計玉飛
] 摘 要:漢語重“意合”,英語重“形合”。詞匯用法和語法知識固然重要,但不掌握句法,就無法寫出漂亮的句子,也就不能清晰準確地表達思想,所以寫出好的句子對英語書面表達非常重要。
關鍵詞:謂語動詞;句式;非謂語結構;高級詞匯
全國高考英語作文評分最高檔的標準為:“使用了較多的語法結構或詞匯;語法結構或詞匯方面有少量錯誤,但為盡量使用較復雜結構或較高級詞匯所致;準確地使用了語句間的連接成分,使文章結構清晰?!睂懽鲿r,如果學生只是把要點交代清楚,全部使用簡單句,那么寫出來的文章單調(diào),毫無生機。
著名學者李賦寧先生在《 英語學習經(jīng)驗談》 一書中指出:“我個人學英語的第一條經(jīng)驗就是學會造句……詞法固然重要,但句法更為重要,因為不掌握句法就無從造句;不會造句,就不能表達思想?!币蚨⒄Z老師在作文教學中一定要培養(yǎng)學生遣詞造句的能力。要想寫出漂亮的句子,必須懂得造句的原則。
一、精選謂語動詞
為了讓文章生動,富有感染力,避免文章乏味,應盡量避免同一謂語動詞在句中的過度使用,尤其是口語中頻繁使用的詞匯。使用一些較復雜或較高級的短語動詞代替常用,讓人有一股清晰的感覺。例如,在寫作中我們可以用這樣的詞匯appreciate,prefer,show interest in,be interested in, be fond of, be attached to, be crazy about,be keen on 來代替被過度使用的like 或love。
例1.I like popular music while my friend Jack likes Jazz. 可以改為 I like popular music while my friend Jack is crazy about Jazz.
例2.I sometimes met the beggar on my way to school.可以改為I sometimes came across the beggar on my way to school.
例3.Another Hope Project School is being built in my hometown.可以改為Another Hope Project School is under construction.
二、靈活運用句式
英語句式多種多樣,按照結構劃分,有簡單句和復合句。在英語寫作中,根據(jù)行文的需要,靈活運用多種句式如定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、倒裝句、強調(diào)句型等。這樣使文章顯得精彩亮麗,錯落有致,而且文章讀起來擲地有聲,朗朗上口。
例1.They were excited. They couldnt help bursting into tears. 可以改為They were so excited that they couldnt help bursting into tears.
例2.We can guarantee the safety of food only in this way. 可以改為 Only in this way can we guarantee the safety of food.
例3.We had to work around the clock to complete the task on schedule.可以改為What we had to do was to work around the clock,trying to complete the task on schedule.此句增加了what 引導的主語從句,what 相當于漢語中“所……”,有很強的概括力。
例4.In fact, you have the most important role to play in stopping Yellow River erosion. 可以改為 In fact, it is you who have the most important role to play in stopping Yellow River erosion.相比之下,強調(diào)句型的使用,凸顯每個人都需要承擔阻止黃河水土流失這一責任。
三、巧用非謂語結構
文章中出現(xiàn)大量的簡單句讓人感覺到單一,句與句之間關系顯得不緊湊;如果過度使用復合句又顯得冗長,朗讀起來費力。適當?shù)厥褂梅衷~、獨立主格、不定式等結構對簡單句和復合句進行轉(zhuǎn)換,不僅使其成為較高級的表達形式,而且讀起來言簡意賅,同時會給人一種熟練駕馭語言的印象。
例1.Though they had been beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practised even harder.可以改為
Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged and practised even harder.
例2.As he hadnt received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them. 可以改為 Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter to them.
例3.As the last bus had gone, we had to walk home. 可以改為 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.
四、適當使用高級詞匯
高考英語作文的評分原則鼓勵學生“盡量使用較復雜或較高級詞匯”,并對由此產(chǎn)生的錯誤采取寬容的態(tài)度。因此,老師在作文教學中要讓學生明白什么樣的詞匯是高級詞匯,而且要求學生敢于使用高級詞匯,從而提高學生的作文檔次和水準。那么,什么是高級詞匯? 通常指較為正式的、文雅的、復雜的詞匯。高級詞匯的使用能展現(xiàn)學生豐富的詞匯知識、人文素養(yǎng)和魅力,而且使文章生動活潑,吸引人的眼球,成為文章的亮點。
1.考試大綱外的高頻詞匯
在寫作中“高級詞匯”使用主要是指大綱上沒有的詞語、考試大綱上的詞匯衍生的派生詞匯或考試大綱上沒有卻在閱讀材料上??吹降脑~匯。
例1.They have many activities to take part in during the summer holidays.可以改為 They have endless activities to take part in during the summer holidays.
例2.The dinning room and the kitchen are excellent.可以改為 The dinning room and the kitchen are well-furnished.
2.考試大綱詞匯的不常見用法
有些詞匯雖屬于大綱詞匯,但其用法是中學中不常見的或不曾有的,若使用得當,可以收到意想不到的效果。
例如 Hearing it,he felt a bit stressed.可以修改為 Hearing it,he felt kind of stressed.
今天的英語教學中,很多老師進行了大量作文訓練,但實際效果并不佳。 許多中學生在英語寫作中能較好地表述要點,然而貧乏的詞匯和單調(diào)的句式影響了文章的生機。靈活多變的句式和高級詞匯的運用可以讓英語短文變得生機盎然,跌宕起伏,使讀者產(chǎn)生耳目一新之感。