打開“七選五”的七把“鑰匙”

四川

一、引言

根據(jù)《考試說明》的要求，“七選五”的目的是“主要考查考生對(duì)文章的整體內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)以及上下文邏輯意義的理解和掌握?！边@其中的關(guān)鍵是結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)榻Y(jié)構(gòu)的本質(zhì)就是在一篇文章中什么內(nèi)容該放在什么地方，而這恰恰是學(xué)生在做這個(gè)題時(shí)需要完成的任務(wù)。篇章結(jié)構(gòu)是語篇知識(shí)的重要組成部分。若學(xué)生掌握了英語文本的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)和文章內(nèi)容的基本組織范式，“七選五”的問題自然就迎刃而解了。

二、英文文本的基本組織范式

描述英文文本的結(jié)構(gòu)特征或者范式主要有兩個(gè)維度——宏觀維度和微觀維度。宏觀上可將文本結(jié)構(gòu)分為四種類型：記敘、說明、描述、議論。而英文文本微觀層面上的結(jié)構(gòu)范式廣泛運(yùn)用于各種類型的文本中，而且同一文本常常綜合運(yùn)用幾種范式。在以英語為母語國家的K12教育中，以上這些屬于閱讀教學(xué)的基本內(nèi)容。熟練掌握這些文本結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)不但有助于優(yōu)化學(xué)生的閱讀技巧，提高學(xué)生的閱讀能力，而且能夠幫助學(xué)生在閱讀類考試中有更好的表現(xiàn)。

1.時(shí)間先后

按時(shí)間順序敘述事件發(fā)展的過程是記敘文最常用的一種結(jié)構(gòu)范式，在非小說類文本中尤其如此。常用來連接這些先后發(fā)生的事件的連接詞或短語有first,second,third,always,then,next,later,soon,before,finally,earlier,afterwards,meanwhile,eventually,next week,tomorrow,after,during,immediately,preceding,initially,not long after,now,today,as soon as,until,follow ing,on (date),when等。

掌握了記敘文的這一特點(diǎn)，就可以很容易地確定每個(gè)句子在文本中的正確位置。比如在下面這篇短文中，“ I just threw on some clothes and ran out the door.”這個(gè)句子的正確位置只能是在（1）處，放在（2）或（3）處都不合適。

This morning was crazy.My alarm clock was set for PMinstead of AM,so I woke up really late.（1）I rode my bike as fast as I could and thought that I was going to be late for sure,but when I got there everyone was outside and there were fire trucks all lined up in front of school.（2）I guess somebody pulled the fire alarm before class started.（3）It worked out though,because nobody really noticed or minded that I was tardy.

2.空間布局

當(dāng)需要描述某個(gè)事物或場(chǎng)景時(shí)，常按事物所處的位置以及空間順序，比如從上到下、從左到右等，來呈現(xiàn)有關(guān)內(nèi)容。這一結(jié)構(gòu)范式常用于說明文。在記敘文中，時(shí)間順序與空間順序經(jīng)常交替使用，比如當(dāng)作者在講故事的過程中暫時(shí)停下來對(duì)某個(gè)特定的人或物進(jìn)行描述時(shí)常會(huì)切換到空間順序?？臻g順序常用的連接詞或短語有in front of,behind,next to,nearest,above,below,outside,underneath,on the left/right,in the m iddle,in between,across,down,over,along,in the back of,on top of,beside等。

空間順序的選擇有一定的隨意性，可以是從左到右，也可以是從右到左。但順序一旦確定，就會(huì)一直按這一順序展開，例如下面的這篇短文就是一直按照“從下到上”的順序來描述volcano的，由此就決定了每個(gè)句子的正確順序。

Volcanoes are a feared and destructive force for good reason.A volcano is like a pressure valve for the inner earth,but they can also be very beautiful.One part of the volcano that people rarely see is the magma chamber.The magma chamber is beneath the Earth's bed rock.It is tremendously hot.Running from the magma chamber to the crater of the volcano is the conduit.The conduit connects the magma chamber to the outer world.At the top of the volcano is the crater.This is where the magma exits.Volcanoes are a beautiful yet dangerous natural phenomenon.

