撫育經(jīng)營(yíng)森林，換得山綠民富

文/吳平

森林是“地球之肺”，是陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主體，是發(fā)展現(xiàn)代林業(yè)的資源基礎(chǔ)，是人類(lèi)生存發(fā)展的重要生態(tài)保障。據(jù)2014年發(fā)布的第八次全國(guó)森林資源清查數(shù)據(jù)，全國(guó)森林面積2.08億公頃，森林覆蓋率21.63%，森林蓄積151.37億立方米。

據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)糧農(nóng)組織發(fā)布的《2015年全球森林資源評(píng)估報(bào)告》，我國(guó)已成為全球年度森林面積增長(zhǎng)最快、森林蓄積穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)的國(guó)家。在自然林持續(xù)增長(zhǎng)的基礎(chǔ)上，人工林快速發(fā)展；森林質(zhì)量不斷提高，森林功能不斷由“木材供應(yīng)基地”向“生態(tài)安全屏障”轉(zhuǎn)變。據(jù)測(cè)算，我國(guó)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)每年提供的主要生態(tài)服務(wù)價(jià)值達(dá)12.68萬(wàn)億元。隨著森林的改善與發(fā)展，森林植被生物量、涵養(yǎng)水源量、森林碳匯能力等進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)。

林業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值從2001年的4090億元增加到2015年的5.94萬(wàn)億元，15年增長(zhǎng)了13.5倍，對(duì)7億多農(nóng)村人口脫貧致富作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。

Forest is the “l(fā)ung of the earth”. It is the subject of terrestrial ecosystem,the resource base for developing modern forestry, and the important ecological guarantee of human survival and development. According to the data of the eighth national forest resource inventory which was released in 2014, the national forest area was 208 million hectares; the forest coverage rate was 21.63%; the forest stock volume was 15.137 billion cubicmeters.

According to2015 Global Forest Resource Assessment Reportby United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization, our country has become the country with the fastest growth of annual forest area and stable growth of forest stock in the world. Besides increasing natural forests, plantations are rapidly expanding, and the quality is continuously improving.The forest function transfers from “timber supply base” to “ecological safety barrier”. According to estimation, the main ecological service value which is provided by the forest ecological system in China every year reaches RMB 12.68 trillion. With the development of vegetation biomasss, water conservation quantity and forest carbon sink capacity are further improved.

The total output value of forestry increased from RMB 409 billion in 2001 to RMB 5.94 trillion in 2015, increasing by 13.5 times in 15 years. It made great contribution to overcome poverty and achieve prosperity for more than 700 million rural population.

Forestry reform turns the beautiful scenery into gold and silver mines.State-owned forest farms and forest area are the most important ecological safety barrier. In 2011, 7 provinces, such as Hebei, Zhejiang, etc.were listed as pilots of state-owned forest farm. In 2014, the pilot of stopping commercial clear cutting of natural forests in the key stateowned forest area was launched. In 2015, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the State Council printed and distributed Reform Plan ofState-owned Forest Farm, andReform Guidelines of State-owned Forest Farmto starm the reform comprehensively. Since the reform of collective forest right system in 2008, it has confirmed 2.705 billion mu (1 mu=0.0667 hectares) of land and benefited more than 100 million peasant households directly. The system of forest protection management was ever-improved. Farmers receive material benefits, enterprises win resources ans China gains a sound eco-system.

2011年，河北、浙江等7省被列為國(guó)有林場(chǎng)改革試點(diǎn)省。2014年，重點(diǎn)國(guó)有林區(qū)停止天然林商業(yè)性采伐試點(diǎn)啟動(dòng)。2015年，中共中央、國(guó)務(wù)院印發(fā)《國(guó)有林場(chǎng)改革方案》和《國(guó)有林區(qū)改革指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》，全面啟動(dòng)國(guó)有林場(chǎng)和國(guó)有林區(qū)改革。自2008年集體林權(quán)制度改革以來(lái)，全國(guó)已確權(quán)面積27.05億畝，讓1億多農(nóng)戶(hù)直接受益。林權(quán)保護(hù)管理體系日益完善，走出了一條“林農(nóng)得實(shí)惠、企業(yè)得資源、國(guó)家得生態(tài)”的生態(tài)富民新路。

河北省大名縣衛(wèi)東林場(chǎng)

但森林“提質(zhì)”迫在眉睫。森林質(zhì)量不高是我國(guó)林業(yè)最突出的問(wèn)題。我國(guó)林地生產(chǎn)力低，每公頃蓄積量只有世界平均水平的2／3，影響了生態(tài)綜合功能的發(fā)揮。近幾年，我國(guó)在植樹(shù)造林方面花費(fèi)了大量的人力、物力、財(cái)力，造就了世界第一的造林面積。然而生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量并未如預(yù)期好轉(zhuǎn)。全國(guó)森林質(zhì)量參差不齊，甚至有1/4的森林處于亞健康和不健康狀態(tài)。此外，林業(yè)發(fā)展方式落后、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理粗放也是導(dǎo)致森林質(zhì)量低、造林存活率和成林率低的重要原因。

Improving the quality of forests is urgent. Low forest quality is the most outstanding issue of forestry in China. With low productivity of forest land, the forest stock volume per hectare is only 2/3 of world average level. It influences the development of comprehensive ecological function.In recent years, China has spent a large number of manpower, material resources and financial resources on forestation and achieved the largest forestation area in the world. However, the ecological environment does not turn better as expected. The forests in China are on various levels,and even 1/4 of them are in the state of sub-health and ill-health. In addition, backward forestry development mode and extensive operation and management are the main reasons which cause low forest quality, low forestation survival rate, and low rate of forest forming.

