謝越濤 邢大軍 姚翠翠 馬星剛 王嫦娥
[摘要] 目的 探討術(shù)中采用連續(xù)腎氧飽和度監(jiān)測(cè)的臨床意義。 方法 選擇2017年1~11月深圳市兒童醫(yī)院手術(shù)治療的3個(gè)月~3歲非紫紺型先心病患兒50例。采用舒芬太尼-七氟醚靜吸復(fù)合氣管插管麻醉。記錄麻醉前(t0)、麻醉開(kāi)始5 min(t1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始5 min(t2)、體外循環(huán)開(kāi)始5 min(t3)、體外循環(huán)開(kāi)始15 min(t4)、開(kāi)放升主動(dòng)脈5 min(t5)、停機(jī)5 min(t6)及手術(shù)結(jié)束(t7)等時(shí)點(diǎn)的腎氧飽和度(RrSO2)、腦氧飽和度(CrSO2)、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、鼻溫、肛溫等變化。 結(jié)果 t3、t4、t5、t6、t7時(shí)的RrSO2、CrSO2高于t0時(shí)RrSO2、CrSO2,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。RrSO2與CrSO2呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.682,P = 0.000),與MAP呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.258,P = 0.061),與鼻溫、肛溫呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.169、-0.166,P = 0.083、0.101)。CrSO2與MAP呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.287,P = 0.076),與鼻溫、肛溫呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.177、 -0.180,P = 0.064、0.097)。體循環(huán)前、體循環(huán)中、體循環(huán)后二氧化碳分壓、氧分壓、血乳酸值、尿素氮值比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05),進(jìn)一步兩兩比較亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P > 0.05)。 結(jié)論 腎氧飽和度監(jiān)測(cè)可以作為一種新的反映腎臟氧合狀態(tài)的監(jiān)測(cè)手段應(yīng)用在嬰幼兒非紫紺型先心病手術(shù)中。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 腎氧飽和度;嬰幼兒;非紫紺型先心病
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R692 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2018)06(c)-0154-04
[Abstract] Objective To explore the clinical significance of continuous renal oxygen saturation monitoring. Methods Fifty cases 3 months - 3 years old children with acyanotic congenital heart disease accepted surgical treatment from January to November 2017 in Shenzhen Children Hospital were selected. Sufentanil Sevoflurane inhalation combined with tracheal intubation anesthesia were used. At the time point of before anesthesia (t0), 5 min after anesthesia (t1), 5 min after operation (t2), 5 min after cardiopulmonary bypass (t3), 15 min after cardiopulmonary bypass (t4) the beginning of CPB, after open aortic 5 min (t5), 5 min after closing the anaesthesia machine (t6) and ending of the surgery (t7), the renal regional oxygenation saturation (RrSO2), cerebral regional oxygen saturation (CrSO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), the nose temperature and rectal temperature and other changes were recorded. Results At the time point of t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, RrSO2 and CrSO2 were higher than t0, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). RrSO2 was positively correlated with CrSO2 (r = 0.682, P = 0.000), and RrSO2 was positively correlated with MAP (r = 0.258, P = 0.061), and negatively correlated with nose temperature, rectal temperature (r = -0.169, -0.166, P = 0.083, 0.101). There was a positive correlation between CrSO2 and MAP (r = 0.287, P = 0.076), CrSO2 was negatively correlated with nose temperature, rectal temperature (r = -0.177, -0.180, P = 0.064, 0.097). There was no significant difference in PO2, blood lactate and urea nitrogen before and after systemic circulation after systemic circulation. There was no significant difference in PCO2, PO2, blood lactate and urea nitrogen between before systemic circulation, during systemic circulation, after systemic circulation (P > 0.05), comparison between any two means, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion Renal oxygen saturation monitoring can be used as a new renal oxygenation monitoring application in infants with congenital heart disease surgery.
