山西 張玉良
英語中,有些字母在某些單詞中是不發(fā)音的。掌握字母不發(fā)音的規(guī)律,有助于提高我們的識音水平和口語表達(dá)能力。
現(xiàn)結(jié)合初中英語課本,將字母不發(fā)音的幾種情況做簡單歸納:
5.u出現(xiàn)在字母e,i,y之前時(shí),有時(shí)不發(fā)音。例如:
buy/ba?/(購買),guess/ges/(猜測),guitar/g??tɑ?(r)/(吉他)
1.b出現(xiàn)在單詞末尾,且在字母m之后,或出現(xiàn)在字母t之前時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
comb/k??m/(梳子),tomb/tu?m/(墳?zāi)梗琩umb/d?m/(啞的),limb/l?m/(肢),lamb/l?m/(羔羊),plumb/pl?m/(探索),thumb/θ?m/(拇指),debt/det/(欠款)
2.c出現(xiàn)在字母s或者x之后,或在e,i,y之前時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
excellence/?eks?l?ns/(優(yōu)秀),scene/si?n/(情境),muscle/?m?sl/(肌肉),disciple/d??sa?pl/ (門徒),excess/?k?ses/ (超過),fascinate/?f?s?ne?t/(迷住)
3.g出現(xiàn)在字母m,n之前,且一起出現(xiàn)在詞首或詞尾時(shí),常不發(fā)音。例如:
gnat/n?t/(叮人小蟲),gnarled/nɑ?ld/(扭曲的),gnash/n?∫/(咬牙切齒),diaphragm/?da??fr?m/(隔膜),paradigm/?p?r?da?m/(范例),phlegm/flem/(痰),campaign/k?m?pe?n/(運(yùn)動(dòng)),deign/de?n/(屈尊),design/d??za?n/(設(shè)計(jì))
4.h出現(xiàn)在單詞之首,或在字母g,r,t,ex之后時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
hour/?a??(r)/(小時(shí)),rhythm/?r?e?m/(節(jié)奏),honor/??n?(r)/(榮譽(yù)),exhibit/?g?z?b?t/(展覽品),ghost/g??st/(幽靈),ghoul/gu?l/
1.a出現(xiàn)在非重讀音節(jié)單詞之中時(shí),有時(shí)不發(fā)音。例如:
medal/?medl/(獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢?,conversational/?k?nv??se?∫?nl/(交談的),hospital/?h?sp?tl/(醫(yī)院),carriage/?k?r?d?/(四輪馬車)
2.e出現(xiàn)在相對開音節(jié)單詞的末尾,或出現(xiàn)在單詞之中時(shí),有時(shí)不發(fā)音。例如:
cute/kju?t/(可愛的),name/ne?m/(姓名),arrive/??ra?v/ (到達(dá)),native/?ne?t?v/(出生地的),phone/f??n/(電話機(jī)),opera/??pr?/(歌?。琩ifferent/?d?fr?nt/(不同的),written/?r?tn/(書面的)
3.i出現(xiàn)在非重讀音節(jié)之中,且前后都是輔音字母,或出現(xiàn)在個(gè)別單詞之中時(shí),有時(shí)不發(fā)音。例如:
cousin/?k?zn/(堂兄弟姊妹),business/?b?zn?s/ (生意),penc_il/?pensl/ (鉛筆),fr_iend/frend/(朋友),fru_it/fru?t/(水果),juice/d?u?s/(果汁)
4.o出現(xiàn)在非重讀音節(jié)之中,且前后都是輔音字母,或出現(xiàn)在個(gè)別單詞中之中時(shí),有時(shí)不發(fā)音。例如:
people/?pi?pl/ (人們),history/?h?stri/(歷史),reason/?ri?zn/(理由)(盜墓食尸鬼),rhetoric/?ret?r?k/(修辭技巧)
【注意】
h出現(xiàn)在單詞末尾時(shí),有時(shí)也不發(fā)音。例如:
ah/ɑ?/(啊),myrrh/mз?(r)/(沒藥)
5.k出現(xiàn)在單詞之首,并在字母n之前時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
knead/ni?d/(按摩),knee/ni?/(膝蓋),knickers/?n?k?z/ (女式短襯褲),knife/na?f/(刀),knight/na?t/(騎士)
6.m出現(xiàn)在單詞之首,并在字母n之前時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
