• <tr id="yyy80"></tr>
  • <sup id="yyy80"></sup>
  • <tfoot id="yyy80"><noscript id="yyy80"></noscript></tfoot>
  • 99热精品在线国产_美女午夜性视频免费_国产精品国产高清国产av_av欧美777_自拍偷自拍亚洲精品老妇_亚洲熟女精品中文字幕_www日本黄色视频网_国产精品野战在线观看 ?

    喀斯特風(fēng)水林和荒山生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳儲(chǔ)量的研究英文

    2018-09-10 19:35:03陶玉華白麗蓉
    廣西植物 2018年8期
    關(guān)鍵詞:荒山喀斯特生物量

    陶玉華 白麗蓉

    Abstract: Holly hill and barren hill both exist in karst landform, karst forest is a fragile and low-biomass ecosystem with barren soil and low resilience and resistance capabilities to disturbance. The holly hill is the place where the vegetation is well protected by the indigenous people who live nearby based on their beliefs, the barren hill is comprised of rocky karst formations that contain the areas of exposed bedrock due to human disturbance. The study is about comparison of carbon storage of ecosystem in holly hill and barren hill, the carbon stocks of holly hill and barren hill ecosystems were studied through field work, laboratory analysis and statistic at Luocheng, Guangxi, China. The results showed that vegetation, soil and litter carbon storage of holly hill ecosystems were 7.42, 5.9 and 1.1 times those of barren hill ecosystems respectively. Carbon storage were 137.06, 93.73 t·hm-2 at holly hill and barren hill ecosystems respectively, soil carbon storage contributed most in the two ecosystems, and understory and litter contributed less. The comparison of carbon storage of holly hill and barren hill reflects the importance of protecting karst forest, keeping traditional aboriginal culture means a lot for protecting ecological environment and improving carbon sequestration.

    Key words: carbon storage, biomass, holly hill, barren hill, karst

    CLC number: Q948 Document code: A Article ID: 1000-3142(2018)08-1062-08

    摘 要: 所研究的風(fēng)水林和荒山屬于喀斯特地貌??λ固厣质且环N脆弱的低生物量生態(tài)系統(tǒng),土壤貧瘠,自我修復(fù)能力低,易受人為因素干擾。風(fēng)水林指人們居住地附近的一片茂盛的森林,認(rèn)為有神居住而崇拜,嚴(yán)禁被砍伐和破壞?;纳绞强λ固厣种脖辉谌藶楦蓴_后出現(xiàn)巖石裸露產(chǎn)生的石漠化現(xiàn)象。該研究通過(guò)野外調(diào)查、實(shí)驗(yàn)室分析、數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)等對(duì)廣西羅城喀斯特風(fēng)水林和荒山生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳儲(chǔ)量進(jìn)行對(duì)比性研究。結(jié)果表明:喀斯特風(fēng)水林植被、土壤和枯落物碳儲(chǔ)量分別是荒山的7.42倍、5.9倍和1.1倍,風(fēng)水林和荒山生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳儲(chǔ)量分別為137.06、93.73 t·hm-2,其中土壤碳庫(kù)貢獻(xiàn)率最高,而林下植被和枯落物卻較低,表明風(fēng)水林森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)碳儲(chǔ)量明顯高于荒山。通過(guò)風(fēng)水林和荒山的碳儲(chǔ)量比較研究,為評(píng)價(jià)風(fēng)水林碳匯提供依據(jù),為制定森林管理政策、保護(hù)村社水平的植被提供數(shù)據(jù)參考。此外,還探討了少數(shù)民族樸素的生態(tài)倫理思想在保護(hù)森林和增匯方面的作用,豐富了生態(tài)倫理學(xué)內(nèi)容,對(duì)傳承和弘揚(yáng)少數(shù)民族傳統(tǒng)文化、恢復(fù)生態(tài)具有重要意義。

    關(guān)鍵詞: 碳儲(chǔ)量, 生物量, 風(fēng)水林, 荒山, 喀斯特

    Holly hill, known as sacred groves or dragon hill, is a place whose vegetation is well conserved by the indigenous people who live nearby. The villagers worship it because they believe a god lives there and therefore, no one is allowed to cut plants or damage the hills. Such traditional culture has existed for centuries in some ethnic groups in China. It is high in species richness and contains complicated vegetation community structure (Zhou et al,2002). Zhuang and Melao minority groups in Guangxi maintain animism in their traditional culture, believing that all things in the holly hill are the reincarnation of gods that will bless their safety, health and prosperity if the holly site is protected. This tradition of protecting forest ecosystems based on ecological ethics constitutes part of the culture of these indigenous people.

    Holly hill vegetation is a vital part of the agricultural and forest ecosystems for the people who live in the area and plays a very important role in water and soil conservation, such as regulating the microclimate and maintaining soil stability. Previous research showed that the biodiversity of the protection area was protected relatively well, which plays an expanded role in the protection of biodiversity at landscape scales (Liu et al, 2000).

    The barren hill is comprised of rocky karst formations that contain extensive areas of exposed bedrock. Desertification has occurred in this region as a result of extensive vegetation removal, which has led to the degradation of the land and reduced soil productivity (Yang,1995). Karst forest is a fragile ecosystem where soils take an extremely long period of time to form, site resources for plant productivity are low, extensive areas of barren soil exist where soil erosion occurs, and has low resilience and resistance capabilities to distur-bance. Karst forest ecosystems usually take longer to recover once the vegetation is removed. The restoration of the karst forest ecosystems usually requires the establishment of several different successional stages, which can significantly influence the ecosystem functions of these vegetative systems (Wang et al,2008).

