姆扎巴橋，東開(kāi)普，南非

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：克恩頓州應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)，集體營(yíng)造NPO

1 近景/Nearby view

2 遠(yuǎn)景/Distant views

3 遠(yuǎn)景/Distant views

背景與介紹

社區(qū)項(xiàng)目“姆扎巴橋”用以應(yīng)對(duì)周邊居民對(duì)于安全渡過(guò)姆扎巴河的急迫需求，吊橋長(zhǎng)為140m，由各方合力完成設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施。

位于南非東開(kāi)普省的姆扎巴河將流域周邊30km范圍的居民與他們所需的健康及教育設(shè)施、就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)和日常補(bǔ)給分隔開(kāi)來(lái)。除了缺乏水電等基本設(shè)施，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用襁€忍受著腐敗和不公平、不公正的社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)。

在伊蘇巴野生海岸學(xué)校，與大學(xué)及姆扎巴河口地區(qū)的居民一起工作的過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)師們得知了孩子溺水的故事、學(xué)校食堂廚師的事故以及許多其他類(lèi)似的事件。建造一座橋梁的想法深深地吸引了他們，設(shè)計(jì)師們希望它能夠成為拯救生命的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，并通過(guò)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目回答一系列的相關(guān)問(wèn)題，例如如何建立可持續(xù)的伙伴關(guān)系、如何在極其窘迫的經(jīng)濟(jì)和工作條件下進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)，以及如何在非專(zhuān)業(yè)人士主導(dǎo)參與的情況下實(shí)施建造。

設(shè)計(jì)師與各相關(guān)方

奧地利非盈利組織“集體營(yíng)造”和來(lái)自克恩頓州應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)的兩名正在論文階段的學(xué)生組成了設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì), 一同進(jìn)行該項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)和規(guī)劃。代表當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的籌備指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)和客戶(hù)一同參與了整個(gè)過(guò)程，并在必要的時(shí)候介入進(jìn)行協(xié)商。部落權(quán)威人士的推動(dòng)、監(jiān)管委員會(huì)和當(dāng)?shù)馗飨嚓P(guān)方保證了公眾的成功參與和項(xiàng)目的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展。

來(lái)自南非和瑞士的工程師（呂辛格博士+邁耶事務(wù)所）、環(huán)境專(zhuān)家、馬比扎納市政部門(mén)和東開(kāi)普經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展環(huán)境事務(wù)和旅游部門(mén)的進(jìn)一步支持和授權(quán)使得項(xiàng)目技術(shù)上的準(zhǔn)確性和一致性得以建立。

通過(guò)這種使用者、學(xué)生和專(zhuān)家合作的方式，各方的參與者都得益于過(guò)程中的知識(shí)產(chǎn)出、文化交流、技能提高和責(zé)任意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)。

設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)與過(guò)程

這座橋梁是懸索結(jié)構(gòu)，兩個(gè)塔架將其分成3個(gè)區(qū)域。支撐懸索下懸吊著中空的鋼支架， 而人行步道位于其上，人行步道以下是穩(wěn)定懸索。

兩個(gè)塔架之間的跨度是66m，南邊的塔架有15m由河岸的樁柱地基支撐，北邊的塔架有13.2m由巖石支撐。174個(gè)吊架將133.85m的吊重索與131.9m的拉索相連。吊架與87個(gè)鎖扣零件相連，承載著混凝土橋塔與鋼橋塔之間的96個(gè)人行步道構(gòu)件。

設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)展之前，設(shè)計(jì)人員就奧地利和南非地區(qū)的人行橋做了大量的相關(guān)研究。整個(gè)過(guò)程中，源于場(chǎng)地的信息、數(shù)據(jù)和會(huì)議，以及被反饋到奧地利的各項(xiàng)結(jié)果對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)具有很好的指導(dǎo)作用。橋梁的設(shè)計(jì)考慮了地形條件、未來(lái)的使用需求和當(dāng)?shù)毓こ虒?shí)施的特殊情況。主要考慮的因素有材料的節(jié)省、建設(shè)場(chǎng)地的難以抵達(dá)、社區(qū)群眾自主建設(shè)的過(guò)程、維護(hù)的低成本、自然景觀的適應(yīng)性、跨度和寬度、風(fēng)力以及可用性。