[Key words] Renal oxygen saturation; Infants; Noncyanotic congenital heart disease
急性腎功能衰竭(ARF)是由短時(shí)間內(nèi)腎小球?yàn)V過(guò)率下降引起的一系列不良臨床綜合征, 有較高的發(fā)病率和病死率[1-2]。急性腎損傷(AKI)涵蓋腎臟損傷范圍更廣,較ARF更強(qiáng)調(diào)早期診斷和治療,以改善患者的不良預(yù)后[3]。體外循環(huán)(CPB)心臟術(shù)后發(fā)生AKI不僅會(huì)使患者短期病死率升高,而且與患者的長(zhǎng)期生存率密切相關(guān),影響手術(shù)效果和患者預(yù)后。腎氧飽和度(renal regional oxygenation saturation,RrSO2)可以實(shí)時(shí)反映局部腎組織的氧飽和度,是反映腎氧供需狀態(tài)的重要指標(biāo)[4]。目前國(guó)內(nèi)關(guān)于RrSO2在在嬰幼兒非紫紺型先心病手術(shù)中的應(yīng)用報(bào)道較少,本研究通過(guò)分析兒童非紫紺型先天性心臟病圍術(shù)期RrSO2表達(dá)情況,為預(yù)防和減少AKI的發(fā)生提供臨床和理論依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2017年1~11月在深圳市兒童醫(yī)院(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)“我院”)擬行手術(shù)的非紫紺型先心病患兒50例,年齡3個(gè)月~3歲,平均(1.02±0.34)歲;男32例,女18例;平均體重為(9.53±4.24)kg;房間隔缺損(ASD)14例, 室間隔缺損(VSD)36例。所有患兒術(shù)前平均血壓(82.08±16.27)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí)。患兒平均手術(shù)時(shí)間(1.52±0.55)h,平均體外循環(huán)時(shí)間(0.45±0.22)h。術(shù)后血流動(dòng)力學(xué)穩(wěn)定,拔除氣管導(dǎo)管入CCU。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)批準(zhǔn),所有患兒的監(jiān)護(hù)人均知情同意并簽署知情同意書(shū)。
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①非紫紺型先心?。虎隗w重變化不超過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重的30%;③術(shù)前血細(xì)胞比容(HCT)≥30%;④無(wú)慢性炎癥病史;⑤無(wú)肺、肝、腎等系統(tǒng)功能障礙。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①紫紺型先心??;②術(shù)前存在貧血、營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良等;③凝血功能障礙;③合并其他器官疾病。
1.2 方法
所有患兒術(shù)前30 min肌注阿托品0.01 mg/kg,病房建立靜脈通路后入手術(shù)室。手術(shù)室溫度體外循環(huán)前維持在24~26℃。入室后連接GE Healthcare Finland Oy監(jiān)測(cè)儀,常規(guī)監(jiān)測(cè)各項(xiàng)生命體征。麻醉機(jī)為Datex-Ohmeda,采用靜吸復(fù)合+氣管插管全身麻醉。麻醉誘導(dǎo)靜脈注射丙泊酚(費(fèi)森尤斯卡比醫(yī)藥公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H20120408)2 mg/kg、苯磺順阿曲庫(kù)銨(葛蘭素史克公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H20160279)0.1 mg/kg、舒芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào)H20054172)1 μg/kg。氣管插管調(diào)節(jié)呼吸參數(shù):新鮮氣體流量2 L/min,呼吸頻率 24~35次/分,I∶E=1∶2,VT 8~10 mL/kg,吸入氧濃度50%。麻醉維持七氟烷(丸石制藥株式會(huì)社生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H20150020)1~1.2 最低肺泡有效濃度(MAC),瑞芬太尼(宜昌人福藥業(yè)公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H20030197)靜脈泵注0.2 μg/(kg·min),根據(jù)術(shù)中情況酌情追加舒芬太尼及肌松劑。復(fù)溫后根據(jù)需要泵注腎上腺素(福州海王福藥公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H35020177)、米力農(nóng)(魯南貝特制藥公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H10970051)、異丙腎上腺素(上海禾豐制藥公司生產(chǎn),批號(hào):H31021344)等血管活性藥物。術(shù)畢拔氣管導(dǎo)管送心內(nèi)科監(jiān)護(hù)室(CCU)進(jìn)一步監(jiān)護(hù)治療。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