    The carbon storage of holly hill and barren hill ecosystems were studied in this paper. This study is aimed to compare the carbon storage of two ecosystems and their carbon storage spatial distributions, which could contribute to the understanding of the important significance for protecting community forests in karst harsh habitat, and it also provides the comparative data to develop proper management strategies for these ecosystems and the community forest.

    1 Methods

    1.1 Description of study area

    The study area (108°48′ E, 24°59′ N) is located in the northern part of Luocheng Melao Autonomous County, Guangxi, China, which lies to the south of Jiuwan Mountain. This region is characterized by a subtropical climate with high humidity, rain and fog. The annual average temperature is 18.8 ℃, with extreme highest and lowest temperatures of 38 ℃ and -4 ℃, respectively. The average annual rainfall is 1 630.6 mm, with an average relative humidity of 78% and 300 frost-free days.

    Holly hill and barren hill are situated in Sibao Village, Luocheng County, Guangxi, China, which is inhabited by the Melao, Zhuang, Yao, Dong and Miao minority groups. The Melao and Zhuang comprise more than 50% of total population in Sibao Village.

    Holly hill and barren hill are dominated by limestone soil with extremely uneven soil depth and exposed rocks. The elevation ranges from 280 m to 318 m with steep slopes (20°-40°) and soil depths of 3-50 cm. The vegetation occurs in relatively small patches or niches in such areas as stone facings or surfaces, soil, channels carved into stone over time, and cracks and crevices in stones. Three holly hill sites which contain lush vegetation, surround Sibao Village and called Lion Hill, Temple Hill and Laojie Hill by arborigines. The primary species of woody plants which occur there mainly include Cinnamomum camphora, Celtis sinensis, Ulmus castaneifolia, Sapium rotundifolium, Tirpitzia ovoidea, Radermachera sinica, Broussonetia papyrifera, Alangium chinense, Cudrania tricuspidata, Alchornea trewioides, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Trachelospermum jasminoides, Melastoma intermedium, Mallotus philippensis, Koelreuteria integrifoliola, Ervatamia divaricata, Oreocnide frutescens, main species of herbaceous plants are Hoya carnosa, Pyrrosia lingua, Rubus corchorifoliu, Elatostema balansae, Dicranopteris dichotoma, Eragrostis pilosa, Arthraxon hispidus, Microstegium vagans, Ishaemum indicum and Arundinella hirta.

    Local farmers cut firewood and planted crops for a long time in the barren hill before forest conservation became a concern, which has created areas of exposed bedrock and desertification. The vegetative communities have been partly restored since the involvement by the government in conservation practices. At the present time these communities primarily consist of woody and herbaceous plants. According to its community physiognomy, the dominant species and habitat types, the karst vegetation was divided into five successional stages: (1) herb community, (2) herb-shrub community, (3) shrub community, (4) sub-climax community and (5) climax community of evergreen-deciduous broad-leaved mixed forests(Xia, 2010). Only the herb community and herb-shrub community existed in barren hills during the time that this study was implemented.

    The primary woody species that occurred in the barren hills mainly include Alchornea trewioides, Alangium chinense, Callicarpa macrophylla, Millettia nitida, Jasminum seguinii, Vitex negundo, Broussonetia papyrifera, Oreocnide frutescens, Strophanthus divaricatus, Platycarya strobilacea, Cudrania tricuspidata, Rhus chinensi, Rosa laevigata, Sterculia euosma, Chukrasia tabularis, Ulmus parvifolia, Laplacea indica, and main species of herbs are Pteridium revolutum, Litsea cubeba, Miscanthus floridulu, Microstegium vagan, Bidens pilosa, Erigeron komarovii, Elatostema balansae, Imperata cylindrica, Rubus corchorifoliu, Eragrostis pilosa and Arthraxon hispidus.

    1.2 Methods of estimating tree biomass in holly hills

    Lion Hill, Temple Hill and Laojie Hill were chosen to represent the holly hill study areas. A total of 27 sample plots (20 m × 30 m) were established along an elevational gradient of 50-80 m vertical distance. Within each plot, total tree height and diameter at breast height (dbh) were measured on all trees with dbh>2 cm. The aboveground biomass of trees were estimated with biomass equations published by Zhu et al (1995) for Guizhou karst forests (Table 1). The underground biomass of trees were estimated by the root-shoot ratio (0.231 8) reported by Qi & Tang (2008) for Xishuangbanna karst forests.

    1.3 Methods of estimating biomass of understory and litter in holly hills

    Three 4.0 m2 and three 1.0 m2 subsample plots were established in each sample plot for the purpose of estimating herbaceous and woody understory biomass, and litter biomass, respectively. In each 4.0 m2 subsample plot, the herbaceous and woody plants were clipped and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g to acquire a fresh weight. All litters were collected down to the mineral soil in each 1.0 m2 subsample plot and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g to attain a total fresh weight. An approximate 30% subsample of these fresh weight field samples were brought back to the laboratory and dried at 80 ℃ until a constant weight was achieved to determine the moisture content. The determined moisture content percentage was applied to the fresh weight samples to achieve a dry weight and converted into unit area ovendry biomass weight of understory and litter (t·hm-2). The belowground biomass of woody stems was estimated by using the root-shoot ratio (1∶1) reported by Tu & Yang (1995) for Guizhou karst forests.

    1.4 Methods of estimating biomass of litter, woody and herbaceous plants in barren hills

    Barren hills are currently in vegetation restoration stages as part of the effort to reverse the karst rocky desertification that has occurred there. As a result, two successional stages existed and were investigated in this study, which included the herb-shrub and the herb communities. Three 4.0 m2 subsample plots were established in each sample plot to estimate woody, herbaceous and litter biomass. The procedure to determine the fresh and dry weight of woody and herbaceous plants and litter was performed according to the same method as described for the holly hills.

