劉平 韓從輝 史振鐸
[摘要]目的 探討二次電切聯(lián)合膀胱灌注治療T2a期膀胱尿路上皮癌的效果。方法 選取2016年6月~2018年5月淮安市金湖縣中醫(yī)院收治的97例T2a期膀胱癌患者作為研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行回顧性分析,按照手術(shù)方法的不同將其分為二次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)組(A組,55例)與膀胱部分切除術(shù)組(B組,42例)。A組患者采用二次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)+膀胱灌注治療,B組患者采用膀胱部分切除術(shù)+膀胱灌注治療。比較兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量、術(shù)后失血量、住院時(shí)間、復(fù)發(fā)率、感染率、漏尿率、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率等方面的差異。根據(jù)術(shù)前膀胱CT以及術(shù)后病理進(jìn)行腫瘤分期。結(jié)果 A組患者的術(shù)中、術(shù)后失血量均明顯少于B組,手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間均明顯短于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)。A組患者的復(fù)發(fā)率低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者的感染率、漏尿率、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論 T2a期膀胱尿路上皮癌患者采用二次電切+膀胱灌注治療可縮短手術(shù)、住院時(shí)間,減少術(shù)中、術(shù)后出血量,降低復(fù)發(fā)率,是一種有效、安全、微創(chuàng)的治療方法,值得臨床推廣。
[關(guān)鍵詞]膀胱尿路上皮癌;膀胱灌注;二次電切;T2a期
[中圖分類號(hào)] R737.14? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)11(c)-0037-04
Effect of secondary electrotomy combined with bladder perfusion in the treatment of T2a stage bladder urothelial carcinoma
LIU Ping1? ?HAN Cong-hui2? ?SHI Zhen-duo2
1. Department of Urology, Jinhu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Huai′an City, Jiangsu Province, Jinhu? ?211600, China; 2. Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou? ?221009, China
[Abstract] Objectice To investigate the effect of secondary electrotomy combined with bladder perfusion in the treatment of T2a bladder urothelial carcinoma. Methods From June 2016 to May 2018, 97 patients with stage T2a bladder cancer admitted to Jinhu County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Huai′an City were selected as the research objects for retrospective analysis. According to different surgical methods, they were divided into two groups: the secondary transurethral resection of bladder tumor group (group A, 55 cases) and the partial cystectomy group (groupo B, 42 cases). Patients in group A were treated with secondary transurethral resection of bladder tumor and bladder perfusion, while patients in group B were treated with partial cystectomy and bladder perfusion. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative blood loss, hospitalization time, recurrence rate, infection rate, leakage of urine rate, distant metastasis rate and other differences between the two groups were compared. Tumor staging was based on preoperative bladder CT and postoperative pathology. Results The intraoperative and postoperative blood loss of patients in group A were significantly less than those in group B, the operation time and hospitalization time were significantly shorter than those in group B, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.001). The recurrence rate in group A was lower than that in group B, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in infection rate, leakage rate and distant metastasis rate between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion Secondary electrocision and bladder perfusion therapy for T2a bladder urothelial cancer patients can shorten the operation, hospitalization time, reduce intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, and reduce recurrence rate. It is an effective, safe and minimally invasive treatment method, and is worthy of clinical promotion.
