王權(quán)至上的營(yíng)國(guó)之道

文/五花肉

根據(jù)《考工記》繪制的王城圖

王城，乃一國(guó)之根本，其規(guī)劃、營(yíng)造皆有規(guī)制。建設(shè)王城者，在古代被稱為營(yíng)國(guó)匠人，其核心任務(wù)是通過王城的形制、空間、形態(tài)上的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化表達(dá)，彰顯國(guó)家王權(quán)。

Royal city was the foundation of a nation in ancient China. Planning and construction of royal city followed standards. In ancient times, the builders of the royal city were called the architects. Their core task was to demonstrate regalism through the standardized specification of the shape, space and form of the royal city.

形制追求天道相通

Water Temperature Control: Key Element of Reeling

據(jù)《考工記》記載，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的王城應(yīng)為“方九里，旁三門”的正方形。正方形取自天圓地方，契合東西南北“四方”和春夏秋冬“四季”；旁三門則融入十二地支理念，對(duì)應(yīng)子丑寅卯等十二個(gè)時(shí)辰，王城共建十二道門，“每面各三門，以通十二子也”。凡此總總，充分體現(xiàn)了古人對(duì)天地的敬畏，希望以形制統(tǒng)一追求與天道相通。

According to "Kaogongji", the standardized royal city should be a square of " Nine miles around with three gates ". The square symbolized heaven round and earth square and fitted into the " four directions" of the east, west, north and south and the " four seasons" of spring, summer, autumn and winter.The next three gates incorporated the idea of twelve branches of the earth, corresponding to 24 hours and Chinese Zodiacs.The city had twelve gates. Each side of the city had three gates and there were twelve Chinese Zodiacs in total. The specification reflected the ancient people's reverence for heaven and earth and hopes to pursue unity of form and connection with heaven and earth.

方位彰顯身份尊崇

Location Shows King Power

古代將奇數(shù)稱為陽數(shù)，偶數(shù)稱為陰數(shù)。陽數(shù)中九為最高，五為正中，“數(shù)有九，五居正中，若峰，在其之巔”，用“九五之尊”象征帝王權(quán)威便源于此。王城的建設(shè)同樣遵循這一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，城中應(yīng)有南北、東西各九條大道，帝王的宮殿則位于南北第五道和東西第五道的交叉點(diǎn)，朝向面南背北，彰顯身份尊崇。

Similarly, odd numbers were regarded as yang and even numbers as yin. The highest number of yang is nine, and the middle number is five.Among the nine figures, Five is the middle, which is similar as the peak in the middle of mountains."9 and 5 reign supreme"originated from this standard. The construction of the royal city also followed this standard. The city shall have nine main roads from north to south and from east to west. The royal city was located at the intersection of the fifth road from north to south and the fifth road from east to west, facing south and back to north, showing respect for the status.

高度遵循等級(jí)制度

Standards of hierarchy

大明宮的建筑形制延續(xù)了《考工記》匠人營(yíng)國(guó)的設(shè)計(jì)理念

春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期等級(jí)制度森嚴(yán)，不同城邑的營(yíng)建規(guī)格同樣尊卑有序。當(dāng)時(shí)人口集聚的城邑分為王城、諸侯城、宗室和卿大夫的封邑三個(gè)等級(jí)。以最高等級(jí)的王城為例，“門阿之制五雉，宮隅之制七雉，城隅之制九雉”，唯有王城的城墻高度可達(dá)九丈的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，諸侯城和封邑則等而下之，分別按七丈和五丈的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建造。

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the hierarchy was strict, and the construction specifications of different cities followed hierarchy. At that time, the cities where the population concentrated were divided into three levels: the royal city, the vassal city, the imperial clan, and the fiefdoms of the nobles. Take the architectural standard of royal city as an example, the standard could be described as five pheasants in the gate, seven pheasants in the palace corner, and nine pheasants in the city corner.Only the city wall of the emperor could reach a height of nine Zhangs(30 meters), while the vassal city and the fief could be built at the height no higher than seven Zhangs (23.3 meters) and five Zhangs(16.7 meters) respectively.

結(jié) 語

Conclusion

《考工記》對(duì)于匠人營(yíng)國(guó)的描述只有寥寥百余字，卻運(yùn)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化智慧，清晰提煉、勾勒出古代王城建制的基本特征和深刻內(nèi)涵，對(duì)后期城市規(guī)劃體系的不斷成熟和發(fā)展，起到了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。

" Kaogongji" had only a few hundred words to describe the royal city architects. However, it utilized wisdom of standardization to clarify and summarize the key content of ancient royal city architectural standards, which exerted a profound impact on the continuous maturity and development of the later urban planning system.