張?jiān)孪肌埩I(yíng) 趙權(quán)
[摘要]經(jīng)濟(jì)的日漸發(fā)展使人類(lèi)生活習(xí)慣以及飲食結(jié)構(gòu)不斷發(fā)生變化,心腦血管疾病發(fā)生率也不斷提升,對(duì)人類(lèi)的生命和健康均造成了嚴(yán)重的威脅,受到了社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注。心腦血管疾病是心臟血管和腦血管疾病的統(tǒng)稱(chēng),泛指由于高脂血癥、血液粘稠、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化、高血壓等導(dǎo)致的心臟、大腦及全身組織發(fā)生的缺血性或出血性疾病。血脂代謝紊亂引起的多種脂質(zhì)水平異常,是導(dǎo)致心腦血管損害等多種疾病的重要因素,尤其是威脅50歲以上的中老年人的身心健康。本文綜述了血清血脂水平與心腦血管疾病關(guān)系的研究進(jìn)展。
[關(guān)鍵詞]血脂水平;心腦血管疾病;高脂血癥;研究進(jìn)展
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R743? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1674-4721(2019)11(c)-0028-03
Advances in research on relationship between lipid levels and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases
ZHANG Yue-xia1? ?ZHANG Li-ying1? ?ZHAO Quan2
1. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Navy Qingdao Special Service Recuperation Center, Shandong Province, Qingdao? ?266071, China; 2. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao 971 Hospital of the Navy, Shandong Province, Qingdao? ?266071, China
[Abstract] With the development of economy, people′s living habits and dietary structure have been changing constantly, and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases has been rising, which poses a very serious threat to human life and health and has attracted widespread attention of the society. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are the general term for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. They generally refer to ischemic or hemorrhagic diseases of the heart, brain and whole body caused by hyperlipidemia, blood viscosity, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Abnormal lipid levels caused by disorders of lipid metabolism are important factors leading to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, especially threatening the physical and mental health of middle-aged and elderly people over 50 years old. This article reviews the research progress of the relationship between serum lipid level and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
[Key words] Blood lipid level; Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; Hyperlipidemia; Research progress
心臟血管疾病是心血管和腦血管疾病的總稱(chēng),指的是由高脂血癥、血液粘稠度、動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和高血壓引起的心臟、大腦和全身組織的缺血或出血性疾病。心腦血管疾病是一種嚴(yán)重威脅人類(lèi)健康的常見(jiàn)疾病,尤其是威脅50歲以上的中老年人的身心健康[1-2]。
血脂中的主要成分是三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)和膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC),其中TG參與人體內(nèi)能量代謝,而TC則主要用于合成細(xì)胞漿膜、類(lèi)固醇激素和膽汁酸。臨床上常用的化驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目主要有:TC、TG、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein,LDL-C)、載脂蛋白A1[Lipoprotein(a),ApoA1]、載脂蛋白B(Apolipoprotein B,ApoB)、脂蛋白a[Lipoprotein (a),Lp(a)]等7項(xiàng)。它們正常值為,TC:2.86~5.98 mmol/L;TG:0.22~1.21 mmol/L;HDL-C:0.9~2.19 mmol/L;LDL-C:<3.12 mmol/L;ApoA1:110~160 mg/dl;ApoB:69~99 mg/dl;Lp(a):10~140 mmol/L。血脂水平是臨床密切監(jiān)測(cè)的心腦血管疾病指標(biāo)之一,也是各種心腦血管疾病的治療靶點(diǎn),血脂水平與心腦血管疾病密切相關(guān)。
1血清總TG與心腦血管疾病的關(guān)系
雖然尚沒(méi)有足夠的研究表明TG是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的危險(xiǎn)因子,但最新一項(xiàng)羅馬地區(qū)的流行病學(xué)研究表明,TG在心腦血管疾病中的作用被低估了[3]。該研究收集了2000~2015年82 595例羅馬地區(qū)接受治療的患者,并有55 345例患者仍在隨訪中,發(fā)現(xiàn)曾接受過(guò)高TG治療的患者只有8.3%發(fā)生了心肌梗死。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[4],高TG可促進(jìn)血管內(nèi)皮功能失調(diào)、泡沫細(xì)胞形成及誘發(fā)炎癥反應(yīng)參與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(atherosclerosis,AS)的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程。TG增高還見(jiàn)于肥胖癥、動(dòng)脈硬化、梗阻性黃疸、重度貧血、甲狀腺功能減退、糖尿病、腎病綜合征、胰腺炎、心肌梗死、妊娠及口服避孕藥、糖原儲(chǔ)存障礙性疾病。