（場(chǎng)地選擇）橋在姆扎巴河谷的選址保證了塔架的基座和拉索的錨點(diǎn)都能夠落在巖石層上。另外，選址也確保了居民能夠安全容易地由兩岸進(jìn)入橋梁。

（結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)）基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的匱乏和所在地區(qū)的崎嶇地形使得橋梁的建設(shè)難以使用重型設(shè)備。另外，供給運(yùn)輸?shù)脑O(shè)備和單個(gè)構(gòu)件需要在沒(méi)有昂貴技術(shù)支持的情況下也能夠?qū)嵤?。因此，在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)就決定建造一座輕量、小尺度的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)橋梁。

橋梁總體的幾何形態(tài)是由克恩頓州應(yīng)用科學(xué)大學(xué)和來(lái)自呂辛格博士+邁耶事務(wù)所的工程師們共同確定的，設(shè)計(jì)出的頂尖結(jié)構(gòu)因此能夠應(yīng)對(duì)來(lái)自場(chǎng)地的各種新發(fā)現(xiàn)。設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)根據(jù)連接構(gòu)件之間所需的力、地表巖石的不同情況、沼澤和沙土的計(jì)算得出了地基的設(shè)計(jì)。他們還向當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)演示了橋梁幾何形態(tài)的3D模型，并獲得了人們的認(rèn)可。

規(guī)劃橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)的過(guò)程中，將跨度和力的大小之間的指數(shù)關(guān)系與材料的消耗都考慮在內(nèi)，以此得到了最優(yōu)的解決方案。根據(jù)一種使橫向受力最小化的適宜的連接方式確定了塔架的高度。

事實(shí)上，大部分的施工都是由未經(jīng)過(guò)訓(xùn)練的人員完成的，這個(gè)情況也被考慮在了橋梁的規(guī)劃里：塔架被設(shè)計(jì)成了可拆解的L型桁架，由簡(jiǎn)單的螺栓連接。這些部件可以在地面組裝并立起，升起的過(guò)程由塔架底部的一個(gè)連接點(diǎn)支撐。采用預(yù)制的鋼構(gòu)件使生產(chǎn)過(guò)程不受氣候和場(chǎng)地的局限，隨后的電鍍得以在可控的情況下開(kāi)展，因此結(jié)構(gòu)能夠具有可靠的耐腐蝕性能，而這恰恰是在印度洋沿海區(qū)域的構(gòu)筑物保持長(zhǎng)久的重要前提。

從細(xì)節(jié)上的調(diào)整直到工程的結(jié)束，來(lái)自用戶(hù)、工程師和建造過(guò)程中的反饋對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)起到了重要的指導(dǎo)作用。

Background & introduction

The community-driven project "bridging Mzamba"originated in the urgent need of and request by surrounding inhabitants for a safe crossing of the Mzamba River and included design and implementation of a 140 metres long suspension bridge in a collaborative manner.

Located in Eastern Cape, South Africa, the Mzamba River separates inhabitants in a 30km catchment area from health care, educational facilities to employment opportunity and even daily supplies. Besides lacking access to basic services, electricity or water people suffer from inequality, corruption and injustice.

While working at the grounds of Ithuba Wild Coast School with universities and inhabitants around Mzamba Mouth, the designers heard about the drowning of a child, the accident of school catering chef Mavis Dlamini and many other stories.They are fascinated by the idea to build a bridge and to contribute to a lifesaving infrastructure,questions of sustainable partnerships, design under scarce financial and working condition and the implementation with lay-people directed the process.

4 草圖/Sketch（繪制/Drawing: Thomas Harlander, Florian Anzenberger）

Designers & stakeholders

The Austria based NPO build Collective teamed up with two thesis students of the Carinthia University of Applied Science for the design and planning phase. A Steering Committee representing the local community and client guided the process and carried on negotiations with necessary entities. The driving force of tribal authority, ward committee and local stakeholders ensured a successful public participation and sustainable development.

Further support and authorisation could be established in liaison with engineers from South Africa and Switzerland (Dr. Lüchinger+Meyer),environmental experts, the Mbizana Municipality and Eastern Cape Department of Economic Development Environmental Affairs and Tourism to ensure technical accuracy and compliance.