術(shù)中連續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)并分別記錄麻醉前(t0)、麻醉開(kāi)始5 min(t1)、手術(shù)開(kāi)始5 min(t2)、體外循環(huán)開(kāi)始5 min(t3)、體外循環(huán)開(kāi)始15 min(t4)、開(kāi)放升主動(dòng)脈5 min(t5)、停機(jī)5 min(t6)及手術(shù)結(jié)束(t7)等時(shí)點(diǎn)RrSO2、CrSO2、平均動(dòng)脈壓(MAP)、鼻溫、肛溫等參數(shù)的變化。記錄體循環(huán)前、中、后氧分壓(PO2)、二氧化碳分壓(PCO2)。分別于體循環(huán)前、中、后抽取肘靜脈血5 mL,采用放免法檢測(cè)血漿中乳酸、尿素氮值。試劑盒由武漢博士德生物有限公司提供。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件SPSS 22.0對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析,正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。對(duì)RrSO2與CrSO2、MAP、鼻溫、肛溫的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行Pearson相關(guān)分析。以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 各時(shí)點(diǎn)RrSO2、CrSO2、SPO2、MAP及體溫變化情況
t3、t4、t5、t6、t7時(shí)RrSO2高于t0,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。t3、t4、t5、t6、t7時(shí)CrSO2高于t0,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.05)。而SpO2、MAP、鼻溫、肛溫各組間比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 RrSO2、CrSO2、MAP、鼻溫、肛溫之間的相關(guān)性分析
Pearson相關(guān)分析顯示,RrSO2與CrSO2呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.682,P = 0.000),RrSO2與MAP呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.258,P = 0.061),與鼻溫、肛溫呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.169、 -0.166,P = 0.083、0.101)。CrSO2與MAP呈正相關(guān)(r = 0.287,P = 0.076),與鼻溫、肛溫呈負(fù)相關(guān)(r = -0.177、-0.180,P = 0.064、0.097)。見(jiàn)圖1。
2.3 PO2、PCO2、血乳酸值、尿素氮值分析
體循環(huán)前、體循環(huán)中、體循環(huán)后PCO2、PO2、血乳酸值、尿素氮值比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討論
嬰幼兒先心病手術(shù)造成腎損害的因素是多方面的,包括術(shù)前心功能、術(shù)中血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變,體外循環(huán)血液稀釋、血流動(dòng)力學(xué)的改變、炎性因子的激活與釋放等[5-6]。在圍術(shù)期特別是體外循環(huán)期間,國(guó)內(nèi)尚無(wú)有效的實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)的手段監(jiān)測(cè)腎臟的灌注、氧合情況。近紅外線(xiàn)分光儀(NIRS)可通過(guò)無(wú)創(chuàng)的方式實(shí)時(shí)測(cè)量并顯示局部組織下微循環(huán)系統(tǒng)中的血氧飽和度(rSO2),該數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)于了解特定部位的血液動(dòng)力學(xué)和灌注狀態(tài)至關(guān)重要,rSO2的降低表明缺血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加以及組織灌注不良,作為術(shù)中監(jiān)測(cè)腎氧飽和度的一種新型手段,具有無(wú)創(chuàng),操作簡(jiǎn)單、反應(yīng)靈敏、迅速、實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)等特點(diǎn)[7-9]。