蔡琴
莫斯科當?shù)貢r間2019年2月27日晚上6點30分,俄羅斯莫斯科中國文化中心張燈結(jié)彩、高朋滿座,由浙江省文化和旅游廳、莫斯科中國文化中心共同主辦,浙江省博物館承辦的“東方生活美學展”在此拉開帷幕,200多位莫斯科朋友參加了開幕式并參觀展覽。
此次展覽是中俄建交70周年紀念的啟動項目、2019年莫斯科“歡樂春節(jié)”活動之一,亦是2019·俄羅斯浙江文化旅游年開幕大展。展覽持續(xù)至3月18日,受到了俄羅斯觀眾的廣泛好評,展廳里擠滿了前來觀展的人群。俄羅斯金磚電視臺、大亞洲電視臺,中國的新華社、人民日報、人民網(wǎng)、國際臺、鳳凰衛(wèi)視等多家媒體到場,對展覽進行了深度報道。
俄羅斯東方博物館負責人謝多夫·弗謝沃洛多維奇表示,東方生活美學展為俄羅斯人了解東方生活和古典與現(xiàn)代一脈傳承的中國生活之美打開了一扇窗。
一個源于中國傳統(tǒng)文化的臨時性展覽,為何能夠得到文化差異甚大的俄羅斯觀眾的喜愛呢?
2018年浙江省博物館推出了原創(chuàng)性海外巡展項目“江南生活美學展”,“東方生活美學展”是“江南生活美學展”的升級版,呈現(xiàn)出原汁原味的東方生活之美。
中國傳統(tǒng)文化底蘊深厚,源遠流長,10世紀以后,社會繁榮,商貿(mào)昌盛,從士家大族至市井百姓,不懈于追求美感的體驗與詩化的生活。從建筑、家具、生活用品、衣飾、飲食等日常生活中提煉出高雅的品位,更展現(xiàn)在文學、書畫等作品中,這種清麗風雅的審美品位,創(chuàng)造出豐厚的物質(zhì)與非物質(zhì)文化,亦成為東方古典美學的代表,直至今日。
于是,代表中國傳統(tǒng)生活美學中的精致與典雅,又以藝術(shù)的形式回歸當下生活。滿足現(xiàn)代社會高速發(fā)展中人對和諧生活和溝通交流渴求的“琴、棋、書、畫、詩、酒、花、茶、香”便成為不二選擇。
“琴棋書畫詩酒花茶香”在我國古時被稱為“九雅”,有些是技能,有些是品位,常用來表示個人的文化素養(yǎng),在博物館的收藏中,它是一件件實物,也是一個個“東方生活美學”符號。
展覽把“琴棋書畫詩酒花茶香”九方面內(nèi)容整合成四個單元,第一單元“一枝紅艷露凝香”(花和香),第二單元“此曲只應(yīng)天上有”(琴),第三單元“人間有味是清歡”(茶和酒),第四單元“忘憂清樂在枰棋”(棋),用詩意和書畫、故事貫穿全場。
內(nèi)容上,在“琴”的板塊里增加了以昆曲、京劇為代表的中國戲劇;形式上,運用現(xiàn)代設(shè)計理念構(gòu)筑展覽敘事性空間,色調(diào)上采用珊瑚紅和松石綠的搭配,利用梅蘭竹菊四元素穿插結(jié)合,與俄羅斯風格的原建筑形成對比,把空間塑造為一種差異的綜合體,讓古琴、茶道、品酒、花藝、焚香、棋藝等從一個個小空間出發(fā),擴充到整個氛圍。并且,通過氣氛、燈光的烘托,營造空間上“曲徑通幽”的東方文化感,將靜態(tài)的展覽轉(zhuǎn)化成“劇場式”的動態(tài)。
博物館收藏的文物,作為一個個載體,很多是古人在詩情畫意中善用其心,以靜境為追求、修身齊家治國平天下為襟懷,以和諧圓滿為哲學、大愛為彼岸的真實寫照。所以這次展出在展品的選擇上,從本體細節(jié)和信息、詩意、社會變遷和故事入手,古典和當代藝術(shù)相互激發(fā)、互相啟迪,形成視覺和審美上的對話。在這種復(fù)雜的對話中,建立起關(guān)于古今、中西之間關(guān)系的新構(gòu)想。這種關(guān)系不是單方面的,更是一系列多層次的深入交流,是一種以共享的形式存在的共同語言。
比如浙江杭州萬事利絲綢文化博物館提供的織錦掛畫《平湖秋月》,是由國家級非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)絲織技藝傳承人陳家泠畫作為原型創(chuàng)作的,絲綢的細膩精致將畫作的簡約空靈體現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致,是一幅高度提煉后的現(xiàn)代藝術(shù)佳作。
同樣由浙江杭州萬事利絲綢文化博物館提供的絳紅地壽字八吉祥紋織金錦,原件為故宮博物館藏清光緒帝大婚時杭州織造進貢的一塊匹料,屬于云錦中的妝花織金緞,是“織金”和“妝花”兩種工藝相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。這塊復(fù)制品完全按照原件工藝、色彩制作而成,無論是紋飾色彩還是織造技藝,都再現(xiàn)了傳統(tǒng)絲織工藝的高超水平。
蘇州張斌戲劇服飾工作室提供的梅派女蟒、鑲邊白蟒、湖綠梅花女褶子是三套以傳統(tǒng)手工刺繡制作的戲劇服飾,原汁原味,精美典雅。
浙江省博物館藏元代趙孟頫《吳興賦》,正行相間,時參草書,點畫雅致,體勢舒展,章法整飭,神氣一貫,展覽現(xiàn)場展示了其高精度復(fù)制品。
“東方生活美學展”通過引人入勝的視角來講述故事,觀眾被吸引,由此產(chǎn)生共鳴。古代高逸之人,或攜琴進山,或棋枰手誒,小童烹茶,流水潺潺、古松奇石間,賞花、焚香、彈琴對弈,彼時彼刻,山水即為知音。觀眾在展廳移步觀看古人的這一切,此時此刻,乾坤便在心中。
“講故事”是一個展覽敘事能力的體現(xiàn)。故事能讓參觀者集中注意力,也能讓人們站在某一特定的立場,去感受東方傳統(tǒng)文化儒雅生活魅力,提升心靈體驗和精神意趣,把展覽的美學主題變成了生活主題。