2血清總TC與心腦血管疾病的關(guān)系
以往研究表明TC是心腦血管疾病的危險(xiǎn)因素之一,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)TC的治療可預(yù)防冠心病的發(fā)生并降低患者死亡率[5-6]。一項(xiàng)對(duì)居住在英國(guó)的25 693例年齡40~79歲的男性和女性的前瞻性調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),TC外排能力與事件性冠心病事件成顯著負(fù)相關(guān),即當(dāng)降低人體內(nèi)總TC濃度時(shí),心血管事件的發(fā)生率明顯降低[7-8]。目前,對(duì)TC水平監(jiān)測(cè)與調(diào)控在心腦血管疾病的預(yù)防、治療中的作用已得到了臨床的一致肯定。
3 LDL-C與心腦血管疾病的關(guān)系
LDL-C易導(dǎo)致心腦血管疾病,有研究表明,雖然通過(guò)他汀類(lèi)藥物治療,患者LDL-C水平降低到目標(biāo)水平,但患者心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并沒(méi)有降低,因此,目前關(guān)于血脂異常的治療指南肯定了TC理論和LDL-C的核心意義,推薦LDL-C作為治療的靶點(diǎn)[9-10]。多項(xiàng)臨床試驗(yàn)和薈萃分析表明將LDL-C治療至目標(biāo)水平后可降低心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病率和死亡率,甚至可用于心腦血管疾病的復(fù)發(fā)判斷,從而來(lái)指導(dǎo)臨床工作[11-12]。在日常生活中,LDL-C常被冠名“壞膽固醇”稱(chēng)號(hào)。
4 HDL-C與心腦血管疾病的關(guān)系
臨床研究和臨床試驗(yàn)結(jié)果證明HDL-C水平與冠狀動(dòng)脈的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)成負(fù)相關(guān)[13-14],因此HDL-C被認(rèn)為對(duì)心腦血管具有一定的保護(hù)作用。一項(xiàng)在美國(guó)和歐洲對(duì)398例患者進(jìn)行的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)表明[15-16],增加HDL-C的濃度可減少心腦血管的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。HDL-C通過(guò)HDL相關(guān)蛋白如對(duì)氧磷酶1(PON1)和載脂蛋白A-Ⅰ(ApoA-Ⅰ)獲得抗氧化性質(zhì)。因此,HDL-C一方面抑制動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)展,另一方面促進(jìn)斑塊消退[12-13]。HDL-C經(jīng)常被冠以“好膽固醇”稱(chēng)號(hào)。
5 Lp(a)與心腦血管疾病的關(guān)系
Lp(a)持續(xù)升高與心絞痛、心肌梗死、腦溢血有密切關(guān)系,是腦卒中和冠心病的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因子[14-15]。Lp(a)具有高度遺傳性,其血漿水平不受飲食,環(huán)境或大多數(shù)藥物包括他汀類(lèi)藥物的影響[16],因此Lp(a)可預(yù)測(cè)心腦血管疾病的發(fā)生。大量資料表明[17-18],血清高濃度Lp(a)與心腦血管疾病有顯著關(guān)系,特別是在心腦血管疾病中成為顯著的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
6載脂蛋白與心腦血管疾病的關(guān)系
載脂蛋白是構(gòu)成血漿脂蛋白的蛋白質(zhì)組分,主要分A、B、C、D、E五類(lèi)。基本功能是運(yùn)載脂類(lèi)物質(zhì)及穩(wěn)定脂蛋白的結(jié)構(gòu),某些載脂蛋白還有激活脂蛋白代謝酶、識(shí)別受體等功能[19-20]。一般來(lái)說(shuō)載脂蛋白A[Lipoprotein(a), ApoA]是主要存在于高密度脂蛋白,高密度脂蛋白高對(duì)腦和心血管有保護(hù)作用,但載脂蛋白B(Apolipoprotein B, ApoB)主要存在于低密度脂蛋白,低密度脂蛋白是把TC從肝臟轉(zhuǎn)移到全身,如果Apo B太高,會(huì)引起TC在血管中沉積,就容易導(dǎo)致血管硬化。因此,Apo A升高被認(rèn)為是抗動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化因子,可移除TC,防止動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的發(fā)生。Apo A家族包括ApoA-Ⅰ、ApoA-Ⅱ、ApoA-Ⅳ、ApoA-Ⅴ,而臨床常用的血脂檢測(cè)指標(biāo)是ApoA-Ⅰ。ApoA-Ⅰ是HDL-C顆粒的主要組成蛋白質(zhì),故有研究表明[21-22],增加ApoA-Ⅰ的濃度,可以增加功能性HDL-C顆粒的數(shù)量,從而可降低心腦血管疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。與此相反,ApoB升高被認(rèn)為是致動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化因子。是心腦血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素之一[23]。隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)和大型前瞻性觀察研究發(fā)現(xiàn)[24],ApoB和LDL-C提供了有關(guān)心腦血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的等效信息。但當(dāng)兩者不一致時(shí),Apo B是一項(xiàng)更為優(yōu)越的指標(biāo),比LDL-C更能反映降脂治療是否恰當(dāng),最新觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為[25],Apo B應(yīng)該代替LDL-C作為心腦血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)預(yù)測(cè)和臨床診斷的生物學(xué)標(biāo)志物。
7小結(jié)
高脂血癥是體內(nèi)脂類(lèi)代謝紊亂,導(dǎo)致血脂水平增高,并由此引發(fā)一系列臨床病理表現(xiàn)的病癥。心腦血管疾病是60歲以上中老年人健康的常見(jiàn)病,但目前該病呈年輕化勢(shì)態(tài),越來(lái)越多的人在40歲左右甚至20多歲就有此病癥,因此,降低血脂水平非常有必要。日常生活中,需要合理飲食,注重低脂肪、低熱量、低鹽飲食,并應(yīng)以富含蛋白質(zhì)、維生素及粗纖維食物為主。同時(shí),應(yīng)該適量鍛煉,保持心平氣和,盡量少生氣,保持良好的衛(wèi)生習(xí)慣,保證睡眠充足,定期體檢等。
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(收稿日期:2019-04-15? 本文編輯:崔建中)