3.原因與結(jié)果

“原因—結(jié)果”或者“結(jié)果—原因”的結(jié)構(gòu)范式廣泛應(yīng)用于各種文體，用來解釋為什么某事會(huì)發(fā)生或者闡明某事導(dǎo)致了什么樣的結(jié)果。在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中既可以先說原因也可以先說結(jié)果。在說服性的議論文中這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)比較明顯，但在記敘文中有時(shí)可能比較隱晦，發(fā)生在前面的情節(jié)可能被誤認(rèn)為是原因。因?yàn)樵谟洈⑽闹星楣?jié)的展開一般都伴隨著時(shí)間的流逝，而“原因與結(jié)果”結(jié)構(gòu)中則沒有時(shí)間上的推進(jìn)。因果結(jié)構(gòu)常見的標(biāo)志詞有because,as a result,resulted,caused,affected,since,due to,thus,therefore,so,as a consequence,accordingly,for this reason，in order to，effect等。例如，下文第二句中的reason和最后一句中的why就明顯表明本段文章是一個(gè)“原因與結(jié)果”結(jié)構(gòu)。

Students are not allowed to chew gum in my class.While some students think that I am just being mean,there are many good reasons for this rule.First,some irresponsible students make messes with their gum.They may leave it on the bottoms of desks,drop it on the floor,or put it on other peop le's property.Another reason why I don't allow students to chew gum is because it is a distraction.When they are allowed to chew gum,students are more worried about having it,popping it,chew ing it,and snapping it when they are in listening,w riting,reading,and learning.This is why I don't allow students to chew gum in my class.

4.對(duì)比與對(duì)照

對(duì)比與對(duì)照結(jié)構(gòu)用來闡釋兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上事物的異同。需要注意的是，這種結(jié)構(gòu)范式一定包含“異”與“同”兩個(gè)方面，只說了“異”叫contrast，只說了“同”叫compare。例如：

Apples and oranges are both fruits,which means that they have seeds inside of them.Each has a skin,but orange skins are thick and easy to peel.Apple skins are thinner and do not peel easily.Oranges also contain more acid than apples,but both fruits are delicious.

正是黃昏，落日美麗地懸掛在西邊天宇，慢吞吞地望著我這個(gè)初來乍到的陌生人在小鎮(zhèn)上穿行。一切剛剛安頓下來，在食堂吃完晚飯，一人吃飽全家不餓。閑來無事，我走出政府大院，出去走一走，熟悉下這個(gè)我將要為奮斗的地方，也許是一年二年，也許五年十年，也許是我的一生。

此文本中的對(duì)比與對(duì)照結(jié)構(gòu)比較容易辨認(rèn)，因?yàn)樽髡邥?huì)在“異”和“同”之間反復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)換，常見的標(biāo)志詞有l(wèi)ike,unlike,both,neither,similar,different等。

5.分類與排序

這種結(jié)構(gòu)范式按照內(nèi)容的屬性分類，根據(jù)事件的重要性或嚴(yán)重性按照由大到小或者由小到大的順序排列，比如下文對(duì)組織機(jī)構(gòu)的描寫：

The company has a clearly laid out hierarchy.All major decisions go through the president,who controls the entire operation,but most daily decisions go to the board.Beneath the board members are the regional managers,who oversee the branch managers running each local branch.

6.問題與辦法

這種結(jié)構(gòu)范式是先提出一個(gè)問題，然后再給出解決問題的方法?！皢栴}與辦法”有時(shí)容易與“原因與結(jié)果”混淆，但需要注意的是后者只探求問題的原因，而不給出解決問題的方案。常見的標(biāo)志詞有propose,solution,answer,issue,problem,problematic,remedy,prevention,fix等，例如：

Thousands of people die each year in car accidents involving drugs or alcohol.Lives could be saved if our town adopts a free public taxi service.By providing such a service,w e could prevent intoxicated drivers from endangering themselves or others.

7.步驟與程序

這種結(jié)構(gòu)范式是按事件發(fā)生的先后描述過程或程序中的每一個(gè)步驟的發(fā)展，它與“時(shí)間先后”的區(qū)別在于“時(shí)間先后”中的事件有確定的發(fā)生時(shí)間，而“步驟與程序”沒有，只有相對(duì)的先后次序。常見的標(biāo)志詞有first,next,before,lastly,then等。例如：

How to Make Cookies.First,get your materials.Then,make your dough.Lastly,cook your dough at 400 degrees for 10 minutes.