Through this collective approach with users,students and experts, the production of knowledge,cultural exchange, skills development and responsibility is achieved for all participants.

Design features & process

The bridge is a cable structure with two pylons,which divide the building into three fields. The hollow steel brackets on which the walkway rests are suspended from the supporting cables. Below the walkway level are the stabilisation cables.

Span-width between Pylons is 66 metres with the southern Pylon of 15 metres grounded on pile foundation on the river bank and the northern pylon with 13.2 metres is grounded on a rock. 174 hangers connect the 133.85 metres carrying ropes with the two 131.9 metres guy ropes. The hangers are connected to 87 binders which carry 96 walkway-elements between a concrete bridgehead and a steel bridgehead.

Extensive research about pedestrian bridges in Austria and South Africa was followed by a process related design. The design process had been very much guided by the information, data and meetings sourced on site and outcome sent to Austria. The design of the bridge structure took account of the topographical conditions and the needs of future use as well as taking the exceptional conditions of implementation under consideration. Main parametres were the reduction of material, a hardly accessible construction site, self-building process with community members, low maintenance,adaption with the natural landscape and of course span-width and forces of wind and usability.

5 剖面/Section（繪制/Drawing: Thomas Harlander, Florian Anzenberger）

建設(shè)過(guò)程

建設(shè)過(guò)程分為4個(gè)階段：在支流上建立臨時(shí)的通道，開(kāi)始場(chǎng)地的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施搭建，南邊塔架地基和橋塔、北邊地基、塔架和索道的建設(shè)，以及最后一個(gè)階段的吊架和人行步道構(gòu)件的鋪設(shè)，參與者應(yīng)用相關(guān)的技能，學(xué)習(xí)如何運(yùn)用混凝土、鋼、木頭和所需的工具。由15位居民和8位志愿者組成的團(tuán)隊(duì)密切地合作，并積極地同籌備指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)以及工程師們交流，從而保證技能的提升，橋的維護(hù)也因這份用心和認(rèn)同感而受益。

挑戰(zhàn)

工程也面臨了很多的挑戰(zhàn)，南非地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)資助的渠道、不斷變化的情況、因各相關(guān)方導(dǎo)致的工期延遲、施工場(chǎng)地難以進(jìn)入，以及由于政治因素受影響的時(shí)間和資金。

（合作中的挑戰(zhàn)）正如社區(qū)委員會(huì)主席所說(shuō)，“與其他的地方不同，我們的社區(qū)沒(méi)有焚燒汽車(chē)和動(dòng)亂，我們從前并不向政府索求任何東西。我們寧愿向外尋求另外的解決方法，因?yàn)槲覀冎勒疀](méi)辦法為所有人提供服務(wù)。我們可以在開(kāi)始之后再向他們提出提供基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的要求?！?/p>

由于缺乏政府方面的清晰條例和官方協(xié)定，整個(gè)工程的開(kāi)展過(guò)程都是以試錯(cuò)為原則的，應(yīng)對(duì)不斷的改變的條件和參與者們自主決策的結(jié)構(gòu)。團(tuán)隊(duì)用了整整3年的時(shí)間才確定歐洲和南非之間的合作關(guān)系、尋找經(jīng)濟(jì)支持和獲得設(shè)計(jì)的認(rèn)可，相較之下，實(shí)際的建設(shè)過(guò)程只花了9個(gè)月的時(shí)間。

（造價(jià)的挑戰(zhàn)）正如設(shè)計(jì)師們所說(shuō)，過(guò)程中最大的困難就是建設(shè)前后資金的匱乏，這阻礙了各種可能的可持續(xù)實(shí)踐，如讓社區(qū)參與主導(dǎo)的發(fā)展、應(yīng)用研究結(jié)果和超越設(shè)計(jì)建筑成品本身的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程等。

整個(gè)工程的造價(jià)為200,000歐元，全部由贊助方、捐款和個(gè)人捐助負(fù)擔(dān)。自2012年開(kāi)始，經(jīng)過(guò)多個(gè)階段的商議、籌款、設(shè)計(jì)和建造，這個(gè)杰出的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施在2015年的10月得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，成為一個(gè)由當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)成員和志愿者們自主建造的項(xiàng)目。

