江西 邱世才
句子按用途可以分為四類(lèi),即陳述句(肯定句和否定句)、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句,對(duì)它們的考查常常出現(xiàn)在選擇填空和句型轉(zhuǎn)換題型中。
1.there be結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)there be結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。
be在人稱(chēng)和數(shù)上應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)(名詞)保持一致。主語(yǔ)是不可數(shù)名詞或單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)用is,復(fù)數(shù)名詞用are。兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞作主語(yǔ),be動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)在數(shù)上保持一致。例如:
There is a pen and some books on the desk.在桌子上有一支鋼筆和一些書(shū)。
(2)there be結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成。
表達(dá)將來(lái)用there is (are)going to be或there will be;表示過(guò)去某處或某時(shí)有某人或某物用there was/were。例如:
There were a lot of students in the classroom yesterday.昨天教室里有許多學(xué)生。
2.否定句
(1)含be、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞的句子,直接在這些詞后加not。
(2)含實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的句子,主語(yǔ)是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù),一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定句要借助于助動(dòng)詞does,并加not構(gòu)成,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用原形;一般過(guò)去時(shí)的否定句要借助助動(dòng)詞did,并加not構(gòu)成,實(shí)義動(dòng)詞要用原形。
(3)單詞變化構(gòu)成否定句,如both改neither,both...and...改 neither...nor...,all(of) 改 none(of),often 改never,always 改 seldom,already 改 yet,everything改nothing等。例如:
All the answers are wrong.=None of the answers are right.沒(méi)有一個(gè)答案是對(duì)的。
【注意】
在構(gòu)成否定句時(shí),some改為any,some-所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞改為any-所構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞。例如:
The twin needs some bananas.(改為否定句)
→The twin doesn’t need any bananas.
3.高頻句
(1)“It’s+ 形容詞 +for/of sb.to do sth.”意為“對(duì)某人來(lái)說(shuō)做某事是……的”。句中的形容詞表示人的性格特征時(shí),用of;形容詞描述事物,不對(duì)不定式作為者進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),用for。例如:
It’s foolish of him to go alone./He was foolish to go along.他單獨(dú)外出太傻了。
It’s very dangerous for him to cross the busy street.對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō),穿過(guò)繁忙的街道很危險(xiǎn)。
(2)“It takes/took/will take sb.+time/money to do sth.”意為“花費(fèi)某人多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間/錢(qián)做某事”。此句型可轉(zhuǎn)換為“Sb.spends/spent/will spend+time/money(in)doing/on sth.”。例如:
It took me a week to finish reading the book./I spent a week in reading the book.讀完那本書(shū)花了我一周時(shí)間。
(3)“It seems/seemed that...”意為“看起來(lái)好像……”。it是形式主語(yǔ),代替that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。此句型常與“Sb./Sth.seems/seemed to be...”互換。例如:
It seems that he has known everything./He seems to have known everything.他似乎已經(jīng)知道一切了。
(4)“It’s said+that從句”意為“據(jù)說(shuō)……”。充當(dāng)形容詞成分的said是過(guò)去分詞,類(lèi)似的詞還有reported(報(bào)道)、thought(認(rèn)為)、known(周知)、suggested(建議)、proved(證明)等。例如:
It is reported that there will be a concert this evening.據(jù)報(bào)道,今晚有一場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)。
1.一般疑問(wèn)句
含助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及be動(dòng)詞的陳述句,把這些詞提前即可變成一般疑問(wèn)句。句中的動(dòng)詞為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,可加助動(dòng)詞do/does/did,且實(shí)義動(dòng)詞還原為原形。陳述句中的第一人稱(chēng)變?yōu)橄鄳?yīng)的第二人稱(chēng),第二人稱(chēng)有時(shí)也改為相應(yīng)的第一人稱(chēng)。例如:
I used to get up early in the morning.→Did you use to get up early in the morning?
Allan goes to the library every Monday.→Does Allan go to the library every Monday?
2.選擇疑問(wèn)句
對(duì)選擇疑問(wèn)句的考查,除包含一般疑問(wèn)句的考查內(nèi)容外,還要側(cè)重于連詞or的使用。例如:
This is my pencil.(用her pencil改為選擇疑問(wèn)句)→ Is this your pencil or her pencil?
3.反意疑問(wèn)句
(1)反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成是“前肯后否或前否后肯”,附加問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與陳述部分主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)保持一致。例如:
You bought a new computer last week,didn’t you?
Peter hardly had time for concerts at that time,did he?