如果展覽擅長講故事,有能力講故事,將這些故事帶到幕前,或許可以重新塑造人們對于一些器物和歷史事件的看法,而人們看待歷史和當今社會的角度也可能發(fā)生改變,甚至能夠改變?nèi)诵摹?/p>
“東方生活美學展”在展品的選擇上,特別關(guān)照當代部分作品。當代藝術(shù)家和手工藝工匠帶著好奇心和探索欲,從古典出發(fā),通過記錄“東方生活美學”的時代變化的載體,表達內(nèi)心情感。這些展品代表著變化,一種是時代風格的變化,一種是生活方式的差異,但不是復(fù)制而是重塑,讓古今以一種對自然理解的共通性融合為一體,為每個觀眾提供一個遠離工作繁忙、生活壓力的平靜港灣。
比如由著名雕塑家、杭州市雕塑院院長林崗制作的“九霄云佩”琴,具有強烈的后工業(yè)時代痕跡。他把使用過的、廢棄的工業(yè)機械零件,采用焊接、鉚合、螺絲組裝等后現(xiàn)代的挪用與重組,構(gòu)筑了獨特的藝術(shù)世界。
此外,還有浙江音樂學院徐君躍老師提供的整套古琴制作工具和配件,觀眾可以直觀了解古琴制作的工藝和每個配件代表的象征意義。
“東方生活美學展”的互動體驗吸引了不同年齡、族群的人們。
博物館“參與度”含義廣泛,不僅包括觀眾人數(shù)增長,還意味著博物館給觀眾提供沉浸式的、有趣的學習體驗。書法秀、古琴彈奏體驗、場景拍攝、茶文化講座等一系列配套活動,為觀眾提供嘗試體驗的新方法。許多莫斯科朋友被展覽呈現(xiàn)的東方之美打動,主動參與展覽互動,撫琴、揮毫、作畫,還進入藝術(shù)展示場景里留影。
博物館與觀眾的關(guān)系是相互和多邊的,觀眾既是展覽信息的接受者,也是展覽信息的制造者。很多觀眾在俄羅斯的社交媒體上分享了參展的體驗和收獲,這又促進了公眾的參與,為彼此帶來了生機與活力,并催化新的思維方式、新的文化和新的精神。
就像浙江省博物館館長陳浩說的那樣,“無論西方還是東方,人們都有著對生活之美的共同追尋。文化交流是雙向的,我們愿意為俄羅斯觀眾搭建一座了解中國的橋梁,同俄羅斯博物館共同合作,讓俄羅斯文化通過我們的平臺進行展示。”
中國駐俄羅斯大使館文化參贊、莫斯科中國文化中心主任龔佳佳的一番話,表達了她對這個展覽的評價和解讀。她說:
眾所周知,美學是文化的重要組成部分,它滲透在社會生活的方方面面,影響人的生活方式和行為方式。在古代中國,有一批人,特別是貴族階層和知識階層,他們有足夠的財富和足夠的時間(有錢有閑),打造出一種更加精致講究的生活,這種風尚慢慢地擴展到普通市民階層,在建筑、服裝、家具、陳設(shè)、食物以及日常生活的方方面面都追求情調(diào),講究風雅。這一風尚也逐漸出現(xiàn)在文學、書法、繪畫以及藝術(shù)品中。
感謝我們中國古代的士大夫們,是他們構(gòu)建了系統(tǒng)的 美學原則,給我們留下了寶貴的文化遺產(chǎn),教會我們?nèi)绾卧谄椒驳纳钪邪l(fā)現(xiàn)美,在瑣碎的事務(wù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)閃光點,培養(yǎng)人們對于優(yōu)雅的敏感之心,讓生活變得詩意縱橫。
這里所展出的物品,向觀眾們講述古代中國的知識階層,他們做些什么,如何經(jīng)營日常生活,如何正確地喝茶、正確地著裝,正確地焚香,什么樣的花要配什么樣的瓶子等等,這些東西乍看起來不具有現(xiàn)實的緊迫性,但卻讓人們學會如何理解和欣賞自然及生活中的美好。
我想引用一下中國宋朝著名詩人程顥的詩句:閑來無事不從容,睡覺東窗日已紅。萬物靜觀皆自得,四時佳興與人同。讓我們保持內(nèi)心的平靜與和諧,從容地發(fā)現(xiàn)和享受我們?nèi)粘I钪械拿恳豢獭?/p>
(本文圖片由王宣艷攝)
Oriental Life Aesthetics Exhibited in Moscow
By Cai Qin
“Oriental Life Aesthetics”, an exhibition undertaken by Zhejiang Museum and sponsored jointly by Zhejiang Administration of Culture and Tourism and the China Cultural Center in Moscow, opened its door to the public at China Cultural Center in Moscow, Russia on the evening of February 27, 2019. This is one of the events to mark the 70th anniversary of the founding of diplomatic relations between China and Russia as well as in celebration of the traditional Chinese New Year 2019. This exhibition marked the beginning of Russia-Zhejiang Tourism Year. The exhibition lasted till March 18 and was covered by mainstream media in both Russia and China.