[Key words] Bladder urothelial carcinoma; Bladder perfusion; Secondary resection; T2a stage
膀胱腫瘤是常見的惡性腫瘤之一,全球約130萬人罹患膀胱癌,平均每年新發(fā)病例43萬例。此外,每年約16.5萬人死于膀胱癌。膀胱癌在發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的發(fā)病率較高,發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)患者占比近60%。中國膀胱癌的發(fā)病率逐年增加,在過去的15年里,膀胱腫瘤的發(fā)病率增加了68.3%[1-3]。目前,膀胱腫瘤主要的治療方式為手術(shù)、化療、放療等,手術(shù)為患者治療首選,包括經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBt)、膀胱部分切除術(shù)、膀胱全切術(shù)等等,其中多數(shù)采用經(jīng)尿道膀胱尿路上皮腫瘤電切術(shù),部分患者采用膀胱部分切除術(shù),術(shù)后予以膀胱灌注治療,但術(shù)后1年的復(fù)發(fā)率仍高達(dá)50%。由于膀胱腫瘤具有容易復(fù)發(fā)的特點(diǎn),選擇合適的治療方法、縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間、減少手術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、降低復(fù)發(fā)率對(duì)患者尤為重要。本研究選取淮安市金湖縣中醫(yī)院收治的97例T2a期膀胱癌患者作為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)手術(shù)方式的不同展開研究,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
選取2016年6月~2018年5月淮安市金湖縣中醫(yī)院收治的97例T2a期膀胱癌患者作為研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行回顧性分析,按照手術(shù)方法不同將其分為二次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)組(55例)與膀胱部分切除術(shù)組(42例)。二次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)組中,平均年齡(63±11)歲;平均腫瘤直徑(1.36±0.26)cm;術(shù)后病理分級(jí)為T2a期。膀胱部分切除術(shù)組中,平均年齡(65±12)歲;平均腫瘤直徑(1.78±0.64)cm;術(shù)后病理分級(jí)為T2a期。兩組患者的年齡、腫瘤大小、病理分級(jí)等一般資料比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①腫瘤直徑<3 cm;②術(shù)后病理分級(jí)為T2a。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①腫瘤直徑≥3 cm;②術(shù)后病理分級(jí)非T2a。二次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)組設(shè)為A組,膀胱部分切除術(shù)組設(shè)為B組。本研究所有患者對(duì)治療均知情同意,且通過淮安市金湖縣中醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn)。
1.2方法
A組患者采用二次經(jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)(repeat- transurethral resection of bladder tumor,R-TURBt)+膀胱灌注治療,生理鹽水作為灌注液,控制膀胱內(nèi)灌注量100~150 ml。Wolf系統(tǒng)采用80 W,電凝功率的控制范圍為40~50 W,以減少膀胱黏膜的熱損傷并避免穿孔?!半娗小焙汀半娔钡墓β矢鶕?jù)腫瘤位置和大小進(jìn)行調(diào)整。切除范圍包括腫瘤邊緣外2 cm處的黏膜組織。深度到達(dá)肌層,可見腫瘤徹底被切除,標(biāo)本送病理,術(shù)后即刻灌注吡柔比星(深圳萬樂藥業(yè)有限公司,生產(chǎn)批號(hào):1804C4)。患者二次電切時(shí)間為TURBt治療手術(shù)后4~6周,對(duì)于R-TURBt,筆者切除了可見腫瘤、原始手術(shù)部位的瘢痕以及水腫的部分。灌注采取4個(gè)位置:左、右側(cè)臥位、仰臥位和俯臥位。每個(gè)位置保持10 min,共40 min,然后排出。灌注周期為每周1次,連續(xù)8周,然后改為每月1次,連續(xù)灌注1年。術(shù)后每3個(gè)月進(jìn)行一次膀胱鏡檢查術(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑病變,即行膀胱腫瘤活檢術(shù)。術(shù)后隨訪1年。
B組患者采用膀胱部分切除術(shù)+膀胱灌注治療,膀胱部分切除術(shù)距離膀胱腫瘤邊緣2 cm進(jìn)行腫瘤整體切除。輸尿管口處的腫瘤是沿著輸尿管口切除,同時(shí)行輸尿管膀胱再植術(shù)??p合膀胱后,切口用無菌蒸餾水沖洗以減少腫瘤生長。術(shù)后1周,開始行吡柔比星膀胱灌注治療,灌注方法及復(fù)查同上。
等離子電切器械為英國佳樂等離子電切器械,其發(fā)生控制器型號(hào)為744000、腳踏開關(guān)型號(hào)為744010、電切鏡內(nèi)鞘型號(hào)為714630、電切鏡外鞘型號(hào)為714654、鞘芯型號(hào)為714660、30°鏡子型號(hào)為714620、SP電極型號(hào)為744200。
1.3觀察指標(biāo)
比較A、B兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量、術(shù)后失血量、住院時(shí)間、復(fù)發(fā)率、感染率、漏尿率、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率等方面。術(shù)中、術(shù)后失血量以ml計(jì)算;住院時(shí)間以d計(jì)算;以術(shù)后復(fù)查膀胱鏡發(fā)現(xiàn)腫瘤復(fù)發(fā),并經(jīng)病理結(jié)果證實(shí)為復(fù)發(fā);以術(shù)后發(fā)熱≥38.5℃,且尿培養(yǎng)呈陽性為感染;以術(shù)后CT證實(shí)尿液外滲至膀胱外為漏尿;以術(shù)后CT證實(shí)膀胱外器官或組織腫瘤生長,且病理提示尿路上皮癌來源為遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 20.0統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,符合正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn),不符合正態(tài)分布者改用中位數(shù)(四分位間距)[M(P25,P75)]表示,組間比較采用非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析;計(jì)數(shù)資料采用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,以P<0.001為差異有顯著統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組患者手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中失血量、術(shù)后失血量、住院時(shí)間的比較
