曹志彬 王元天 楊偉忠
摘 要:PSA是目前PCa診斷應(yīng)用最廣泛的指標(biāo),但由于其敏感性和特異性欠佳,還是造成較多患者接受不必要的前列腺穿刺活檢。PHI與傳統(tǒng)PSA相比,具有更高的AUC;2012年美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局批準(zhǔn)了PHI用于PSA處于4~10 ng/ml,首次前列腺穿刺活檢前的評(píng)估,明顯提高了前列腺癌檢出率。本文就PHI在前列腺穿刺患者的選擇和其在高危前列腺癌判斷中的價(jià)值做一綜述。
關(guān)鍵詞:前列腺癌;前列腺健康指數(shù);前列腺特異性抗原;前列腺特異性抗原前體
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R737.25 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.23.009
文章編號(hào):1006-1959(2018)23-0029-04
Abstract:PSA is currently the most widely used indicator for PCa diagnosis, but due to its poor sensitivity and specificity, more patients receive unnecessary prostate biopsy. PHI has a higher AUC than traditional PSA. In 2012, the food and drug administration of the United States approved the application of PHI in the assessment of PSA between 4-10 ng/ml before the first prostate biopsy, significantly increasing the detection rate of prostate cancer. This paper reviews the selection of PHI in patients with prostate puncture and its value in the diagnosis of high-risk prostate cancer.
Key words:Prostate cancer;Prostate health index;Prostate specific antigen;Prostate specific antigen precursor
目前,在所有前列腺癌(prostate cancer, PCa)診斷標(biāo)志物中,前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)是最成熟的一個(gè)。PSA存在多種不同亞型,為避免檢測(cè)單一一種血清PSA帶來(lái)的評(píng)價(jià)偏差, Beckman公司提出了前列腺健康指數(shù)(prostate health index,PHI)這一概念[1,2],PHI=[-2]proPSA/fPSA。proPSA是游離PSA(free PSA,fPSA)的一種前體形式,外周帶的proPSA主要由[-2]proPSA組成,它不能被人類(lèi)激肽釋放酶2(human kallikrein2,hk2)降解,在血清中穩(wěn)定。%p2PSA為[-2]proPSA與fPSA之比,即([-2]proPSA/fPSA)×100%。初步研究表明,[-2]proPSA、%p2PSA、PHI在PCa患者中較非癌患者明顯升高,和傳統(tǒng)PSA相比,具有更高的診斷效能(area under curve,AUC) [1,2]。2012年美國(guó)食品和藥物管理局批準(zhǔn)了PHI用于PSA處于4~10 ng/ml,首次前列腺穿刺活檢前的評(píng)估,明顯提高了前列腺癌檢出率[1,2]。本文將PHI檢測(cè)對(duì)醫(yī)生和患者的價(jià)值做一介紹。
1我國(guó)前列腺癌早期診斷和治療的現(xiàn)狀
評(píng)價(jià)一個(gè)地區(qū)前列腺癌治療水平,臨床上常用前列腺癌死亡率與發(fā)病率的比值(MR∶IR)。香港和臺(tái)灣的MR∶IR一直處于下降趨勢(shì),提示腫瘤生存率逐步改善。在2009年,中國(guó)大陸農(nóng)村地區(qū)的MR∶IR高達(dá)63%,是發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的數(shù)倍,上海和北京等大城市的MR∶IR值也較港、臺(tái)地區(qū)高,均反映出國(guó)內(nèi)前列腺癌治療效果仍然與先進(jìn)水平差距較大[3]。來(lái)自美國(guó)SEER數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)2004年~2010年的資料顯示,局限性前列腺癌的5年生存率為100%,而轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌僅28%[4]。值得指出的是,美國(guó)局限性前列腺癌病例占81%,淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移病例占12%,遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移病例僅占4%[4]。在亞洲,日本局限性前列腺癌所占病例接近50%[5];而國(guó)內(nèi)多中心研究資料提示僅有1/3初診患者為局限性病變[3]。因此,造成國(guó)內(nèi)和歐美國(guó)家前列腺癌生存率差異主要原因是大量前列腺癌患者未得到早期診斷,疾病分期晚,喪失了根治機(jī)會(huì)。