Meant for international audiences, this exhibition was an upgrade of a 2018 exhibition featuring Jiangnan life aesthetics designed to attract the attention of the public in China. Chinese culture originated in prehistoric times and evolved through centuries. It was in the 10th century that our culture flourished to a historical new high, producing a refined aesthetics as seen almost all aspects of social life such as art, calligraphy, poetry as well as in architecture, furniture, household utensils, garments, food and beverage. In a sense, , , calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine, flower, tea, and perfume can represent the cultural essences of human relations and individual qualities.
The exhibition in Moscow condensed the nine into four exhibition sections. The first part concentrated on flowers and perfumes. The second section highlighted Guqin, a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument with a history of about 5,000 years. This section also presented Kunqu Opera and Peking Opera, two Chinese opera genres that highlight poetry, arias and dance. The third was about tea and wine; the last presented Weiqi, a board game that is as old as Guqin.
The four sections were well arranged in design, decoration, and color to give full play to the essence of the nine aspects of Chinese life aesthetics.
Zhejiang Museum played a central role in showing exhibits from its collection. A replica of , a masterpiece of calligraphy by Zhao Mengfu (1254-1322) of the Yuan Dynasty, was exhibited. The original is now in the collection of Zhejiang Museum.
And minor museums and other cultural institutions also made remarkable contributions to the exhibition. A brocade tapestry featuring “Autumnal Moon on Calm Lake”, a poetical portrayal of a famous scene on the West Lake in Hangzhou, was from the collection of Wensli Cultural Museum in Hangzhou. Wensli is Chinas top silk maker. Based on the namesake painting by Chen Jialing, the tapestry was made by a designated master of national intangible cultural heritage. Also on display from Wensli Cultural Museum was a modern reproduction of a brocade piece originally designed and made for the wedding ceremony of Emperor Guangxu (1871-1908) of the Qing Dynasty. The original was made in Hangzhou under supervision of a government office in charge of textile manufacturing.
Zhang Bin Theater Costume Studio based in Suzhou contributed three costume pieces, all embroidered exquisitely and luxuriously, reflecting how Peking Opera looked like when it was the favorite opera genre of the imperial house of the Qing.
Some exhibits were created by modern artists inspired by ancient objects. Lin Gang, a sculptor and president of Hangzhou Academy of Sculpture, presented a modern sculpture in the form of . The replica was composed of metal parts welded, riveted and bolted together, giving a postmodernist look. Also on display were a whole set of tools and components and parts for making a . This set of exhibits was provided by Xu Junyue, a teacher with Zhejiang Conservatory of Music, giving visitors an opportunity to imagine how these tools and components were used to make a Guqin.
Demonstration was an important part of the 20-day Moscow event, adding a touch of real life to the exhibition. Artists and craftspeople from Zhejiang demonstrated how a Guqin was played, how calligraphy was practiced, how a cup of tea was made and served ceremoniously, and how a painting was created, etc. Visitors were more than recipients of information on Chinese aesthetics of everyday life. Many of them shared their visits and experiences on social media, bringing more visitors to the event and creating new topics and enhancing public awareness.
“People in the west and the east share this common pursuit of a beautiful life. Cultural exchanges go both ways. We are willing to build a bridge for Russian visitors to understand Chinese culture. We are looking forward to have museums from Russia to display Russian Culture on our platform,” says Chen Hao, curator of Zhejiang Museum.
ities.
The Zhijiang Cultural Center is by no means a standing-alone cultural facility in the neighborhood. Ideally, it is connected with Cloud Town which is dedicated to the cutting-edge cloud computing and Art Town as well as China Academy of Art and Zhejiang Conservatory of Music in close neighborhood.