mnemonic/n??m?n?k/(幫助記憶的詞句),mnemonist/?ni?m?n?st/(研究記憶術(shù)者)
7.n出現(xiàn)在單詞末尾,并在字母m之后時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
autumn/???t?m/(秋季),column/?k?l?m/(欄目),hymn/h?m/(圣歌)
8.p出現(xiàn)在單詞之首,并在字母n,s之前時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
pneumatic/nju??m?t?k/(充氣的),
pneumonia/nju??m??ni?/(肺炎),
pseudonym/?su?d?n?m/(筆名),
psychic/?sa?k?k/(心靈的;靈魂的)
9.is出現(xiàn)在單詞之首時(shí),s一般不發(fā)音。例如:
isle/a?l/ (島),island/?a?l?nd/ (島),islet/?a?l?t/(小島)
10.wr出現(xiàn)在單詞之首時(shí),w一般不發(fā)音。例如:
wrong/r??/(錯(cuò)誤的),wreath/ri?θ/(花環(huán)),wrap/r?p/(包;裹),wring/r??/(扭;擰),write/ra?t/(書寫)
1.字母組合gh出現(xiàn)在詞尾且在字母t之前時(shí),常常不發(fā)音。例如:
caught/k??t/(捕捉),thought/θ??t/(思想),eight/e?t/(八),straight/stre?t/(筆直地)
2.c出現(xiàn)在字母組合-ck中時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
clock/kl?k/(時(shí)鐘),quick/kw?k/(迅速的),black/bl?k/(黑色的)
3.d出現(xiàn)在位于單詞末尾的字母組合-dge中時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
bridge/br?d?/ (橋梁),judge/d??d?/(判斷),knowledge/?n?l?d?/(知識),footbridge/?f?tbr?d?/(人行橋),fridge/fr?d?/(冰箱)
4.l出現(xiàn)在字母組合-alf,-alm,-ould之中時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
calf/kɑ?f/ (幼獸),alms/ɑ?mz/ (救濟(jì)金),calm/kɑ?m/ (鎮(zhèn)靜的),psa_lm/sɑ?m/(贊美詩),could/k?d/(能)
5.字母組合-sten,-stle,-ften,-tch出現(xiàn)在單詞詞尾時(shí),t一般不發(fā)音。例如:
fasten/?fɑ?sn/ (系牢),has_ten/?he?sn/(急忙進(jìn)行),apostle/??p?sl/(倡導(dǎo)者),cas-_tle/?kɑ?sl/ (城堡),soften/?s?fn/ (軟化),wa_tch/w?t∫/(觀看)
6.w出現(xiàn)在字母組合wh-中,并在o之前時(shí),不發(fā)音。例如:
whose/hu?z/(誰的),who/hu?/(誰),whom/hu?m/(誰)
7.u出現(xiàn)在字母組合-ar之前,或者出現(xiàn)在字母組合-ful中時(shí),有時(shí)不發(fā)音。例如:
guarantee/?g?r?n?ti?/(擔(dān)保),successful/s?k?sesfl/(成功的),guard/gɑ?d/(警衛(wèi))
8.b出現(xiàn)在字母組合-bt中時(shí),有時(shí)不發(fā)音。例如:
doubt/da?t/(懷疑),subtle/?s?tl/(微妙的)
請根據(jù)上述讀音規(guī)律,在下列單詞中不發(fā)音的字母下劃線。
honest, judge, whose, love, listen,quick,know,science,often,sign,climb,excite,handsome,knock,autumn,island,white,foreign,Sarah,knife,Wednesday,design, wheat, wrong, native, hour,nowhere,home,garden,button,several,recent,exhibition,could,burned,basin,bridge, medical, make, pardon, pupil,guard,travel,exciting,fridge,known,scientist,kitchen,knowledge,luckily,write,which, quick, guest, porridge, climber,calm,daughter,people,match,thankful,weight,height,honor,fasten