三、利用文本結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)破解“七選五”

下面以近年高考真題為例，簡要闡述如何運(yùn)用七把“鑰匙”打開“七選五”的“大門”。

【例1】（2015年全國卷Ⅱ“七選五”）

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the length of the runs., buy the best-fitting, best-built running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit..As always, you should stretch （伸展）at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day., it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.. After two weeks, start timing yourself.. Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter, you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.

本文的主體結(jié)構(gòu)范式為“步驟與程序”。整個(gè)過程包括兩個(gè)大步驟：選鞋與訓(xùn)練。前者分為“選”與“試”兩個(gè)小步驟，后者按時(shí)間劃分為第一周、第二周和爾后的正式訓(xùn)練三個(gè)階段。第一階段只關(guān)注time不關(guān)注distance，第二個(gè)階段只關(guān)注distance不關(guān)注time，第三階段開始計(jì)時(shí)跑，既關(guān)注time又關(guān)注distance。

厘清了這一基本架構(gòu)后，各選項(xiàng)的大體位置就基本可以固定下來了。36題后面是逗號(hào)，符合這一特征的選項(xiàng)只有A、B、C三個(gè)。整句說的第一大步驟，只能選C；37題是個(gè)難點(diǎn)，似乎F項(xiàng)也說得過去（在準(zhǔn)備階段多花點(diǎn)時(shí)間可以提高訓(xùn)練的質(zhì)量）。但按照“步驟與程序”的要求，這里的步驟還沒說完，前一句（穿幾天看看是不是真的合適）還沒有結(jié)果，而E項(xiàng)則正好補(bǔ)全了這個(gè)結(jié)果，有了這個(gè)結(jié)果才能過渡到下一句里的“run”，故37題只能選E；38題后也是逗號(hào)，只有A、B可選，承接前面的first week，只能選A；39題談的是第二個(gè)大步驟中的第二個(gè)階段，只談distance的只有D；40題選G，其中既有時(shí)間又有里程。

需要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，“七選五”命題為了保證每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的長度不超過一行，開始允許挖半句（一句話的前半句），其標(biāo)志是空后面的逗號(hào)（如36、38題），這為破解“七選五”，提供了新的維度。

【例2】（2018年全國卷Ⅰ“七選五”）

Color is fundamental in home design — something you'll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you'll love to live in.Do you want a room that's full of life?Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?,color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years,there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.,they can get a little complex.But good new s is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home：the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.

Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas,dinner tables or bookshelves..They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones,and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.

The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls,ceilings,and floors.Whether you're looking at wallpaper or paint,the time,effort and relative expense put into it are significant..

這一篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)范式比較復(fù)雜。第一段通過“原因與結(jié)果”的方式來證實(shí)color之于家裝的重要性。第二段是“問題與辦法”，其中“問題”是“they can get a little complex”，“辦法”是“three kinds of decisions”。文章的其余部分通過“分類與排序”方式“由小到大”詳細(xì)地陳述了問題的解決方法。

36、37題后面都是逗號(hào)，可供選擇的選項(xiàng)有A、B、C三個(gè)。36題的前面陳述了兩種情況，其中的核心詞是looking for,只有B做出了很好的照應(yīng)，配合主句再次強(qiáng)調(diào)本段的“結(jié)果”；37題所在句陳述“問題”， C明顯不合適，故選A； 從38題起開始“由小到大”排序，故38題選D；39題進(jìn)入“中”這個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，選項(xiàng)G中的a step up from the small ones是一個(gè)明顯的提示；最后一段實(shí)際上是典型的“原因與結(jié)果”，F(xiàn)所說的就是其中的結(jié)果。

四、結(jié)語

盡管英文文本結(jié)構(gòu)紛繁復(fù)雜，但還是有章可循的。老師把英文文本結(jié)構(gòu)知識(shí)融入到平時(shí)的閱讀教學(xué)中，讓學(xué)生逐步熟悉句子構(gòu)成文本的基本規(guī)律，學(xué)生的英語閱讀理解能力的提高就有了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。語言是思維的工具、文化的載體，英文文本結(jié)構(gòu)的基本范式實(shí)際上體現(xiàn)的是英語獨(dú)特的思維方式，老師只有讓學(xué)生熟悉這些體現(xiàn)英語特點(diǎn)的思維方式，才能從根本上提高學(xué)生的英文文本解讀能力，同時(shí)又可以錘煉和豐富學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。