閱讀理解推斷題的五個依據(jù)

李美玉

在高考英語閱讀理解中，推理判斷題主要考查學生理清上下文邏輯關(guān)系的能力以及考生的推理判斷能力，屬理解層次較高的題目。推理是為了做出正確的判斷，正確的判斷又依賴于合乎邏輯的推理，推理和判斷相互依存。這類題要求考生在理解字面意思的基礎(chǔ)上做出符合情理的推理和判斷，從而得到文章的隱含意思或深層的意思。也就是通過文章的文字信息，上下文邏輯關(guān)系以及事物發(fā)展的規(guī)律，推斷出作者沒有直接表達出來的觀點和態(tài)度。常見的題干有：

（1）What can be inferred from the text？

（2）What can we conclude from...？

（3）When the writer talks about...，what does he really mean？

（4）Which of the following can be inferred from the text？

判斷題考查學生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，對不同觀點進行評價和判斷的能力。推理題考查學生由文章的字面信息推出未知信息或隱含信息的能力。

我們建議學生應該遵循下列四項基本原則：

（1）判斷有據(jù)，推論有理，忠實原文，切忌用自己的觀點代替作者的本意;

（2）全面分析所有相關(guān)信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面結(jié)論;

（3）善于揣摩作者思路，盡可能與作者的思路吻合;

（4）不可直接選取文中的原句。

其考查的主要形式有：細節(jié)推理題、作者的寫作意圖或目的題、推斷文章出處題、推斷文章結(jié)構(gòu)題、推斷觀點態(tài)度題。在這些題型中細節(jié)推理題在高考英語試卷中比例較大，而學生在這個問題上又總是把握不好。為了幫助學生解決這個問題，我總結(jié)了推理判斷的五種依據(jù)。

1. 根據(jù)類似結(jié)構(gòu)進行推斷

例1：Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it， I thinkher presence in the photo is whatmakes the image interesting. The landscape， beautiful on its own， somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.

◇In the authors opinion， what makes the photo so alive？

A.The rich color of the landscape.

B. The perfect positioning of the camera.

C.The womans existencein the photo.

D. The soft sunlight that summer day.

試題分析：

有時候，閱讀文本中正確選項與原文中的某些語句有著相似的結(jié)構(gòu)或近似的意思。比如原文中的makes the image interesting與題干makes the photo so alive結(jié)構(gòu)相似，都是使照片鮮活，有生命力的意思。原文中的her presence 與選項中的The womans existence 兩個詞意思相同，都是存在的意思。當我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這些特點之后，鎖定這些關(guān)鍵詞所在的句子詳細閱讀，那么自然會找出正確的選項C項。

2. 根據(jù)近義詞語進行推斷

例2：I never told my mother about my“miraculous”（奇跡般的）experience that summer， but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year. And years later， she was proud that her son had read thousands of books， was awarded a PhD in literature， andauthored his own books， articles， poetry and fiction. The power of the words has held.

◇What can be inferred from the last paragraph？

A.The author has become a successful writer.

B. The authors mother read the same book.

C. The authors mother rewarded him with books.

D. The author has had happy summers ever since.

試題分析：

在這道題中選項中的become a successful writer 和原文中的authored his own books， articles， poetry and fiction都反映出作者成為了一個作家，而且出了很多書。因此，根據(jù)這種近義表達，我們可以推斷，選項A正確。

3. 根據(jù)對應的描述進行推斷

例3：These kids arehappiest when doing repairs. They joke and laughand are living in their own relaxed world. Andtheir minds are bright despite their dirty hands and clothes.

◇In the authors eyes， motorheads are_____________.

A. tidy and hardworking? ? ? ? ?B.cheerful and smart

C. lazy but bright? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?D. relaxed but rude

試題分析：

在推斷題中如果我們希望選出一些形容詞，來描述人物的性格特征，那么我們選項中的一些形容詞一定在我們的原文中有對應的一些詳細細節(jié)的描述。如果我們能找到這些細節(jié)描述并對號入座，那么就很容易把握住，正確選項中的形容詞在文章中所折射出的性格特點。比如該題中，原文中happiest，joke and laugh 對應B選項中的cheerful;原文中的their minds are bright對應選項中的smart。

4. 根據(jù)例子和中心句的關(guān)系推斷

例4：Samsung says its not just something new— the app connection actually has some practical uses.“If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out，you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home，so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go，”said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.The company also says that with electricity rate（電價）varying depending on the time of day，more control over when the machines are used can help save money

◇We can conclude form Samsungs statements that _____________.

A. the app connection makes life easier

B. it is better to dry clothes in the morning

C. Smartphone can shorten the drying time

D. we should refresh clothes back at home

試題分析：

閱讀理解的推斷題中經(jīng)常會問某某人說的話的目的是什么？某個故事引用的目的是什么？某個數(shù)據(jù)引用的目的是什么？某些案例，為什么要用在這個段落中……那么這樣的試題，我們要考慮我們?yōu)槭裁匆谖谋局惺褂眠@些數(shù)字、例子、故事、案例？當然都是為了讓該段或者該篇文章的觀點更有可信度。這個時候，我們只要找準該段或者該篇文章的中心句，那么這道題就迎刃而解。而這道題的中心句是第一句“三星公司說這個產(chǎn)品不僅僅是新鮮事物，而是一個有實際用處的應用?！毕挛木褪窃僬f如何有實際的使用價值。

5. 根據(jù)話外音推斷

例5：Several different bison species have lived on the North American continent since the Ice Age; today only two exist. The wood bison is the larger of the two， and is now found mostly in western Canada. Better known in the United States is the Plains bison， or buffalo. At one time， herds of these animals could be sighted almost everywhere from the Appalachian Mountains in the East to the Rocky Mountains in the West.

◇The author implies that several types of bison_____________.

A. live outside the United States and Canada

B. are well adapted to swampy terrain

C.existed before the Ice Age

D. have been killed or have died out

試題分析：

閱讀題干中用“imply”這個詞，說明我們要找的是字面意思之外的話外音。根據(jù)閱讀文本，我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)第一句和其他句是總分關(guān)系。那么第一句就至關(guān)重要“從冰河世紀起，很多種歐洲野牛在北美洲生活過，但是今天只有兩種了?！蹦沁@句話的話外之音就是冰河世紀之前有很多種歐洲野牛在這個地方存在過，正好對應了C選項existed before the Ice Age。

責任編輯 蔣小青