2醫(yī)生和患者將從PHI檢測(cè)中獲益
2.1 PHI使前列腺穿刺患者的選擇更有針對(duì)性 Jansen FH等[6]從2個(gè)中心分別收集了405和351例血清樣本,分別檢測(cè)PSA、p2PSA、p2PSA衍生指標(biāo),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)PCa患者p2PSA和PHI水平顯著高于健康對(duì)照組。2個(gè)中心預(yù)測(cè)PCa最佳指標(biāo)均為PHI,顯著高于tPSA(AUC:0.585和0.534)和%fPSA(AUC:0.675和O.576),其AUC分別為0.750和0.709;%p2PSA的AUC分別為0.716和0.695,同樣優(yōu)于tPSA和%fPSA。Sokoll LJ等[7]研究表明,PCa患者血清中,當(dāng)tPSA值為2.0~10.0 ng/ml時(shí),p2PSA和%p2PSA與PCa相關(guān)性明顯,%p2PSA與%fPSA的AUC分別為0.73、0.53。Foley RW等[8]的研究證實(shí)了上述結(jié)論,并進(jìn)一步對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果進(jìn)行單變量精度分析后表明,%p2PSA是PCa診斷效能最高的預(yù)測(cè)指標(biāo)(AUC:0.77)。Catalona WJ等[9]通過(guò)多中心研究,納入892例直腸指檢陰性、PSA在2~10 ng/ml并且接受6針以上穿刺診斷的PCa篩查人群,分析PSA、%fPSA和PHI與活檢病理結(jié)果的關(guān)系,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),PHI的AUC值為0.703,顯著高于%fPSA的0.648和tPSA的0.525。隨著PHI值的升高患者PCa的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高,PHI在25.0~34.9、35.0~54.9和≥55.0中的患者活檢為PCa的可能性為PHI<25患者的1.6倍、3.0倍、和4.7倍。當(dāng)敏感性設(shè)為95%和90%時(shí)候,參考PHI值可以使28%和33%的患者免做穿刺活檢。
有資料顯示,將p2PSA指標(biāo)加入由tPSA和fPSA組成的預(yù)測(cè)模型可以顯著提高其檢驗(yàn)效能[10-12]。Stephan C等[13]報(bào)道,把診斷靈敏度設(shè)為90%,聯(lián)合%p2PSA、%fPSA、tPSA和患者年齡4個(gè)指標(biāo)檢測(cè)的AUC(0.84)最高,較單獨(dú)檢測(cè)tPSA、%fPSA和%p2PSA有顯著升高。PHI在前列腺穿刺活檢選擇上有參考價(jià)值。Lazzeri M等[14]報(bào)道,取PHI正常參考值(或臨界值)為28.8,能夠避免52.25%的穿刺活檢。Loeb S[15]研究表明,PHI可以提高tPsA及%fPSA預(yù)測(cè)前列腺活檢時(shí)PCa發(fā)生率及惡性度的準(zhǔn)確性,當(dāng)tPSA值為2~10 ng/ml,PHI的靈敏度設(shè)為95%,能夠避免患者中29%的不必要穿刺。Tosoian JJ等[16]在另一項(xiàng)回顧性研究表明:在靈敏度設(shè)為90%時(shí),PHI是預(yù)測(cè)前列腺活檢結(jié)果的最佳指標(biāo);應(yīng)用PHI可以減少36.0%患者不必要的穿刺活檢,漏診率只有2%。Rhodes T等[17]研究表明:p2PSA值隨患者年齡增長(zhǎng)、前列腺體積增大而逐漸增加;p2PSA增幅較大的人群比增幅無(wú)明顯變化的人群患PCa的幾率更大。進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),p2PSA及其衍生指標(biāo)可以有效鑒別PCa患者和組織學(xué)前列腺炎(histologic prostatic inflammation,CHPI)患者。Lazzeri M等[18]納入了267例前列腺癌篩查人群,其中73例(27.3%)被診斷CHPI患者,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)CHPI患者%p2PSA和PHI顯著低于PCa患者,且%p2PSA和PHI在預(yù)測(cè)CHPI的效能顯著高于tPSA、fPSA和%fPSA。
因此,p2PSA及PHI在提高PCa檢出效能和降低不必要的穿刺活檢中有重要參考價(jià)值。