    1.5 Methods of measuring carbon content

    Samples materials of litter, woody and herbaceous plants of holly hill and barren hill were dried, crushed and sieved. For soil samples, three soil samples were placed in each replicate plots randomly, and sampled by the cutting rings at 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm soil depth, soil samples were brought back to the laboratory to determine the soil bulk density, the carbon content of different components and soils were analyzed through the potassium dichromate oxidation-hydration heating.

    1.6 Methods of estimating carbon storage

    The carbon storage of holly hill and barren hill ecosystems consists of tree, understory, litter and soil (no tree layer existed in unprotected site). The carbon stored in ecosystems can be estimated by multiplying the biomass of different forest components by their carbon content, typically 0.5, which was used in this study. The estimation of soil carbon storage was determined with the following equation (Zhong et al, 2008): SSOD=ni=1(Ci×pi×Tt)×10-1.

    In the equation, SSOD = soil carbon storage density (t·hm-2), Ci=carbon mass fraction in i soil depth (g·kg-1), Pi = soil bulk density in i soil depth (g·cm-3), Ti = thickness of soil in i soil depth (cm), and n is the number of soil depth layers.

    1.7 Data processing

    Excel and SPSS 17.0 statistical software were utilized in the data analysis.

    2 Results and Analyses

    2.1 Carbon contents of litter, woody and herbaceous plants

    2.1.1 Carbon contents of litter and understory in holly hills Carbon contents of understory of Lion Hill, Temple Hill and Laojie Hill ranged from 37.51% to 43.05% , with no significant difference between each site (P>0.05). The carbon content of litter ranged from 38.9% to 45.54%, with no significant difference between each site. The carbon content in 0-20 cm soil depth at the three protected sites ranged from 2.53% to 3.18%, and ranged from 1.98% to 2.25% within the 20-40 cm soil depth soil (Table 2).

    2.1.2 Carbon contents of litter, woody and herbaceous plants inbarren hills Carbon contents of litter, woody and herbaceous plants in herb-shrub community were higher than what was found in the herb community but were not significantly different at P=0.05 (Table 3). The carbon contents in the soil layers of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm depths were higher in the herb-shrub community compared to the herb community, and in both vegetation communities the soil carbon decreases with soil depth.

    2.2 Carbon storage

    2.2.1 Carbon storage of holly hills The carbon stored in the trees of holly hills ranged from 21.76 t·hm-2 to 51.4 t·hm-2; carbon storage of the understory ranged from 1.32 t·hm-2 to 2.92 t·hm-2; carbon stored in the litter ranged from 0.77 t·hm-2 to 4.86 t·hm-2; and soil carbon ranged from 86.43 t·hm-2 to 112.64 t·hm-2. The total carbon stored in the protected ecosystems ranged from 113.47 t·hm-2 to 149.92 t·hm-2 (Table 4).

    2.2.2 Carbon storage of barren hills The carbon stocks of woody and herbaceous plants in herb-shrub community were higher than those of the herb community (Table 5). However, the carbon stocks of the litter component in the herb community were higher than what was found in the herb-shrub community. The total soil carbon stored in herb-shrub community and herb communities were 117.78 t·hm-2 and 58.63 t·hm-2, respectively. The total ecosystem carbon stored in the herb-shrub and herb communities were 126.53 t·hm-2 and 60.93 t·hm-2, respectively. Because the trees that occurred in the herb-shrub community were small, they were combined with the woody and herbaceous plant species.

    2.2.3 Comparison of carbon storages of holly hill and barren hill ecosystems Carbon stored in the tree layer of holly hill ecosystems accounted for 25.83% of the total ecosystem carbon (Table 4), the carbon stored in the woody and herbaceous plants was less than that of the barren hill. However the carbon stored within the litter layer of holly hill ecosystem was greater than that in the litter layer of the barren hill. Soil carbon stored at holly hill within both the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers were greater than what was found in the soil layers at barren hill. The total carbon stored in the holly hill ecosystem was 1.46 times greater than the total barren hill ecosystem (Table 6).

    3 Discussion

    3.1 Carbon storage of holly hills

    Because holly hills are considered a sacred area, the Sibao Village Committee did not allow the authors to harvest tress to measure biomass out of respect for the worship and taboos of the local residents. The aboveground biomass of trees were therefore estimated by biomass equation published by Zhu et al(1995), and underground biomass of trees were calculated by a specified root-shoot ratio (Qi & Tang, 2008).The use of biomass regression models to estimate the biomass of different tree species usually introduces error by the nature of their estimation, but due to the high species diversity and few numbers of individuals within species in karst forest ecosystem, it is difficult to create good regression models as might be performed in plantation settings. Yang & Cheng (1991) indicated that karst forest populations had similar biological features due to the long-term adaptation to the harsh karst environment, Whittaker & Woodwell (1968) found that there was a significant and similar correlation between biomass and diameter of similar species of trees. Therefore, we believe that the application of uniform biomass regression models to similar species is reasonable for this study.

    Karst forest typically is considered as a low-biomass forest ecosystem (Yu et al,2010), whose biomass and carbon were particularly lower than those of evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem in the same climatic zones (Li et al,2015; Zhang et al,2014). The low biomass and carbon stocks are due to the harsh ecological environment found in the karst ecosystems, such as barren soil, water stress, and frequent natural and human disturbances. This harsh environment causes vegetation to grow very slowly, creating a short ecological life for plants. In addition, the development history of secondary forests in these systems is very short (Zhu et al,1995).