6 橋塔/Pylon（繪制/Drawing: Florian Anzenberger, Thomas Harlander）

影響、反思與評(píng)價(jià)

如今，姆扎巴橋?qū)⒘饔?0km范圍內(nèi)的居民與他們所需的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，如教育和醫(yī)療設(shè)施、工作崗位和日常的食物補(bǔ)給等聯(lián)系在了一起。每天有大約100人使用這座橋梁，而在周末和節(jié)假日時(shí)則會(huì)達(dá)到更高的使用率。另外，它還成為了當(dāng)?shù)氐牡貥?biāo)和有益于社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的潛在旅游景點(diǎn)。

如何在官方結(jié)構(gòu)薄弱的地區(qū)構(gòu)建合作關(guān)系成為“搭建姆扎巴橋”這個(gè)杰出項(xiàng)目的主要議題，也使得它成為未來(lái)類(lèi)似項(xiàng)目的有力案例。在政府和私人的領(lǐng)域都不具備實(shí)施建設(shè)所需基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的能力的時(shí)候，大學(xué)、非盈利性組織和社區(qū)需要承擔(dān)什么樣的角色？這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)的過(guò)程中所遇到的各種挑戰(zhàn)，經(jīng)濟(jì)上的局限、由于溝通和協(xié)調(diào)所造成的延遲、各相關(guān)方對(duì)于設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程和技術(shù)指標(biāo)的利益考量等，都為逐漸形成一個(gè)相關(guān)的準(zhǔn)則提供了依據(jù)。

在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施的過(guò)程中，為了信息交流和項(xiàng)目的詮釋?zhuān)O(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)運(yùn)用發(fā)展了合適的媒介，將每一個(gè)參與者都當(dāng)作專(zhuān)家來(lái)對(duì)待，照片、圖紙和視頻都被包括在視覺(jué)表現(xiàn)的范圍里。通過(guò)分析所記錄的過(guò)程，集體的反思和同合作方一起探索式的反饋，設(shè)計(jì)師所積累的見(jiàn)解將成為未來(lái)項(xiàng)目開(kāi)始的動(dòng)機(jī)。

只有在一段時(shí)間的評(píng)估之后，該項(xiàng)目對(duì)于歸屬感和維護(hù)方面所采取的策略才能看到效果。在第一個(gè)階段的使用，也就是工程完成的幾個(gè)月后，團(tuán)隊(duì)會(huì)獲取反饋以及對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)行調(diào)試。對(duì)于該項(xiàng)目的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展影響的評(píng)估（能夠抵達(dá)教育設(shè)施的兒童，夜間渡河的可能性等等）所獲得的信息和價(jià)值都將成為此類(lèi)共造所需基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和空間的案例的最好參照。

設(shè)計(jì)師們和各相關(guān)方的合作，一方面使得這些未來(lái)的使用者們學(xué)習(xí)到了不同的建造技術(shù)，另一方面鼓勵(lì)了對(duì)該橋梁進(jìn)行更加專(zhuān)業(yè)的維護(hù)。此外，由于居民們?cè)谀吩蜆蛄航ㄔO(shè)上所付出的努力，他們很強(qiáng)烈地意識(shí)到這是“他們”的橋梁。其他類(lèi)似的增加認(rèn)同感的策略還有進(jìn)行相關(guān)的展覽和放映、階段性的集體反思和慶祝，以及由全程參與者們組織的盛大的開(kāi)幕儀式等。

酋長(zhǎng)高興地說(shuō)“這是第一次籌劃指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)在項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施后還在一起交流和工作！”

社區(qū)的成員及建設(shè)隊(duì)伍成員強(qiáng)調(diào)了這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的積極影響：“如今，孩子們能每天上學(xué)了！小孩子，老人，每一天！甚至在夜里，你也可以去工作，去診所。而且，我在這其中還貢獻(xiàn)了自己的一份力量！”□（瑪琳·瓦格納 文，張靚秋 譯）

(site) The location of the bridge at the Mzamba River Valley was chosen so that the establishment of the pylons and the anchoring of the tension cables could be made in rock formations. Furthermore, the chosen location allows an easy and safe access to the bridge from both sides.