The governance capacity of forestry shall be improved. The concept of forest management system and many standards are not applicable for the demand of development under new trend. There are problems of weak science and technology support, backward information construction, low production mechanization degree, weak talent team, and huge funding gap on public welfare forest for a long time. Most of the relatively concentrated forest regions in our country are located at poor and remote areas where the infrastructures and public utilities of road,power supply, drinking water and communications always lag behind.

林業(yè)治理能力有待提高。森林治理體系的理念、許多制度已不適應(yīng)新形勢(shì)下林業(yè)發(fā)展的要求，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，林業(yè)科技支撐薄弱、信息化建設(shè)滯后、生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化程度低、人才隊(duì)伍薄弱，營(yíng)林、培育公益林等資金存在巨大缺口。我國(guó)相對(duì)集中連片的林區(qū)多位于老少邊窮等地區(qū)，林區(qū)道路、供電、飲水、通信等基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)和公共事業(yè)長(zhǎng)期落后。

推進(jìn)國(guó)土綠化“種好樹(shù)”，應(yīng)加強(qiáng)天然林資源保護(hù)、三北防護(hù)林、京津風(fēng)沙源治理等重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程建設(shè)。堅(jiān)持封山育林、人工造林并舉，自然修復(fù)與人工修復(fù)并重。

提升森林治理能力“護(hù)好樹(shù)”。完善森林法律法規(guī)體系，加快修改《森林法》。適度放寬林業(yè)管制，突出分類(lèi)經(jīng)營(yíng)、生態(tài)優(yōu)先等原則，推動(dòng)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)。建立健全森林資源資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度，完善林業(yè)分類(lèi)經(jīng)營(yíng)體制改革，對(duì)公益林和商品林實(shí)施不同的管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)措施。

科學(xué)經(jīng)營(yíng)森林“管好樹(shù)”。調(diào)整森林結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)建健康穩(wěn)定優(yōu)質(zhì)高效的森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。堅(jiān)持保護(hù)優(yōu)先、自然修復(fù)為主，堅(jiān)持?jǐn)?shù)量質(zhì)量并重、質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)先。完善天然林保護(hù)制度，全面停止天然林商業(yè)性采伐。因林施策，針對(duì)不同類(lèi)型、不同發(fā)育階段、不同演替進(jìn)程的森林，采取更加精準(zhǔn)的經(jīng)營(yíng)技術(shù)措施；公益林嚴(yán)格保育、兼用林多功能經(jīng)營(yíng)、商品林集約經(jīng)營(yíng)。把森林質(zhì)量提升作為約束性指標(biāo)納入政府目標(biāo)考核體系。推進(jìn)政府與社會(huì)資本共同籌資的多元投入機(jī)制。全面提高造林質(zhì)量，優(yōu)化森林樹(shù)種結(jié)構(gòu)，不斷提升森林的多種功能效益。完善相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)程，強(qiáng)化森林資源保護(hù)。

發(fā)展林業(yè)綠色經(jīng)濟(jì)“用好樹(shù)”。破解高效培育技術(shù)瓶頸，提高林木材積生長(zhǎng)量。提升林產(chǎn)加工業(yè)，不斷增強(qiáng)木材和林產(chǎn)品的有效供給能力。大力發(fā)展林下經(jīng)濟(jì)，增加生態(tài)資源和林地產(chǎn)出。打造特色林業(yè)產(chǎn)品示范園區(qū),做大做強(qiáng)森林旅游、森林康養(yǎng)等林業(yè)服務(wù)業(yè)。

Promote land greening. We should strengthen the key ecological project constructions, such as the natural forests protection, Three North Shelterbelt management, and Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control,etc. We should enclose the hills for natural afforestation and reforestation. We should pay equal attention to natural restoration and artificial restoration. We should reinforce the construction of energy forest base and cultivate Large-scale energy forests.

Improve forest governance capacity. We should complete forest laws and regulations system, and accelerate to reviseForest Law. We should liberalize forestry controls moderately, highlight the principle of classified management and ecological priority, and promote the construction of ecological civilization. We should establish a sound system of the property rights of resource and assets, perfect the system reform of forestry classified management, and take different management and operation measures for public welfare forests and commercial forests.

Manage forests scientifically. We should adjust forest structure and establish a healthy, stable and efficient forest ecosystem of high quality.We should give priority to protection and natural restoration and pay attention to quantity and quality simultaneously with quality priority.We should improve the protection system of natural forest and stop commercial cutting of natural forest entirely. We should implement policies in accordance to the different forests with different types, developmental stages and progression of succession. We should nurture public welfare forest strictly, undertake diversified management modes for multi-functional forests and manage commercial forests intensively.We should include forest quality improvement as a binding target into evaluation system of the government, and promote the diversified investment mechanism which is co-financed by the government and social capital. We should improve forestation quality comprehensively,optimize tree species structure, and increase multiple functional benefits. We should polish up related technical regulation, and strengthen forest resource protection.

Develop green economy of forestry. We should break the technical bottleneck of efficient cultivation, and increase the forest volume. We should upgrade forest products processing industry and strengthen effective supply capability of timber and forest products continuously. We should strive to develop under-forest economy, and increase ecological resource and forestry output. We should build demonstration zone of characteristic forestry product, and expand the forestry service industry bigger and stronger, such as forest tourism, forest rehabilitation, etc.