    Tian et al(2011) studied the carbon stocks of different vegetation components in karst area, Guizhou Province, and they found that soil carbon accounted for over 94.01% of whole ecosystem while vegetation carbon stocks accounted for 0.82%-5.64%. The carbon stored in trees at protected sites in this study accounted for 25.83% of whole ecosystem, while the carbon in the soil, understory vegetation, and litter accounted for 70.48%, 2.05% and 1.63%, respectively. It is evident that the carbon sequestered and stored in the soil of these ecosystems contributes significantly to these ecosystems, followed by the tree layer, understory vegetation and litter.

    Carbon stored in the soil of holly hills decreased with the increase of soil depth. This study found that the soil carbon within 0-20 cm layer in holly hills (46.62 t·hm-2) was higher than what has been reported for soil carbon of the karst rocky desertification comprehensive treatment demonstration area in Guizhou Province and lower than soil carbon in the karst non-rocky desertification (Zhou et al,2011). The soil carbon of holly hills was also lower than the soil carbon found in different ecosystem restoration treatments in Guizhou (Tian et al,2011). Many different factors can influence soil carbon storage, such as plant species, forest age, climate, soil conditions, and any soil treatment before affores-tation. Zhang et al (2009) studied the factors that effect soil carbon storage in Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan Province, and found that temperature and soil parent material were primary factors that influence the amount of soil carbon with temperature having a greater influence than parent materials.

    3.2 Carbon storage of barren hills

    The carbon storage of woody and herbaceous plants of barren hills was higher than what was found in holly hills. Because, once trees begin to dominate an ecosystem, understory plants begin to have difficulty in surviving and decrease in their productivity due to a combination of the harsh karst environment and the development of forest canopy. On the other hand, in the herb-shrub community stage, woody and herbaceous plants will both exist, allowing for higher net productivity and subsequently higher amounts of biomass.

    The average carbon of woody and herbaceous plants in barren hills accounted for 5.9% of whole ecosystem, and carbon stored within the litter comprised only 0.44% of the entire ecosystem. The total carbon stock within the herb-shrub community was higher than that in the herb community (126.93 t·hm-2>60.93 t·hm-2), which can be attributed to the higher soil carbon within the herb-shrub community compared to the herb community. Soil carbon stocks in herb-shrub community and herb community were 117.78 t·hm-2 and 58.63 t·hm-2, accounting for 93.08%, 96.23% of each ecosystem, respectively. The carbon stored in soil accounted for the majority of the carbon stored within barren hill ecosystem, whereas the carbon stored in the vegetation and litter contributed much less to the total carbon stock.

    Soil carbon within 0-20 cm depth in the herb community and the herb-shrub community were 34.66 t·hm-2 and 67.99 t·hm-2, respectively. Soil carbon stocks increased with the succession of different successional stages. Yan et al (2011) reported that the soil carbon stored in different rocky desertification grades ranged from 5.2 t·hm-2 to 169.1 t·hm-2, and that the soil carbon stock decreased as rocky desertification became more serious. Liu et al (2006) thought that soil not only affected vegetation community occurrence, development and rate of succession, but also had an important influence on the process, productivity and structure of ecosystems. As succession progressed, the dynamics of the vegetation community enriched soil resources, increased spatial heterogeneity, and maintained the relationship between different species of plants and biodiversity.

    3.3 Comparison of carbon storage between holly hill and barren hill ecosystems

    The total carbon stocks of holly hill and barren hill ecosystems were 137.06 t·hm-2 and 93.73 t·hm-2, respectively, both well below the reported average of 258.83 t·hm-2 for forest ecosystems in China (Zhou et al, 2000). This is partly due to the fact that the soil carbon found in this study (88.21-96.6 t·hm-2) is much lower than the average soil carbon reported for China forest ecosystem (193.55 t·hm-2). These low soil carbon stocks may be the following results: (1) The harsh karst habitats affect ecosystem carbon storage, the land use change after karst desertification affect significantly the soil organic carbon, as land use intensity increases, the occurrence of herbaceous plants will increase at the expense of woody plants. One of the highest impacts of land use change that causes the greatest alteration to natural vegetation and ecosystem process is the conversion of natural plant communities to farmland. Eswaran et al(1993) demonstrated that destroying or converting forest land to other land uses can reduce the soil carbon by as much as 20%-50%. Land use changes often damage the soil aggregate structure, and rate of carbon sequestration was lower than the rate observed in aboveground vegetation. (2) The rate of soil respiration is higher in middle subtropical climate zone and rainfall amounts are high. This causes more CO2 release into atmosphere following decomposition of litter which means less carbon accumulates in the soil, which is a common feature of soil in middle subtropical climate regions of China.

    4 Conclusion

    Comparing to barren hill ecosystem, the carbon storage of holly hill ecosystem was higher, 1.46 times that of barren hill, and the carbon content of understory, litter and soil were higher than those of barren hill. The carbon storage of soil and trees were the main carbon pool in the holly hill ecosystem, soil carbon storage contributed most, accounting for 70.48% of ecosystem, carbon stocks of understory and litter contributed less. Soil carbon storage contributed most in the barren hill ecosystem, accounting for 94.1% of ecosystem. Soil carbon storage decreased as soil depth increase in two ecosystems. As a fragile ecosystem, karst vegetation once destroyed, it will take a long time to recover, furthermore, manpower, materials and finance need to be input during treating rocky desertification, local villagers protect karst forest ecosystems well by their simple ecological ethics, which has important significance for protecting community forests at community level, especially in karst harsh habitat, the function of these traditional aboriginal knowledge cannot be ignored. Qualifying carbon storage of these two ecosystems can offer the reference for managing community forest, making policies and carbon sequestration improvement.

    Reference:

    ESWARAN H, BERG EVD, RRICH P, 1993. Organic carbon in soils of the world [J]. Soil Sci Soc Am J, 57(1): 192-194.