(structure) The lack of infrastructure and the difficult terrain in the area of the proposed river crossing made it impossible to use heavy equipment for bridge construction. Furthermore,supply conveyor and assembly of the individual design elements should be able to take place without expensive technical aids. Therefore, it was decided early in the design process to construct the bridge as a lightweight, small-scale steel structure.

The general geometry of the bridge was developed at the CUAS in collaboration with engineers from Dr. Lüchinger+Meyer for the top structure and adopted in action with new findings on site. Foundations were calculated according to necessary force of connections and the diverse ground conditions of rock, swamp and sandy earth.In 3D Models geometry was developed, presented to the local community and adapted.

When planning the bridge structure the exponential relationship between span and size of forces was considered with material consumption and developed a corresponding optimised solution.The height of the pylons is also enabled by a suitable choice of the stitch minimising horizontal forces.

The fact that the assembly of the structure is made by a majority untrained helper, has been considered in the planning: the pylons were designed as resolved trusses of L-profiles with simple screw connections. These were assembled on the ground and erected and the lifting process was supported by a joint at the pylon foot. Prefabrication of steel components allowed a weather- and siteindependent production and subsequent galvanising under controlled conditions and thus promoted a reliable corrosion protection, which is an important prerequisite for the longevity of the construction in the coastal region near the Indian Ocean.

Continuous feedback from user, engineers and the construction process itself guided the design with fine-tuning of details until completion.

Construction process

In all four construction phases from a temporary access bridge over a tributary, set out and site infrastructure, southern foundation of pylon and bridgehead, northern foundations, pylons and ropes and in a last phase hangers and walkway-elements,participants applied and learned skills working with concrete, steel, wood and necessary tools. A team of fifteen residents and eight volunteers who worked together in close collaboration and informative exchange with the steering committee and engineers enabled skills development, benefit in maintenance through care and identification with the bridge.

Challenges

The challenges of this project range from the source of financial support in South Africa and the continuously changing conditions, delays caused by different stakeholders, the inaccessibility of the site and political instrumentalisation influenced the time framework and funding.

(Collaborations) As Nonhle Mbuthuma,chairperson of the Community Committee points out: "Our community is used to not getting anything from government but in contrast to other places we are not burning cars or riot. We rather reach out and try to find new ways because we know government is not able to provide service for all. We can meet them half way to provide infrastructure."

The process set up was guided by the principles of trial and error, adopted in action to react to changing conditions and self-organised decision-making structures of the participants due to the lack of clear regulations or official protocol from governmental side. It took three years to set up partnerships in Europe and South Africa, find financial support and adopt the design in contrast to only about nine months of actual construction phases.

(Cost) According to the designers, the biggest challenge is the scarcity of funds for pre- and postconstruction phases, hindering possible sustainable implementation through community driven development, applied research and design-practice beyond the architectural product.

Overall project costs of 200,000 Euros have been carried solely by sponsors, donations and personal contribution. In several phases of negotiations,fundraising, design and construction since 2012,this extraordinary infrastructure could be realised in October 2015 as a self-build project of community members and volunteers.

Impacts, reflections & comments

The Mzamba Bridge is now connecting residents of a catchment area of 30km to necessary infrastructure such as educational facilities, health care, jobs and general food supply. About 100 people are using the bridge on a daily basis with higher rhythms around weekends and holidays. Furthermore,it serves as a landmark and potential tourist attraction in the area to enable socio-economic development.

7 運(yùn)輸/Transportation

8 清理現(xiàn)場(chǎng)/Clean site

9 施工中/Under construction

10 施工中/Under construction

11 施工中/Under construction

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: Mzamba Mouth, Eastern Cape, South Africa, 31o5'44.89"S / 30o9'31.83"E

客戶(hù)/Client: bridging MZAMBA Community Steering Committee

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Thomas Harlander, Florian Anzenberger, Peter Nigst

項(xiàng)目管理與執(zhí)行/Project Management and Implementation:build Collective NPO, Elias Rubin, Marlene Wagner

