牟姍 張薇 江德鵬
[摘要] 目的 系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)奧馬珠單抗治療難治性哮喘的效果。 方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Library、ScienceDirect數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),各數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索時(shí)間均從建庫(kù)到2017年11月。由2名研究者進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選、資料提取及文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià),采用RevMan 5.3進(jìn)行Meta分析。 結(jié)果 共納入12篇臨床對(duì)照試驗(yàn)。在激素量恒定期和激素量減少期,奧馬珠單抗較對(duì)照組可明顯提高哮喘患者生活質(zhì)量(RR = 1.56,95%CI:1.32~1.85,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.90,95%CI:1.45~2.49,P < 0.000 01),同時(shí)增加研究者對(duì)治療效果總體評(píng)級(jí)為“優(yōu)”或“良”的人數(shù)(RR = 1.36,95%CI:1.25~1.49,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.48,95%CI:1.36~1.61,P < 0.000 01)。奧馬珠單抗可減少激素量恒定期難治性哮喘急性重度惡化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(RR = 0.51,95%CI:0.41~0.64,P < 0.000 01)。 結(jié)論 在哮喘指南常規(guī)治療基礎(chǔ)上加用奧馬珠單抗,可提高哮喘患者生活質(zhì)量,改善癥狀,減少哮喘重度急性發(fā)作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 難治性哮喘;奧馬珠單抗;Meta分析;哮喘生活質(zhì)量問(wèn)卷調(diào)查評(píng)分;研究者對(duì)治療效果總體評(píng)級(jí);急性重度惡化
[中圖分類號(hào)] R562 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)04(a)-0075-06
Effectiveness of Omalizumab for patients with refractory allergic asthma: a Meta analysis of randomized controlled studies
MOU Shan ZHANG Wei JIANG Depeng
Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of Omalizumab in patients with refractory allergic asthma. Methods The databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect were searched by computer, and the retrieval time of each database was from the database establishment to November 2017. Then 2 reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of included randomized controlled trials, and Meta-analyses were conducted with RevMan 5.3. Results A total of 12 clinical randomized controlled trials were included. Compared with placebo, Omalizumab treatment was associated with an improved asthma-related quality of life at the end of the stable (RR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.32-1.85, P < 0.000 01) and steroid dose reduction phases (RR = 1.90, 95%CI: 1.45-2.49, P < 0.000 01). Meanwhile, compared with placebo, Omalizumab therapy showed a significantly increased number of patients with investigator global evaluation of therapy effective rated as excellent or good at the end of both phases (RR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.25-1.49, P < 0.000 01; RR = 1.48, 95%CI: 1.36-1.61, P < 0.000 01). Besides, Omalizumab reduced the number of patients with severe exacerbations during stable-steroid phase (RR = 0.51, 95%CI: 0.41-0.64, P < 0.000 01). Conclusion The addition of Omalizumab to standard therapy in patients with refractory allergic asthma can improve asthma related quality of life, relieve symptoms and reduce severe asthma exacerbations.