國(guó)外已有監(jiān)測(cè)新生兒和10 kg以?xún)?nèi)嬰幼兒腎臟局部氧飽和度監(jiān)測(cè)的報(bào)道[10],有學(xué)者認(rèn)為RrSO2監(jiān)測(cè)可以了解腎灌注情況[11],有研究證實(shí)RrSO2可以用于了解小嬰兒腎臟氧合情況,并間接反映腎臟灌注情況[12],另外有人研究了在小兒先心病手術(shù)過(guò)程中研究RrSO2監(jiān)測(cè)與腎損傷關(guān)系[13-16]。國(guó)內(nèi)外科手術(shù)中利用NIRS持續(xù)監(jiān)測(cè)腎臟局部氧飽和經(jīng)驗(yàn)較少,本研究旨在從簡(jiǎn)單的做起,選取50例非紫紺型先心病手術(shù)探討連續(xù)腎氧飽和度監(jiān)測(cè)及臨床意義。
本組患兒測(cè)得誘導(dǎo)時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)值較正常值低,與患兒基礎(chǔ)心臟病有關(guān),患兒室缺、房缺由于缺損處存在雙向分流,經(jīng)腹主動(dòng)脈流入腎動(dòng)脈血流為不同程度的混合血流,再加上術(shù)前進(jìn)食、禁飲,術(shù)前肌注阿托品等都能引起腎臟代謝、耗氧量增多,而腎血流較少,故腎氧飽和度值較低。
有研究表明,體外循環(huán)開(kāi)始5 min、體外循環(huán)開(kāi)始15 min隨血液降溫,血氧釋放減少及重要臟器的氧代謝率降低[17],所以腎氧代謝降低,加上血液稀釋及體外循環(huán)動(dòng)脈PaO2增高,所以RrSO2較體外循環(huán)前顯著升高(P < 0.01)。當(dāng)循環(huán)恢復(fù)后,此時(shí)心臟基礎(chǔ)解剖學(xué)得以糾正,腎動(dòng)脈血流無(wú)混合血流,此時(shí)已開(kāi)始復(fù)溫,尚未達(dá)到正常體溫,腎臟氧耗有所增加,仍處于較低水平,故RrSO2處于較高水平。隨著體溫逐漸恢復(fù),腎臟氧耗逐漸增加,RrSO2也逐漸回落,但仍然高于麻醉前、麻醉開(kāi)始5 min、手術(shù)開(kāi)始5 min水平。到體外循環(huán)結(jié)束、手術(shù)結(jié)束,解剖得以糾正,體溫恢復(fù)正常,循環(huán)穩(wěn)定,RrSO2較麻醉前、麻醉開(kāi)始5 min、手術(shù)開(kāi)始5 min高(P < 0.05),接近正常嬰兒水平。
RrSO2與CrSO2呈正相關(guān)與腎、腦均存在血流自身調(diào)節(jié)功能有關(guān),在同一手術(shù)進(jìn)程中,所受的調(diào)控因素一致,表現(xiàn)出一定的相關(guān)性(P < 0.01),與所得的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果相符。
RrSO2與MAP、鼻溫、肛溫?zé)o相關(guān)性(P > 0.05)。筆者分析得出,RrSO2受綜合因素影響,單從溫度方面,體溫低,腎代謝降低,RrSO2應(yīng)升高;單從MAP方面,MAP低,腎灌注減少RrSO2應(yīng)降低;而由于體外循環(huán)期間,低體溫下MAP也低,所以不能簡(jiǎn)單的以某一方面去解釋體循期間的RrSO2值,故不能單從MAP、鼻溫、肛溫單方面體現(xiàn)與RrSO2相關(guān)性。
筆者研究揭示,血?dú)夥治鲋笜?biāo)與血乳酸值比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P > 0.05)。雖然嬰幼兒因?yàn)榻馄屎蜕砩系奶攸c(diǎn)相對(duì)容易發(fā)生腎功能不全[18],與術(shù)前心功能較差導(dǎo)致包括腎臟在內(nèi)的重要器官灌流不足,造成缺血缺氧關(guān)系較大,而本組研究患兒術(shù)前心功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ級(jí),體外循環(huán)時(shí)間較短,對(duì)心功能、腎臟等重要器官功能影響有限,加上腎臟自身調(diào)節(jié)能力,所以血?dú)庵笜?biāo)、乳酸及尿素氮指標(biāo)比較無(wú)明顯變化。
本研究中,RrSO2值在圍術(shù)期每一階段的變化都能以所處的病理、生理狀況給以很好的解釋?zhuān)軌蚝芎玫姆从痴麄€(gè)圍術(shù)期中腎臟氧合情況。參考國(guó)外經(jīng)驗(yàn)[10,19-20],筆者認(rèn)為RrSO2監(jiān)測(cè)可以作為一項(xiàng)新的監(jiān)測(cè)手段在非紫紺型先心病手術(shù)中用于監(jiān)測(cè)腎局部氧合情況。本研究先從相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單,干擾因素相對(duì)較少的非紫紺型先心病手術(shù)入手,探討RrSO2監(jiān)測(cè)的臨床意義,為繼續(xù)研究在紫紺型、復(fù)雜型先心病RrSO2監(jiān)測(cè)的應(yīng)用鋪路,以及進(jìn)一步深入研究RrSO2與腎損傷的相關(guān)性,探討RrSO2對(duì)腎損傷預(yù)警作用。
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