結(jié)構(gòu)工程/Structural Engineers: Dr. Lüchinger + Meyer Bauingenieure AG

顧問(wèn)/Consultants: Rudi Keudel-Schaffer, Bruce Plumbly,Wolfgang Steiner, Nonhle Mbuthuma, Felicity Swanepoel

主要贊助方/Main Sponsors: Friedrich Bauer, Gunter Weisbrod,Birgit Werner, Bank Austria, Pfeifer Seil und Hebetechnik, GEA,Teufelberger, ATE, Haslinger Stahlbau, HSG, Nuquip, Land K?rnten, Land Salzburg, Land Nieder?sterreich

支持方/Supporters: Mbizana Local Municipality, Eastern Cape Department of Economic Development, UNESCO

社區(qū)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)/Community Steering Committee: Nonhle Mbuthuma, Mashono Dlamini, Nkhulwani Mnyamane,Macube Mathembu, Mavis Dlamini, Thandazile Gampe,Sajini Dlamini, Stera Ndovela, Mdumiseni Dlamini,Madoyisi Dimane, Ntlahla Hlebo, Portia Ogle, Xolani Zindela, Simon Nzimakhwe, Nhindelwa Dlamini

施工團(tuán)隊(duì)/Construction Team: Melan Juta, Pakhamini Ngeleka, Siyabonga Khuzwayo, Siyabonga Mxunjini, Aiysha Dlamini, Khona Gampe, Ntombizethu Mnyamana, Ntobeko Dlamini, Zenzile Chiya, Andile Dlamini, Siphiwe Dlamini,Ntomsetu Dlamini, Monde Mdunyelwa, Mjo Bhele, Mbongeni Dlamini, Xolani Mnyamana, Lizwe Dlamini, Yandisa Dlamini,Sithole Dlamini, Mthokozizi Ndlovu, Moses Mbuthuma,Richman Ntuli, David Mbuthuma, Lonwabo Dlamini,

Abraham Ngeleka, Jesko von Jeney, Virginia Clasen, Sebastian Schweinberger, Christoph Jach, Laura Stock, Lukas Hofbauer,Anna Weisbrod, Hadrien Clair, Valentin Kandler, Tobias Lackner, Simon Spenrath, Günther Egger, Reinhard Stundner技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)/Technical Data: 懸索橋全長(zhǎng)140m，跨距塔架66m，塔高15m，4組鋼絲繩24mm 直徑，總長(zhǎng)531.5 m；基礎(chǔ): 38m3混凝土，174 組吊掛扁鋼，87組桁架，96 通道組件/suspension bridge total length 140 m, span-width between pylons 66 m, pylon hight 15 m, 4 steelropes 24mm diameter, total 531.5 m, Foundation: 38m3concrete, 174 hangers fl at steel, 87 frames, 96 walkway elements

材料/Materials: 鋼，混凝土/Steel, concrete

項(xiàng)目時(shí)間/Project Year: 2012 - 2015

攝影/Photos: Marlene Wagner(fig.1,7,8,10,14), Hadrien Clair(fig.2,3,16-18), Florian Anzenberger(fig.9), Anna Weisbrod(fig.11,13,19), Thomas Harlander(fig.15)

12 步道/Walkway（繪制/Drawing: Thomas Harlander, Florian Anzenberger）

13 步道實(shí)景/Views of walkway

14 步道實(shí)景/Views of walkway

15 遠(yuǎn)景/Distant view

評(píng)論

周政旭：這座吊橋凝聚的是來(lái)自?shī)W地利、瑞士、南非等多國(guó)人士以及當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦钠谕?、協(xié)作與長(zhǎng)達(dá)4年的行動(dòng)。與當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦男枨笙啾?，形式顯得并不那么重要，與此同時(shí)跨度卻成為首要考慮的問(wèn)題。學(xué)生、工程師聯(lián)手設(shè)計(jì)了這一輕盈的橋梁結(jié)構(gòu)，并特意采取可由非熟練工人簡(jiǎn)單裝配、適應(yīng)度高的裝配方式，將社區(qū)充分地動(dòng)員到橋梁的建設(shè)當(dāng)中。值得一提的是，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)在耐久性、抗風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性等方面具有優(yōu)勢(shì)，這也有利于吊橋持久地為該地居民提供便利。