[Key words] Refractory allergic asthma; Omalizumab; Meta analysis; Questionnaire of asthma quality of life in adults; Investigator global evaluation of therapy effectiveness; Severe exacerbations
哮喘為世界上最常見(jiàn)的氣道炎性疾病之一,大多數(shù)哮喘患者通過(guò)規(guī)范化治療可達(dá)到臨床控制目標(biāo),但仍有接近5%的患者經(jīng)吸入中到高劑量糖皮質(zhì)激素(ICS)聯(lián)合長(zhǎng)效β2受體激動(dòng)劑(LABA)加減更多的癥狀控制性藥物,仍未達(dá)到可控制水平,稱為難治性哮喘。奧馬珠單抗是一種重組人源化IgE單克隆抗體,可阻止循環(huán)IgE與高親和力受體FcεRI結(jié)合[1]。奧馬珠單抗可減少難治性哮喘患者吸入激素的劑量[2-4]。然而隨著吸入激素劑量減少,奧馬珠單抗對(duì)哮喘患者生活質(zhì)量的影響仍存在爭(zhēng)議,目前尚無(wú)Meta分析對(duì)此進(jìn)行報(bào)道。此外,Normansel等[5]的Meta分析對(duì)ICS量恒定期研究者對(duì)治療效果總體評(píng)級(jí)(investigator global evaluation of therapy effectiveness,IGETE)數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)分析后出現(xiàn)中度異質(zhì)性。另國(guó)內(nèi)外尚無(wú)Meta分析納入高質(zhì)量RCT文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道奧馬珠單抗治療對(duì)急性重度惡化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,因此本研究結(jié)合近年RCT研究將針對(duì)奧馬珠單抗治療難治性變應(yīng)性哮喘生活質(zhì)量、IGETE及急性重度惡化療效性進(jìn)行Meta分析。
1 資料與方法
1.1 納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①奧馬珠單抗治療中至重度難治性過(guò)敏性哮喘的RCT研究;②至少包括1項(xiàng)如下測(cè)量指標(biāo):急性重度發(fā)作、IGETE評(píng)級(jí)為“優(yōu)”或“良”的人數(shù)、生活質(zhì)量問(wèn)卷調(diào)查(asthma quality of life questionnaire,AQLQ)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①受試者入組前曾使用奧馬珠單抗;②影響血清IgE水平升高的其他活動(dòng)性肺疾病;③非變應(yīng)性哮喘。
1.2 文獻(xiàn)檢索
通過(guò)對(duì)PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、Cochrane Libriary、ScienceDirect數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢索,鍵入關(guān)鍵詞,檢索詞包括omalizumab、anti-immunoglobulin E、anti-IgE antibody、Xolair和asthma。各數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索時(shí)間均從建庫(kù)到2017年11月。
1.3 資料提取
采集納入文章資料包括研究題目、研究持續(xù)時(shí)間、作者、樣本量、年齡、哮喘嚴(yán)重程度、結(jié)局指標(biāo)、干預(yù)措施。閱讀全文后,由兩名評(píng)價(jià)者獨(dú)立進(jìn)行資料提取。若遇分歧,兩名評(píng)價(jià)者通過(guò)探討達(dá)成一致。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
利用RevMan 5.3軟件對(duì)提取的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行定量統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。通過(guò)I2值檢驗(yàn)異質(zhì)性大?。?5%~<50%為低;50%~<75%為中;≥75%為高)。當(dāng)I2 < 50%,采用固定效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行Meta分析,否則應(yīng)選擇隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型,并進(jìn)一步分析異質(zhì)性的可能原因。使用Cochrane風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚評(píng)估工具對(duì)納入研究進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。利用漏斗圖觀察是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 納入研究的基本特點(diǎn)
