陳義
同學(xué)們,現(xiàn)在我們九年級(jí)的英語課程已接近尾聲,還不到50天就要中考了,那么,在復(fù)習(xí)的過程中,我們將會(huì)碰到許多that 引導(dǎo)的句子,這些句子,我們怎樣來辨析它是表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句呢?你們有正確的方法嗎?為了解決這些問題,現(xiàn)在我們就一起來探討探討。
先讓我們來看看這些句子:
1.The problem is that the air has been also polluted around here.(表語從句)
問題是這里的空氣受到了嚴(yán)重的污染。
2.She said that she had seen this movie twice.(賓語從句)
她說她看過這電影兩次。
3.My grandma told me that the sun rises in the east.(賓語從句)
我的奶奶告訴我太陽從東邊升起。
4.I like movies that are interesting。(定語從句)
我喜歡有趣的電影。
5.This is the man that you are looking for.(定語從句)
這就是你正在找的那個(gè)人。
那么,是怎樣判斷這些句子是表語從句、賓語從句、定語從句的呢?這就是我們在復(fù)習(xí)的過程中必須要搞清楚的問題。首先,that 是一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞,起連接前后的作用,這就要我們知道that前的詞是什么詞,這有利于我們分析判斷它屬于什么從句。(1)that前的詞是系動(dòng)詞be的各種形式,那that引導(dǎo)的就是表語從句;(2)that前的詞是動(dòng)詞,那that引導(dǎo)的就是賓語從句;(3)that前是名詞或代詞,那that引導(dǎo)的就是定語從句。
一、That作為連詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時(shí)(即賓語從句、表語從句),在從句中無具體含義,只起連接作用,而且它在從句中也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分。它所引導(dǎo)的從句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和意義相對(duì)是完整的,而且從句一般是陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)(即陳述句)。
例如: 1.They said that they have been to Beijing twice.
他們說他們曾去過北京兩次。
2.The reason he didn't come was that he was ill。
他沒來的原因是他病了。
3.My mother told me that she would leave for Shanghai.
我媽媽告訴我她將要?jiǎng)由砣ド虾!?/p>
在復(fù)習(xí)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句是,要注意的是:當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句太長時(shí),常用it作形式賓語而把that從句放在后面。如: ①It is well—known that the earth is round.眾所周知,地球是圓的。
②We find it necessary that we practice spoken English every day.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)每天練習(xí)英語口語很有必要。 that引導(dǎo)的表語從句,that不能省略。that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,一般可以省去that,但在下面情況中不能省略。
1.在suggest, order等表示命令、請求、建議等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中,不能省。
2.由and或but所連接的兩個(gè)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時(shí),第一個(gè)從句中的that可以省,第二個(gè)從句中的that不能省。
3.that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,如果從句中還有其他狀語從句,引導(dǎo)賓語從句的that不能省略。 Tell him that if he is at home, I will call to see him.
二、that作為關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí),它有一定含義且充當(dāng)定語從句中的一個(gè)句子成分。例如:
1.Circle the kind of pollution that Jason and Susan talk about.(that指代先行詞pollution,在定語從句中作talk about的賓語)
2.Factories that burn coal also pollute the air here.(that指代先行詞factories,在定語從句中作主語)
我們要注意是以下幾點(diǎn):
(1).定語從句中缺主語,修飾人時(shí)用who /that,修飾物時(shí)用which /that引導(dǎo)。
如:a. Is this the factory which /that makes TV sets? 這是制造電視機(jī)的工廠嗎?
b.The man who /that visited our school is from Australia.參觀我們學(xué)校的這個(gè)人來自澳大利亞。
(2).從句中缺賓語,修飾人時(shí)用 who /whom /that或省略引導(dǎo)詞;修飾物時(shí)用which /that或省略引導(dǎo)詞。
如:Gone are the days which /that we spent together in the village.He is the man who /whom /that I think to be worthy of our praise.
4.用that不用which的七種情況:
①先行詞前有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),只用 that不用which引導(dǎo)。
如:This is the best place that I have ever visited.
②先行詞為little,much,all,none,few,(the)one, something,everything,nothing,anything等不定代詞時(shí),用that引導(dǎo)。如: There is nothing in the world that can frighten him.
③先行詞既有指人的名詞又有指物的名詞時(shí),用 that引導(dǎo)。如:He told us about the people and the cities that he had visited.
④先行詞前有any,all,no,few,every,some,little, much,(the)very,(the)only,(the)last等詞修飾時(shí),用 that引導(dǎo)。如: This is the very coat that I need.
⑤先行詞為which時(shí),為了避免重復(fù),用that引導(dǎo)。如: Which is the book that you bought yesterday?
⑥先行詞在從句中作表語時(shí),常用that引導(dǎo)。如: Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be in the 1930's.
⑦當(dāng)主句是There be...句型時(shí),用that引導(dǎo)。 There are two tickets for the film that are for you two.