李燁：所謂公益項(xiàng)目，往往是用較少的資金來(lái)引動(dòng)更多的資源，形成有公共意義的結(jié)果。從這個(gè)角度看，本項(xiàng)目無(wú)疑是成功的。而對(duì)于本項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)層面，恰恰也符合這樣的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

我們看到橋體的構(gòu)件，如橋墩、拉索、踏板等，被分解為若干可以通過(guò)人工進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單建造的部分，降低造價(jià)的同時(shí)，簡(jiǎn)化施工過(guò)程中的工程量、增加當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦膮⑴c度。橋體構(gòu)件大量采用的扁鋼，在尺度上與周?chē)鷺?shù)林的環(huán)境產(chǎn)生微妙的契合；橋身漆成的淺灰色，與周邊裸露的巖石相呼應(yīng)；橋體的弧線(xiàn)步行者提供了有趣的過(guò)橋體驗(yàn)。

The main issue arising out of this extraordinary project, bridging Mzamba, is its potency as a case study providing a base for future partnership in areas weak for formal structure. What is the role of universities, NPO′s and communities for the implementation of needed infrastructure where governmental capacities or the private sector are failing? Guidelines can be developed through the experienced challenges from financial constraints and delays over communication and mediation,interest of diverse stakeholders to the design process and technical specifications.

In the process, the suitable media for exchange and narratives needs to be developed, visual representation through photography, drawings and film to be tested for inclusivity, treating all participants as experts. Analysing the documented process, collective reflection and exploratory feedback with partners accumulate to be shared as initial impulse and a first step to future projects.

Only after a certain time period will the outcome on strategies of ownership and maintenance be visible. A first utilisation phase was followed by feedback and technical adaptions a few months after realisation. An impact assessment on socio-economic development (children reaching educational facilities,river crossing possible at night, etc.) would generate information and values supporting arguments for the collective creation of needed infrastructure and space.

This collaboration between designers and different stakeholders allowed, on the one hand,the future users learning of different construction techniques; it also encourages, on the other hand, the professional maintenance of the bridge. In addition,the residents identify very strongly with "their" bridge over the Mzamba through their work performed.Additional strategies like exhibitions, screenings and collective reflection celebrating steps and a big official opening ceremony organised by participating members accompanied all implementation phases.

Headman Mashono Dlamini is happy to say that "It's the first project where the representing Steering Committee is still communicating and working together after the project!"

Community member and part of Construction team member Pakhamani Ngeleka underlines the positive impact of the infrastructure "Now the kids go to school every day! Children, old people every day! You can go to work and access to the clinic, even at night. And I have been playing my part making this possible!" □ (Text: Marlene Wagner)

16 橋身局部/Parts of the bridge

17 橋身局部/Parts of the bridge

18 橋身局部/Parts of the bridge

19 團(tuán)隊(duì)與橋塔/Team members with pylon

Comments

ZHOU Zhengxu: This suspended bridge concentrates on expectation, collaboration, and 4-year-long action by people from different countries including Austria, Switzerland,South Africa, as well as the local residents. Compared with the demanding of local residents, the form seems not so important, but the span becomes the prior question for consideration at the same time. Students and engineers join their hands in designing this light bridge structure, and purposely adopt a method for assembly construction that can be done by unskillful workers and with high degree of adaptation, so as to fully motivate the whole community into the construction of the bridge. It is worthy of mentioning that steel structure is particularly advantageous in lasting and anti-risk, which makes it possible for the bridge to provide convenience for local residents for a long period of time.

LI Ye: The so-called common wealth projects usually use a small amount of fund to motivate more resources so as to result in public significance. From this perspective,the project is no doubt successful. And the design of the project is also in line with such a criterion.

As we can see, the components of the bridge, like bridge piers, inhaul cables, and pedals, are disassembled into construction parts that can be built with simple human work. While reducing the construction cost, it also decreases the engineering volume during the implementation and increases the degree of participation by local residents. The large amount application of flat steel on the components of the bridge realises a delicate fusion between the scale of the bridge and the surrounding woods environment; the light grey painting on the bridge body responds with the uncovered rocks around; and the curve of the bridge provides an interesting bridge-passing experience for the pedestrians.