    HU F, DU H, ZENG FP, et al, 2017. Carbon storage and its allocation in karst forest at different stand ages in Guangxi, China [J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 28(3):721-729.

    LI WB, HU YQ, XU MF, et al, 2015. Stand structure and biomass carbon density in a subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest of heterogeneous diversity [J]. J Fujian Agric For Univ, 44(3):256-263.

    LIU AZ, PEI SJ, CHEN SY, 2000. Nationalitys sacred groves and biodiversity conservation in Chuxiong, Yunnan [J]. Chin J Appl Ecol, 11(4): 489-492.

    LIU ZK, WANG SP, CHEN ZZ, et al, 2006. Properties of soil nutrients and plant community after rest grazing in Inner Mongolia steppe, China [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 26(6): 2048-2056.

    QI JF, TANG JW, 2008. Biomass and its allocation pattern of monsoon rain forest over limestone in Xishuangbanna of Southwest China [J]. Chin J Ecol, 27(2): 167-177.

    TIAN DL, WANG XK, FANG X, et al, 2011. Carbon storage and spatial distribution in different vegetation restoration patterns in karsts area,Guizhou Province [J]. Sci Silv Sin,47(9): 7-14.

    TU YL, YANG J, 1995. Study on biomass of the karst scrub community in central region of Guizhou Province [J]. Car Sin, 14(3): 199-208.

    WANG KL, SU YR, ZENG FP, et al, 2008. Ecological process and vegetation restoration in karst region of Southwest China [J]. Res Agric Modern, 29(6): 641-645.

    WHITTAKER RH, WOODWELL GM, 1968. Dimension and production relations of trees and shrubs in the Brookhaven Forest, New York [J]. J Ecol, 56 (1): 1-25.

    XIA HB, 2010. Biomass and net primary production in different successional stages of karst vegetatmn in Maolan, SW China [J]. Guizhou For Sci Technol, 38(2): 1-7.

    YAN JH, ZHOU CY, WEN AB, et al, 2011. Relationship between soil organic carbon and bulk density in the rocky desertification process of karst ecosystem in Guizhou [J]. J Trop Subtrop Bot, 19(3): 273-278.

    YANG HK, CHENG SZ, 1991. Study on biomass of the karst forest community in Maolan, Guizhou Province [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 11(4): 307-312.

    YANG HK, 1995. Karst desertification and assessment of its disasters [J]. Mar Geol Quat Geol, 15(3): 137-147.

    YU WL, DONG D, NI J, 2010. Comparisons of biomass and net primary productivity of karst and non-Karst forests in mountainous areas, Southwestern China [J]. J Subtrop Resourc Environ, 5(2): 25-30.

    ZHANG Y, SHI XZ, YU DS, et al, 2009. Factors affecting va-riation of soil organic carbon density in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi region [J]. Acta Pedol Sin, 46(3): 526-531.

    ZHANG Z, ZHONG QL, CHENG DL, et al, 2014. The Structure characteristics of carbon storage of ecosystem of ever-green broad-leaved mixed forest with different forest ages in the north-west of Fujian Province [J]. Ecol Environ Sci, 23(2):203-210.

    ZHONG XF, YANG YS, GAO R, et al, 2008. Carbon storage and allocation in old-growth Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation in subtropical China [J]. J Subtrop Resourc Environ, 3(2):11-18.

    ZHOU YR, YU ZL, ZHAO SD, 2000. Carbon storage and budget of major Chinese forest types [J]. Acta Phytoecol Sin, 24(5): 518-522.

    ZHOU H, ZHAO DG, LU HH, 2002. Significance of ecological ethics of cultural tradition in Deity Mountain forests [J]. Chin J Ecol, 21(4): 60-64.

    ZHOU WL, XIONG KN, LONG J, et al, 2011. Organic carbon density features and regional variation of the topsoil in karst demonstration areas of rocky desertification integrated rehabilitation [J]. Chin J Soil Sci, 42(5): 1131-1137.

    ZHU SQ, WEI LM, CHEN ZR, et al, 1995. Preliminary study on biomass components of karst forest in Maolan of Guizhou Province, China [J]. Acta Phytoecol Sin, 19(4): 358-367.