根據(jù)納入排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)逐層篩選后,最終納入12項(xiàng)RCT研究[2,3,6-15],共入選3971例患者,其中治療組2180例,對(duì)照組1791例。詳細(xì)文獻(xiàn)篩選流程見(jiàn)圖1。大多數(shù)研究需經(jīng)歷兩個(gè)連續(xù)階段:第一階段為ICS量恒定期(16~24周),奧馬珠單抗輔助用于難治性哮喘患者,同時(shí)ICS量保持恒定;第二階段為ICS量減少期(12~28周),在該階段,只有當(dāng)患者癥狀滿意控制后,才會(huì)減少糖皮質(zhì)激素用量。在本文納入研究中,7項(xiàng)[2-3,7,10-11,13,15]研究包括ICS量恒定期和ICS減量期,5項(xiàng)[6,8-9,12,14]研究ICS量一直保持恒定。納入研究基本資料見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)
利用Cochrane風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏倚評(píng)估工具進(jìn)行質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)。整體來(lái)說(shuō),納入的12篇文獻(xiàn)偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是低的。其中選擇性偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)未知10篇[1-9,12],選擇性偏倚低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)2篇[10-11]。所有研究執(zhí)行偏倚、觀察偏倚、失訪偏倚、報(bào)道偏倚和其他偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均為低級(jí)別。納入文獻(xiàn)質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)見(jiàn)圖2。
2.3 Meta分析結(jié)果
急性重度惡化人數(shù)比例:3項(xiàng)[8-10]納入研究報(bào)道了ICS量恒定期哮喘急性重度惡化人數(shù)比例,研究間無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(P = 0.57,I2 = 0%),統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果顯示奧馬珠單抗較對(duì)照組顯著減少哮喘急性重度惡化人數(shù)比例(RR = 0.51,95%CI:0.41~0.64,P < 0.000 01),見(jiàn)圖3A。IGETE等級(jí)為“優(yōu)”或“良”的人數(shù):ICS量恒定期及減少期,分別4項(xiàng)[6,8,12,14]及5項(xiàng)[2-3,7,10-11]研究報(bào)道了IGETE評(píng)級(jí)為“優(yōu)”或“良”的人數(shù)比例,其納入研究間均無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(P = 0.45,I2 = 0%;P = 0.74,I2 = 0%),固定效應(yīng)模型分析結(jié)果提示:在ICS量恒定期及減少期,奧馬珠單抗較對(duì)照組顯著增加IGETE評(píng)級(jí)為“優(yōu)”或“良”的人數(shù)比例(RR = 1.36,95%CI:1.25~1.49,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.48,95%CI:1.36~1.61,P < 0.000 01),見(jiàn)圖3B~C。
生活質(zhì)量:ICS量恒定期及減少期,分別有5項(xiàng)[6-8,13,15]及3項(xiàng)[7,13,15]研究報(bào)道了AQLQ≥1.5的人數(shù),其納入研究間均無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性(P = 0.72,I2 = 0%;P = 0.63,I2 = 0%),固定效應(yīng)模型分析結(jié)果提示:在ICS量恒定期及減少期,奧馬珠單抗組較對(duì)照組明顯減少ICS量恒定期哮喘AQLQ≥1.5分人數(shù)比例(RR = 1.56,95%CI:1.32~1.85,P < 0.000 01;RR = 1.90,95%CI:1.45~2.49,P < 0.000 01),見(jiàn)圖3D~E。
2.4 發(fā)表偏倚
奧馬珠單抗組難治性哮喘患者在ICS量減少期IGETE評(píng)級(jí)為“優(yōu)”或“良”人數(shù)比例(圖4)和ICS量恒定期AQLQ≥1.5的人數(shù)比較的漏斗圖(圖5)左右較為對(duì)稱。因此,我們推測(cè),納入研究存在發(fā)表偏倚的可能性很小。
3 討論