A組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間明顯短于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);A組患者術(shù)中、術(shù)后失血量明顯少于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);A組患者的住院時(shí)間明顯短于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001)(表1)。
2.2兩組患者術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、感染、漏尿、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率的比較
A組患者的復(fù)發(fā)率低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組患者的感染率、漏尿率、遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移率比較,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表2)。
3討論
膀胱癌是常見的泌尿系統(tǒng)惡性腫瘤,占我國泌尿生殖系統(tǒng)腫瘤發(fā)病率的第1位,在歐美發(fā)病率僅次于前列腺癌。膀胱癌的發(fā)病因素比較復(fù)雜,有內(nèi)在和外在因素,吸煙是導(dǎo)致膀胱癌的一大誘因,約30%的膀胱癌由吸煙引起,其次是長期接觸苯胺、二氨基聯(lián)苯、2-萘胺、1-萘胺都可能導(dǎo)致膀胱癌[4-7]。對(duì)于浸潤性膀胱癌T2a期通常采用膀胱部分切除術(shù)+術(shù)后膀胱灌注治療,膀胱部分切除術(shù)不需要特殊器械,費(fèi)用相對(duì)便宜,但此種治療方式損傷大、恢復(fù)慢,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥較多,增加患者的痛苦及切口腫瘤種植幾率等缺點(diǎn)。而TURBt手術(shù)操作部位局限于膀胱腔內(nèi),可避免開放手術(shù)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),同時(shí)減少了腫瘤種植、擴(kuò)散到周圍組織器官的可能。此外,其還具有術(shù)后恢復(fù)較快、并發(fā)癥少、保留膀胱功能等優(yōu)點(diǎn)。但文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[8-9]稱,首次電切術(shù)后膀胱腫瘤殘留率達(dá)到20.3%~78.6%,術(shù)后2~6周行R-TURBt有助于降低膀胱腫瘤的殘留率和復(fù)發(fā)率。
對(duì)于T2a期的膀胱腫瘤治療上,歐美國家十余年前就提出可行R-TURBt治療,首次膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)會(huì)有較高的殘留率和復(fù)發(fā)率,二次電切可將殘留的腫瘤進(jìn)一步切除,從而降低腫瘤再次復(fù)發(fā)的概率[10-13,15]。但目前對(duì)于二次電切術(shù)仍存在一定的爭議,有的學(xué)者認(rèn)為首次膀胱腫瘤電切術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)是由于切除的范圍及深度不足,二次電切增加了患者的手術(shù)痛苦,而不降低復(fù)發(fā)率。但另一部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為二次電切可有效地清除首次電切術(shù)后殘留腫瘤,大大降低其復(fù)發(fā)率[14-18]。
本研究回顧性分析了55例T2a期膀胱癌接受R-TURBt+術(shù)后膀胱灌注治療的患者,以及42例T2a期膀胱癌接受膀胱部分切除術(shù)+術(shù)后膀胱灌注治療的患者,比較了兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中和術(shù)后出血量、住院時(shí)間、感染率以及隨訪觀察1年后膀胱腫瘤的復(fù)發(fā)率等等。其中A組術(shù)中、術(shù)后失血量明顯少于B組,手術(shù)時(shí)間、住院時(shí)間明顯短于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.001);A組患者的復(fù)發(fā)率低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。經(jīng)分析R-TURBt降低復(fù)發(fā)率的可能原因有:①有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的手術(shù)醫(yī)師對(duì)于膀胱腫瘤電切切除范圍及深度的把握;②術(shù)中用的是等離子電切鏡,術(shù)中溫度在40~70°C,而普通電切鏡溫度較高,最高溫度>100°C,容易因?yàn)檫^熱而產(chǎn)生焦糊狀,導(dǎo)致下方腫瘤切除不徹底;③R-TURBt選擇在首次電切術(shù)后2~6周進(jìn)行,術(shù)后水腫消除,愈合較好,二次電切時(shí)更易暴露清除,切除徹底[19-22]。對(duì)于R-TURBt的時(shí)間目前存在一定的爭議,大多數(shù)學(xué)者公認(rèn)首次術(shù)后2~6周時(shí)間較適宜,我國指南推薦首次術(shù)后4~6周,但也有少部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為不必再等2周的時(shí)間,這還需要進(jìn)一步的證實(shí)[23]??傊谓?jīng)尿道膀胱腫瘤等離子電切術(shù)可有效降低膀胱癌的復(fù)發(fā)率,同時(shí)保留了膀胱,避免因部分切除造成膀胱容量不足等引起的并發(fā)癥,對(duì)T2a期膀胱腫瘤的治療有一定的指導(dǎo)意義,但仍需大樣本大數(shù)據(jù)的積累。
綜上所述,T2a期膀胱尿路上皮癌患者采用二次電切+膀胱灌注治療可縮短手術(shù)、住院時(shí)間,減少術(shù)中、術(shù)后出血量,降低復(fù)發(fā)率,是一種有效、安全、微創(chuàng)的治療方法,值得臨床推廣。
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(收稿日期:2019-09-16? 本文編輯:李二云)