    猜你喜歡
    荒山喀斯特生物量
    把荒山打造成4A景區(qū)
    輪牧能有效促進(jìn)高寒草地生物量和穩(wěn)定性
    荒山的“根”——“牛玉琴”式的老人齊軍祥
    大自然的鬼斧神工:“中國(guó)南方喀斯特”
    “別有洞天”的喀斯特王國(guó)
    喀斯特
    ————水溶蝕巖石的奇觀
    家教世界(2019年4期)2019-02-26 13:44:20
    福安八斗村:扶貧做得精,荒山野茶能刨金
    生物量高的富鋅酵母的開(kāi)發(fā)應(yīng)用
    重慶金佛山喀斯特等入選世界自然遺產(chǎn)
    小猴栽樹(shù)
    观看美女的网站| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 女的被弄到高潮叫床怎么办| 亚洲丝袜综合中文字幕| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看 | 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 一区二区三区精品91| 少妇人妻 视频| 中文精品一卡2卡3卡4更新| 久久久精品94久久精品| 国产免费视频播放在线视频| 午夜91福利影院| 狂野欧美激情性bbbbbb| 男女午夜视频在线观看 | 日韩中文字幕视频在线看片| 欧美日韩视频高清一区二区三区二| 一本大道久久a久久精品| 少妇熟女欧美另类| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| 久久亚洲国产成人精品v| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 免费人妻精品一区二区三区视频| 99久久中文字幕三级久久日本| 久久久精品94久久精品| 婷婷色综合www| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 美女中出高潮动态图| 久久鲁丝午夜福利片| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 两性夫妻黄色片 | 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 丝袜喷水一区| 亚洲精品美女久久久久99蜜臀 | av不卡在线播放| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 夜夜爽夜夜爽视频| 免费av不卡在线播放| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 少妇人妻久久综合中文| 最近中文字幕高清免费大全6| 好男人视频免费观看在线| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 看十八女毛片水多多多| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 大香蕉久久成人网| 日本av手机在线免费观看| 亚洲精品日本国产第一区| 久久久久久久国产电影| 免费在线观看完整版高清| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 中文字幕人妻熟女乱码| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 少妇人妻精品综合一区二区| 免费人成在线观看视频色| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 久久99蜜桃精品久久| 精品久久蜜臀av无| 美女内射精品一级片tv| 亚洲精品456在线播放app| 男女无遮挡免费网站观看| 一二三四中文在线观看免费高清| 嫩草影院入口| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 熟女av电影| 在线天堂最新版资源| 黄片无遮挡物在线观看| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 大香蕉97超碰在线| 精品99又大又爽又粗少妇毛片| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区 | 国产精品国产av在线观看| 亚洲成人av在线免费| 亚洲精品,欧美精品| 成人国产av品久久久| 三上悠亚av全集在线观看| 如何舔出高潮| 久久av网站| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 黑丝袜美女国产一区| 久久久久精品久久久久真实原创| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 啦啦啦中文免费视频观看日本| a 毛片基地| 十八禁高潮呻吟视频| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 国产激情久久老熟女| 美国免费a级毛片| 黄色 视频免费看| 久久久欧美国产精品| 成人亚洲欧美一区二区av| 欧美精品一区二区免费开放| 在线观看国产h片| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 久久精品aⅴ一区二区三区四区 | 色吧在线观看| 久久毛片免费看一区二区三区| 深夜精品福利| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 久久99一区二区三区| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 免费观看av网站的网址| 精品福利永久在线观看| 日本色播在线视频| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看| 美女国产视频在线观看| 午夜久久久在线观看| 久久ye,这里只有精品| 久久综合国产亚洲精品| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 精品一区二区三卡| av网站免费在线观看视频| 22中文网久久字幕| 大片电影免费在线观看免费| 女性被躁到高潮视频| 国产色爽女视频免费观看| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 菩萨蛮人人尽说江南好唐韦庄| 高清不卡的av网站| 在线亚洲精品国产二区图片欧美| 成人免费观看视频高清| 久久久亚洲精品成人影院| 免费av中文字幕在线| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 国产日韩欧美在线精品| 免费观看av网站的网址| 国产麻豆69| 日日摸夜夜添夜夜爱| 丝袜在线中文字幕| 国产精品.久久久| 婷婷色综合大香蕉| 亚洲 欧美一区二区三区| 99热全是精品| 欧美人与善性xxx| 日韩一本色道免费dvd| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 咕卡用的链子| 精品亚洲成a人片在线观看| av有码第一页| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 秋霞在线观看毛片| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看 | 国产淫语在线视频| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 亚洲国产毛片av蜜桃av| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 国内精品宾馆在线| 精品人妻在线不人妻| 边亲边吃奶的免费视频| 免费av中文字幕在线| 国产 精品1| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看| 丰满少妇做爰视频| 国产精品久久久av美女十八| 国产女主播在线喷水免费视频网站| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 日日啪夜夜爽| 日本黄大片高清| 又粗又硬又长又爽又黄的视频| 高清欧美精品videossex| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| av.