難治性哮喘發(fā)病機(jī)制復(fù)雜,癥狀難以控制?,F(xiàn)已有許多研究及Meta分析報(bào)道了奧馬珠單抗治療難治性哮喘具有良好的安全性[16-18]。然而奧馬珠單抗輔助治療難治性哮喘,對(duì)于急性重度惡化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、IGETE等級(jí)為“優(yōu)”或“良”的人數(shù)和生活質(zhì)量等方面的療效尚缺乏足夠的循證醫(yī)學(xué)證據(jù)。近年出現(xiàn)一些關(guān)于奧馬珠單抗治療難治性哮喘效果新的報(bào)道,為我們探索奧馬珠單抗的療效提供了更多數(shù)據(jù)支持。
本Meta分析納入研究將哮喘急性重度惡化定義為哮喘急性加重,并且FEV1小于個(gè)人最佳值的60%,需要全身使用激素才能控制病情。本研究顯示奧馬珠單抗較對(duì)照組可明顯減少哮喘急性重度惡化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。同樣,近年來(lái)許多世界范圍內(nèi)的研究也證實(shí)了這一觀點(diǎn)。一項(xiàng)德國(guó)研究觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),與治療前比較,奧馬珠單抗治療1年后,哮喘患者急性重度惡化率減少了82.0%[19]。Menzella等[20]的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)奧馬珠單抗治療9年后仍可減少哮喘患者急性重度惡化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和醫(yī)療資源使用,提高患者生活質(zhì)量。Normansel等[5]的Meta分析將ICS量穩(wěn)定期IGETE指標(biāo)合并分析后出現(xiàn)中度異質(zhì)性,進(jìn)一步分析原因后,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)該研究將納入的SOLAR(即Vignola等[6]2004)這篇文章的過(guò)敏性鼻炎IGETE錯(cuò)誤統(tǒng)計(jì)為哮喘IGETE的數(shù)據(jù)[6]。本Meta分析納入相關(guān)研究間無(wú)明顯異質(zhì)性,為奧馬珠單抗能改善哮喘總體療效這一觀點(diǎn)提供了可靠的科學(xué)依據(jù)。Bousqutet等[21]的一項(xiàng)研究利用IGETE評(píng)估奧馬珠單抗效果,該項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)在16周對(duì)奧馬珠單抗治療有反應(yīng)的患者在32周仍反應(yīng)良好,符合臨床指南推薦奧馬珠單抗治療至少使用12~16周需評(píng)估其有效性,以判斷是否繼續(xù)應(yīng)用[22]。同時(shí)提示IGETE或許可作為評(píng)價(jià)奧馬珠單抗治療效果的可靠工具。另外,本研究首次發(fā)現(xiàn)與對(duì)照組比較,奧馬珠單抗在ICS量減少期可明顯改善哮喘患者生活質(zhì)量。同樣在ICS量恒定期亦得出類似結(jié)論。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)奧馬珠單抗治療哮喘總體上是有效的,然而在小部分患者中治療效果不佳。此外,奧馬珠單抗治療療程至少為3~6個(gè)月,治療時(shí)間越長(zhǎng),花費(fèi)相應(yīng)增加。因此,近年來(lái)許多研究致力于發(fā)現(xiàn)有效標(biāo)志物用于預(yù)測(cè)對(duì)奧馬珠單抗治療有效的哮喘亞組。據(jù)報(bào)道顯示在Th2型炎癥標(biāo)志物升高(特別是血嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞[23]、血清骨膜蛋白[24-25]、FeNO[26]和血清總IgE水平[23])和較嚴(yán)重的哮喘[既往有哮喘急性加重病史、FEV1prep(%)<65%、曾因哮喘惡化急診就診或住院]的亞組中,奧馬珠單抗可較為顯著地發(fā)揮其臨床療效[23]。然而上述指標(biāo)精確度有限,部分缺乏臨床應(yīng)用可行性。
本研究中納入的12項(xiàng)研究均為RCT研究,漏斗圖分析提示不存在明顯的發(fā)表偏倚。但本研究仍存在以下缺陷:第一,由于納入的各研究在治療時(shí)間、哮喘嚴(yán)重程度、年齡、哮喘基礎(chǔ)治療等方面存在差異,因而可能對(duì)結(jié)局指標(biāo)帶來(lái)一定程度的偏倚;第二,所納入研究使用奧馬珠單抗時(shí)間為24~52周,因而本研究無(wú)法探討奧馬珠治療難治性變應(yīng)性哮喘長(zhǎng)期效果。
綜上所述,奧馬珠單抗輔助治療6~75歲中至重度難治性變應(yīng)性哮喘患者總體上可顯著減少急性重度發(fā)作風(fēng)險(xiǎn),提高生活質(zhì)量,緩解癥狀。但奧馬珠單抗價(jià)格昂貴,治療療程長(zhǎng),而臨床上仍存在少部分患者對(duì)其治療效果反應(yīng)不佳,因此未來(lái)需要更多高質(zhì)量臨床研究根據(jù)哮喘亞組分型探索有利于預(yù)測(cè)奧馬珠單抗臨床療效的可靠指標(biāo)。
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(收稿日期:2018-09-04 本文編輯:張瑜杰)
中國(guó)醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào)2019年10期