諾貝爾獎

Nobel， born on October 21， 1833 in Stockholm， invented the nitroglycerine high explosive in 1867. He was successively engaged in the detonation technology and the synthesis material research in Sweden， Germany， France， England and Italy. He obtained 355 invention patents in his life， winning a very big property. Nobel died in Italy on December 10， 1896.

According to Nobels will， part of his inheritance， altogether $9，200，000， were put in bank as a fund， with interest every year （approximately $200，000） for the people making prominent contribution to physics， chemistry， biology， medicine， literature as well as cause of peace. In 1968， the economy prize was set up.

Every year on December 10 Nobel prizes were issued. According to the convention， physics， chemistry and the economy prizes are issued by Sweden Imperial Academy of science. The biology prize and the medicine prize were issued by the Rollin Medicine Surgery Research Institute in Stockholm. The literature prize is issued by the Sweden Literary Academy. The peace prize is issued by Norwegian Parliament. Each awarding unit is equipped with a Nobel committee which is made up of five people responsible for evaluation. Nobels candidates were recommended by the academies of science， universities and the previous prize-winner around the world. The Nobel prize consists of a gold medal， a certification and a bonus.

諾貝爾于1833年10月21日出生于斯德哥爾摩，1867年發(fā)明硝化甘油烈性炸藥。他先后在瑞典、德國、法國、英國和意大利從事爆炸技術(shù)和合成物質(zhì)研究，一生共獲得355項發(fā)明專利，贏得了一筆很大的財產(chǎn)。1896年12月10日，諾貝爾病卒于意大利。

根據(jù)諾貝爾的遺囑，他的遺產(chǎn)的一部分，共920萬美元，作為基金存入銀行，用每年的利息（約20萬美元）獎勵給對物理、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)或醫(yī)學(xué)、文學(xué)及在和平事業(yè)方面對人類有突出貢獻(xiàn)的人。1968年，諾貝爾獎增設(shè)了經(jīng)濟學(xué)獎。

每年12月10日頒發(fā)諾貝爾獎。按慣例，物理、化學(xué)和經(jīng)濟學(xué)三種獎項由瑞典皇家科學(xué)院頒發(fā)；生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)獎由斯德哥爾摩羅林醫(yī)學(xué)外科學(xué)研究院頒發(fā)；文學(xué)獎由瑞典文學(xué)院頒發(fā)；和平獎由挪威議會頒發(fā)。每個授獎單位設(shè)有一個由五人組成的諾貝爾獎委員會，負(fù)責(zé)評選工作。諾貝爾獎的候選對象由世界各國的科學(xué)院、大學(xué)和前獲獎?wù)咄扑]。諾貝爾獎包括一枚金質(zhì)獎?wù)隆⒁粡埅劆詈鸵还P獎金。