在线天堂| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 一级黄片播放器| 人妻 亚洲 视频| 久久免费观看电影| 搡老乐熟女国产| 久久久久精品性色| 少妇的逼水好多| 纵有疾风起免费观看全集完整版| 国国产精品蜜臀av免费| 建设人人有责人人尽责人人享有的| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 免费高清在线观看视频在线观看| 亚洲综合色惰| 久久久久精品性色| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 日本午夜av视频| 高清不卡的av网站| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 亚洲人成77777在线视频| 日韩不卡一区二区三区视频在线| 最近手机中文字幕大全| 国产成人精品一,二区| 免费女性裸体啪啪无遮挡网站| 免费不卡的大黄色大毛片视频在线观看| 日本欧美国产在线视频| 两个人免费观看高清视频| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| 欧美国产精品一级二级三级| 黄网站色视频无遮挡免费观看| 伦精品一区二区三区| 精品国产乱码久久久久久小说| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 精品亚洲成国产av| 永久免费av网站大全| 男女国产视频网站| 国产无遮挡羞羞视频在线观看| 久久久欧美国产精品| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 国产激情久久老熟女| 水蜜桃什么品种好| 亚洲在久久综合| 26uuu在线亚洲综合色| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| videos熟女内射| 亚洲一码二码三码区别大吗| 午夜免费鲁丝| 久久精品国产a三级三级三级| 免费高清在线观看日韩| 在线观看三级黄色| 99热这里只有是精品在线观看| 精品人妻熟女毛片av久久网站| av福利片在线| 我要看黄色一级片免费的| 在线观看免费视频网站a站| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 香蕉精品网在线| av有码第一页| 国产国拍精品亚洲av在线观看| 国产成人aa在线观看| 亚洲精品一二三| 亚洲天堂av无毛| 大片免费播放器 马上看| 精品人妻一区二区三区麻豆| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 中国国产av一级| 如何舔出高潮| 人体艺术视频欧美日本| 亚洲内射少妇av| 韩国av在线不卡| 国产欧美亚洲国产| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区| 久久毛片免费看一区二区三区| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 日韩成人av中文字幕在线观看| 夜夜骑夜夜射夜夜干| 精品一区在线观看国产| 国产国语露脸激情在线看| 啦啦啦在线观看免费高清www| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区| 咕卡用的链子| 欧美3d第一页| videos熟女内射| 欧美精品一区二区大全| 亚洲精品久久午夜乱码| 午夜影院在线不卡| 一区在线观看完整版| 国产1区2区3区精品| 涩涩av久久男人的天堂| 欧美精品人与动牲交sv欧美| 国产成人a∨麻豆精品| 久久精品熟女亚洲av麻豆精品| 国产精品免费大片| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 99热网站在线观看| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 伦理电影大哥的女人| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 丰满迷人的少妇在线观看| 黑人欧美特级aaaaaa片| 韩国av在线不卡| 另类亚洲欧美激情| 久久人妻熟女aⅴ| 国产精品国产三级国产av玫瑰| av卡一久久| 久久99热6这里只有精品| tube8黄色片| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 少妇人妻 视频| 在线观看美女被高潮喷水网站| 天堂俺去俺来也www色官网| av视频免费观看在线观看| 99精国产麻豆久久婷婷| 日本与韩国留学比较| 国产精品免费大片| 热re99久久精品国产66热6| 欧美最新免费一区二区三区| 午夜激情久久久久久久| 国产爽快片一区二区三区| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 青春草亚洲视频在线观看| av线在线观看网站| 日本与韩国留学比较| 午夜91福利影院| 久热这里只有精品99| 五月伊人婷婷丁香| 热99国产精品久久久久久7| 尾随美女入室| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 激情视频va一区二区三区| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 久久影院123| 久久久久久久国产电影| 久久99精品国语久久久| 免费观看无遮挡的男女| 久久人人爽人人片av| 中文字幕制服av| 亚洲性久久影院| 99热国产这里只有精品6| 午夜免费鲁丝| 国产69精品久久久久777片| 亚洲五月色婷婷综合| a 毛片基地| 亚洲av在线观看美女高潮| 女性生殖器流出的白浆| 久久精品国产自在天天线| 伦理电影免费视频| 一本久久精品| 一级黄片播放器| 日韩电影二区| 免费观看av网站的网址| 视频中文字幕在线观看| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 美女国产视频在线观看| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 天天躁夜夜躁狠狠久久av| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 亚洲成av片中文字幕在线观看 | a级片在线免费高清观看视频| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码 | 美女视频免费永久观看网站| 久久久久久久久久久久大奶| videossex国产| 蜜桃在线观看..| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 一级黄片播放器| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 男女边吃奶边做爰视频| 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 亚洲国产av新网站| 999精品在线视频| 国产福利在线免费观看视频| 国产av国产精品国产| 久久久久精品人妻al黑| 日韩av免费高清视频| 黑人巨大精品欧美一区二区蜜桃 | 纯流量卡能插随身wifi吗| 伊人亚洲综合成人网| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 欧美老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 亚洲国产欧美在线一区| 亚洲精品久久成人aⅴ小说| 日韩制服骚丝袜av| 欧美日韩亚洲高清精品| 亚洲精品久久久久久婷婷小说| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 亚洲av电影在线进入| 久久人人爽av亚洲精品天堂| 日韩电影二区| 精品一区二区免费观看| 午夜精品国产一区二区电影| 亚洲精品自拍成人| 国产片特级美女逼逼视频| 国产成人精品福利久久| 中文字幕最新亚洲高清| 免费少妇av软件| 少妇被粗大猛烈的视频| 超碰97精品在线观看| 母亲3免费完整高清在线观看 | 日本免费在线观看一区| 亚洲成国产人片在线观看| 国产精品久久久久久精品古装| 国产福利在线免费观看视频| 国产免费一区二区三区四区乱码| 国产在线视频一区二区| 夫妻午夜视频| 国产xxxxx性猛交| 国产一区二区在线观看av| 亚洲成人一二三区av| 日韩人妻精品一区2区三区| 亚洲四区av| 波野结衣二区三区在线| 黄色毛片三级朝国网站| 国产探花极品一区二区| 国产精品女同一区二区软件| 久久狼人影院| 桃花免费在线播放| 久久久久久久国产电影| av.在线天堂| 一边亲一边摸免费视频| 日日啪夜夜爽| 香蕉丝袜av| 国产av国产精品国产| 熟女av电影| 国产亚洲欧美精品永久| 在线观看一区二区三区激情| 日本vs欧美在线观看视频| 欧美成人精品欧美一级黄| 汤姆久久久久久久影院中文字幕| 午夜激情av网站| 狠狠婷婷综合久久久久久88av| 少妇猛男粗大的猛烈进出视频| 伦精品一区二区三区| 黑人猛操日本美女一级片| 丝袜喷水一区| 亚洲av.av天堂| 成年av动漫网址| 天堂中文最新版在线下载| 久久精品国产综合久久久 | 国产亚洲av片在线观看秒播厂| 日韩av在线免费看完整版不卡| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 国产免费现黄频在线看| 日日爽夜夜爽网站| 亚洲美女搞黄在线观看| 国产永久视频网站| 国产 精品1| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 爱豆传媒免费全集在线观看| 九九爱精品视频在线观看| 你懂的网址亚洲精品在线观看| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 亚洲在久久综合| 精品第一国产精品| 国产午夜精品一二区理论片| 激情五月婷婷亚洲| 80岁老熟妇乱子伦牲交| 亚洲综合色网址| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| 午夜av观看不卡| 国产精品国产三级国产专区5o| 国产成人精品久久久久久| 久久人人爽人人爽人人片va| 久久国产精品男人的天堂亚洲 | 人妻系列 视频| 精品熟女少妇av免费看| 久久国内精品自在自线图片| 亚洲第一区二区三区不卡| 性色avwww在线观看| 黄色一级大片看看| 欧美 亚洲 国产 日韩一| 99re6热这里在线精品视频| 在线观看国产h片| 精品亚洲成国产av| 精品卡一卡二卡四卡免费| 日韩在线高清观看一区二区三区| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 性高湖久久久久久久久免费观看| 国语对白做爰xxxⅹ性视频网站| 成人毛片60女人毛片免费| 最近的中文字幕免费完整| av播播在线观看一区| 内地一区二区视频在线| 大码成人一级视频| 18+在线观看网站| 国产av国产精品国产| 国产有黄有色有爽视频| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 成人手机av| 久久久精品区二区三区| av在线观看视频网站免费| 51国产日韩欧美| 亚洲精品aⅴ在线观看| 老司机影院成人| 国产熟女欧美一区二区| av电影中文网址| 人人妻人人澡人人爽人人夜夜| 久久青草综合色| 侵犯人妻中文字幕一二三四区| 国产在线视频一区二区| 久久久久视频综合| 少妇 在线观看| 在线天堂中文资源库| 亚洲综合色网址| 久久精品夜色国产| 91精品三级在线观看| 日日撸夜夜添| 久久人人97超碰香蕉20202| 日韩伦理黄色片| 女人被躁到高潮嗷嗷叫费观| 成人毛片a级毛片在线播放| 亚洲精品国产av成人精品| 中文字幕人妻丝袜制服| 在现免费观看毛片| 亚洲av日韩在线播放| 国产老妇伦熟女老妇高清| 人成视频在线观看免费观看| 久久久久国产精品人妻一区二区| 国产黄色免费在线视频| 亚洲精品第二区| 国产精品 国内视频| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 国产成人一区二区在线| 久久精品久久精品一区二区三区| 不卡视频在线观看欧美| 亚洲精品av麻豆狂野| 国产成人精品福利久久| 亚洲av电影在线观看一区二区三区| 久久久a久久爽久久v久久| 精品一区二区三区四区五区乱码 | 搡女人真爽免费视频火全软件| 日韩制服丝袜自拍偷拍| 色婷婷av一区二区三区视频| 乱码一卡2卡4卡精品| av又黄又爽大尺度在线免费看| 精品一区二区三卡| 一级毛片电影观看| 亚洲欧美成人精品一区二区| 王馨瑶露胸无遮挡在线观看| 精品国产露脸久久av麻豆| 高清欧美精品videossex| 日本-黄色视频高清免费观看| 婷婷色综合www| 寂寞人妻少妇视频99o| 成年人午夜在线观看视频| 男的添女的下面高潮视频| 97人妻天天添夜夜摸| 2022亚洲国产成人精品| 欧美3d第一页| 免费播放大片免费观看视频在线观看| 国产深夜福利视频在线观看| 七月丁香在线播放| 在线观看一区二区三区激情| 2018国产大陆天天弄谢| 国产精品国产av在线观看| 免费大片18禁| 国产一区二区激情短视频 | 亚洲国产av影院在线观看| 国产精品久久久久久av不卡| 老女人水多毛片| 日本与韩国留学比较| 免费日韩欧美在线观看| 美女中出高潮动态图| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 韩国av在线不卡| 大陆偷拍与自拍| 天美传媒精品一区二区| 精品一品国产午夜福利视频| 亚洲熟女精品中文字幕| 中文乱码字字幕精品一区二区三区| 色94色欧美一区二区| 一级毛片电影观看| 高清在线视频一区二区三区| 99香蕉大伊视频| 亚洲精品第二区| 制服丝袜香蕉在线| 啦啦啦视频在线资源免费观看| 久热这里只有精品99| 日韩大片免费观看网站| 中文字幕制服av| 亚洲av中文av极速乱| 丝袜美足系列| 国产精品不卡视频一区二区| 国产成人精品婷婷| 精品亚洲乱码少妇综合久久| 男女边摸边吃奶| 99久国产av精品国产电影| 久久精品人人爽人人爽视色| 国产成人91sexporn| 日本欧美视频一区| 精品一区在线观看国产| 午夜福利,免费看| 91精品国产国语对白视频| 插逼视频在线观看| 亚洲欧美中文字幕日韩二区| 视频在线观看一区二区三区| 欧美亚洲日本最大视频资源| 国产极品粉嫩免费观看在线| 国产一区有黄有色的免费视频| 精品午夜福利在线看| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 极品人妻少妇av视频| 国产亚洲一区二区精品| 看非洲黑人一级黄片| 97在线人人人人妻| 一本—道久久a久久精品蜜桃钙片| 考比视频在线观看| 久久97久久精品| 免费高清在线观看日韩| a级毛片黄视频| 两性夫妻黄色片 | 90打野战视频偷拍视频| 久久午夜福利片| 亚洲欧美一区二区三区黑人 | 成人午夜精彩视频在线观看| 亚洲高清免费不卡视频| 一区二区三区精品91| 国产又爽黄色视频| 卡戴珊不雅视频在线播放| 最新的欧美精品一区二区| 欧美日韩国产mv在线观看视频| 亚洲精品日韩在线中文字幕| 如何舔出高潮| 十分钟在线观看高清视频www| 亚洲av综合色区一区| 日韩伦理黄色片| 免费看av在线观看网站| av播播在线观看一区| 男女午夜视频在线观看 | 一级爰片在线观看| 亚洲精品色激情综合| 成年女人在线观看亚洲视频| 中文字幕av电影在线播放| 国产精品国产三级专区第一集| 男人舔女人的私密视频| 自拍欧美九色日韩亚洲蝌蚪91|