2.2 PHI在高危前列腺癌判斷中的參考價(jià)值 臨床上目前采用Gleason評(píng)分(GS評(píng)分)和腫瘤分期來(lái)評(píng)估PCa的惡性程度(侵襲性),但這些指標(biāo)均受到觀測(cè)者不同程度主觀判斷的影響。因此,診斷標(biāo)記物能否具有預(yù)測(cè)腫瘤侵襲性成為研究者最為關(guān)心的問(wèn)題。臨床將Gleason評(píng)分≤6者歸為低危惰性PCa,Gleason評(píng)分=7歸為中危,Gleason評(píng)分>7為高危侵襲性PCa。對(duì)于PCa惡性程度的準(zhǔn)確判斷是避免過(guò)度治療的前提條件,低危惰性的PCa預(yù)后較好,應(yīng)該予以積極的監(jiān)測(cè),一旦出現(xiàn)進(jìn)展后再予以根治性治療。Sokoll LJ等[7]對(duì)PCa可疑患者的血清樣本進(jìn)行前瞻性研究,探討p2PSA與PCa的侵襲性的關(guān)系,研究表明:tPsA處于較低水平(2~4 ng/ml),%p2PSA與PCa的侵襲性呈明顯正相關(guān)。Lughezzani G等[19]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),PHI與GS評(píng)分具有相關(guān)性,Gs評(píng)分≥4+3的PCa,其AUC為0.724;此外、PHI>55.0的男性PCa陽(yáng)性穿刺率為54%,而PHI<25.0的男性,陽(yáng)性穿刺率只有26%。Stephan C等[20]進(jìn)一步研究表明:PHI>55.0的患者腫瘤GS評(píng)分高于7分的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是PHI<25.0患者的1.6倍。周保同等[12]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在Gleason評(píng)分>7的高危侵襲性PCa患者PHI顯著高于低危患者;ROC曲線(xiàn)提示PHI診斷高危侵襲性PCa的AUC為0.698,顯著高于fPSA的0.654和PSA的0.549;并且,當(dāng)敏感性設(shè)為90%時(shí),PHI取值<28.6可以使30%的患者避免不必要的穿刺活檢。Fossati N等[21]研究了489例接受根治性手術(shù)的PCa患者,單因素分析發(fā)現(xiàn)p2PSA、%p2PSA和PHI是腫瘤為pT3或Gleason評(píng)分>7的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素(P<0.001)。Loeb S等[22]對(duì)728例前列腺癌患者(高危侵襲性118例)研究,PHI診斷AUC值為0.746。Foley RW等[8]發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后病理分期為pT3,病理分級(jí)GS評(píng)分≥7、GS評(píng)分升級(jí)(術(shù)后病檢GS評(píng)分較術(shù)前穿刺活檢評(píng)分高)的患者中,術(shù)前%p2PsA和PHI均顯著升高,提示血清%p2PSA及PHI能夠更好預(yù)測(cè)PCa的侵襲性及腫瘤分期。有學(xué)者對(duì)近年關(guān)于p2PsA和PHI的16篇文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行薈萃分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)p2PsA和PHI判斷侵襲性前列腺癌的AUC分別為0.86和0.85;病理分期pT3a或更高的腫瘤患者p2PSA水平同樣明顯高于pT2c及以下分期患者;與GS評(píng)分≤7的患者相比,GS評(píng)分≥8的患者血清p2PSA水平在3年前就有了顯著差別(P<0.001)[23]。有研究者在我國(guó)人群中應(yīng)用PHI后發(fā)現(xiàn),在PSA<10 ng/ml時(shí),PHI診斷高級(jí)別前列腺癌的AUC為0.71,同樣遠(yuǎn)高于PSA的0.55[24]。上述研究表明,p2PSA及PHI在判斷PCa惡性程度中有重要參考價(jià)值。
3總結(jié)
臨床上單純依賴(lài)PSA為基礎(chǔ)的篩查,特別是當(dāng)PSA<10 ng/ml的時(shí)候,其中包含了大批惰性前列腺癌患者。這部分患者在接受前列腺穿刺及后續(xù)治療時(shí)會(huì)經(jīng)歷不必要的痛苦,不但增加衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),而且不會(huì)顯著降低疾病相關(guān)死亡率。因此,我們應(yīng)該將關(guān)注的重心轉(zhuǎn)移至早期診斷侵襲性前列腺癌的方向。PHI已在美國(guó)成功用于首次前列腺穿刺活檢前的評(píng)估,明顯提高了前列腺癌檢出率和侵襲性前列腺癌的預(yù)測(cè),在我國(guó)也陸續(xù)有相關(guān)研究的報(bào)道[10,25]。盡管存在種族差異,相信在不久的將來(lái)也將會(huì)有符合中國(guó)人群的PHI參考指標(biāo)問(wèn)世。
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收稿日期:2018-9-17;修回日期:2018-9-27
編輯/張建婷