jié)果

    2.3.1?SBP?共納入38項研究,1 897例參與者。各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(P<0.000 1,I2=54%),故采用隨機效應(yīng)模型合并分析,結(jié)果顯示,實驗組的SBP明顯低于對照組,其差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[WMD=-1.87,95%CI(-3.04,-0.70),P=0.002]。發(fā)表偏倚檢驗結(jié)果提示,各研究間不存在發(fā)表偏倚(Eggers檢驗t=-1.7,P=0.099)。

    亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,除參與者基線SBP為130~140mmHg、參與者BMI≥28kg/m2的亞組外,各亞組服用可可產(chǎn)品均可顯著降低SBP,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。Meta分析結(jié)果還顯示,相對于SBP<130mmHg的亞組,SBP≥140mmHg的亞組服用可可降低SBP的效果更明顯;年齡<50歲的亞組服用可可降低SBP的效果更明顯(表2)。

    2.3.2?DBP?共納入38項研究,1 897例參與者。各研究間存在異質(zhì)性(P=0.03,I2=34%<50%),故采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并分析,結(jié)果顯示,實驗組的DBP明顯低于對照組,其差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義[WMD=-1.60,95%CI(-2.11,-1.08),P<0.001]。發(fā)表偏倚檢驗結(jié)果提示,各研究間不存在發(fā)表偏倚(Eggers檢驗t=-1.8,P=0.081)。亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,除參與者BMI≥28kg/m2的亞組外,各亞組服用可可產(chǎn)品均可顯著降低DBP,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。Meta分析結(jié)果還顯示,相對于DBP<80mmHg和DBP為80~90mmHg的亞組,DBP≥90mmHg的亞組服用可可降低DBP的效果更明顯;年齡<50歲的組服用可可降低DBP的效果更明顯(表3)。

    3?討論

    根據(jù)Meta分析結(jié)果可知,實驗組與對照組相比能更顯著地降低SBP和DBP,SDP降低了1.87mmHg,DBP降低了1.60mmHg,且結(jié)果均具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,這表明富含黃烷醇的可可產(chǎn)品在降低血壓方面作用雖小但具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。與最近發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)評價相比,本研究排除了實驗對象使用抗高血壓藥物的RCT,能更客觀地反映可可對血壓的影響,這也是本研究的優(yōu)點[5]。

    可可對血壓和內(nèi)皮功能的保護作用可能來自其血管舒張作用,其潛在的機制是多重的,并沒有完全明確,其中增加NO利用率和擴張血管可能起到核心作用,這一機制可能是可可降低血壓的主要原因[43]。無論是SBP還是DBP,可可的降壓效果對于平均年齡<50歲的參與者更明顯,隨著年齡的增長,動脈管壁結(jié)構(gòu)和功能發(fā)生變化,其順應(yīng)性和彈性降低,血管對可可黃烷醇等生理刺激的反應(yīng)性隨年齡的增長而降低,所以可可對年輕人血壓的影響可能更為顯著[44];可可的降壓效果在BMI<28kg/m2的亞組更明顯,并且具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,這一結(jié)果可能與肥胖的參與者體內(nèi)的血管內(nèi)皮功能障礙有關(guān),肥胖的參與者由于胰島素抵抗原因使血管內(nèi)皮一氧化氮酶活性降低,內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞釋放的舒血管因子減少,縮血管因子增加,血管阻力增加,血壓升高,這可能是導(dǎo)致可可對肥胖患者降壓效果不明顯的原因[45];之前發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)評價中并沒有根據(jù)參與者的BMI進行亞組分析,這一亞組分析結(jié)果也是本研究的優(yōu)點之一。無論是SBP還是DBP的Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,各研究間存在統(tǒng)計學(xué)異質(zhì)性,行亞組分析,找到參與者的BMI有可能是異質(zhì)性的來源。

    本研究的局限性:(1)缺乏灰色文獻;(2)納入的文獻中很少有報告可可副作用(消化不良、嘔吐、惡心等)的RCT,需要更長期的試驗去確定可可對血壓的影響以及評估長期使用可可產(chǎn)品是否有任何副作用;(3)國內(nèi)尚無相關(guān)研究發(fā)表,可可降血壓作用是否同樣適用于我國人口還有待考察。

    綜上,當(dāng)前證據(jù)顯示,可可在一定程度上可降低成人的血壓,對非肥胖、高血壓患者的降壓效果可能更明顯,但長期攝入可可對血壓的影響還有待研究。

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    (責(zé)任編輯?李婷婷)

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