(2)陳述部分是祈使句,附加問(wèn)句部分用will you/won’t you。但 Let’s... 后的附加問(wèn)句用 shall we,Let us...后的附加問(wèn)句用will you。例如:
Don’t plan on driving a car in Tibet,will you?
Let’s go to the supermarket,shall we?
Let me help you,will you?
(3)陳述部分中含有 never、seldom、hardly、few、little、nothing、none、no、nobody 等否定意義的詞匯時(shí),附加問(wèn)句則為肯定形式。例如:
He can hardly swim,can he?
They seldom come late,do they?
4.特殊疑問(wèn)句
(1)疑問(wèn)詞的選用。
根據(jù)疑問(wèn)詞(如 how,when,what,where,why,who,whom,whose及以其他詞構(gòu)成的疑問(wèn)詞)的意思,并結(jié)合句意和語(yǔ)境來(lái)選擇疑問(wèn)詞。例如:
—It took me half an hour to clean the house.打掃房子花費(fèi)我半個(gè)小時(shí)。(對(duì)畫(huà)線部分提問(wèn))
—How long did it take you to clean the house?打掃房子花費(fèi)你多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?(詢(xún)問(wèn)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度)
(2)特殊疑問(wèn)句的語(yǔ)序。
一般情況下,特殊疑問(wèn)句是由“疑問(wèn)詞+一般疑問(wèn)句”構(gòu)成,但疑問(wèn)詞作主語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)時(shí),用陳述語(yǔ)序。例如:
Who’s your English teacher?誰(shuí)是你的英語(yǔ)老師?
Which woman is your aunt?哪一位婦女是你的姨媽?zhuān)?/p>
(3)對(duì)畫(huà)線部分提問(wèn)。
對(duì)畫(huà)線部分提問(wèn)可采取下列方法。去:去掉畫(huà)線部分;變:把去掉畫(huà)線部分后的句子變化為一般疑問(wèn)句句型(對(duì)主語(yǔ)提問(wèn)或?qū)χ髡Z(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí),仍用陳述句語(yǔ)序);選:即根據(jù)畫(huà)線部分的意思選擇一個(gè)合適的疑問(wèn)詞,并放在句首;改:即將原句首詞的字母由大寫(xiě)形式改為小寫(xiě)形式(原句為人名、地名等專(zhuān)有名詞仍用大寫(xiě)),并將原句的句號(hào)改為問(wèn)號(hào)。例如:
The woman looks after Rose at home.
【解析】去:去掉畫(huà)線部分at home,成為“The woman looks after Rose.”。變:改為一般疑問(wèn)句句型:Does the woman look after Rose?選:根據(jù)畫(huà)線部分(at home)的意思選擇合適的疑問(wèn)詞。此處的畫(huà)線部分指地點(diǎn),選where,并放在句首。改:首字母大寫(xiě)并標(biāo)上問(wèn)號(hào),即“Where does the woman look after Rose?”。
1.肯定句式
祈使句肯定結(jié)構(gòu)的三種類(lèi)型(Do、Be、Let),委婉請(qǐng)求用please。例如:
Go and ask the teacher.去問(wèn)問(wèn)老師。
Be quiet,please.請(qǐng)保持安靜。
Let’s put these books in the box.請(qǐng)把這些書(shū)放進(jìn)箱子里。
2.否定句式
祈使句否定句式的三種類(lèi)型:“Don’t+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞原形”、“Don’t be”和“No+ 名詞或動(dòng)名詞”。例如:
Don’t play with the cat,please./Please don’t play with the cat.請(qǐng)不要玩貓。
Don’t be late.不要遲到。
No smoking!禁止吸煙!
【注意】
Let型祈使句的否定式可分兩種情況:“Don’t let+名詞(代詞)+動(dòng)詞原形”或“Let’s not+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:
Don’t let him in.不要讓他進(jìn)來(lái)。
Let’s not play basketball in the classroom.咱們別在教室打籃球。
四、感嘆句
1.What式感嘆句
引導(dǎo)感嘆句的what為形容詞,作定語(yǔ),用來(lái)修飾名詞(詞組)。如果名詞是可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù),形容詞前要加上a/an。例如:
What a fine day it is!多好的天氣??!
What bad weather it is!多糟糕的天氣!
What beautiful flowers these are!這些是多么漂亮的花??!
2.How式感嘆句
引導(dǎo)感嘆句的how為副詞,用來(lái)修飾其后的形容詞或副詞。例如:
How hot it is!天氣多熱??!
How well he draws!他畫(huà)得多好??!
【注意】
兩種感嘆句的互換:what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中有名詞短語(yǔ)時(shí),可轉(zhuǎn)換成how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句;當(dāng)how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中有形容詞時(shí),可轉(zhuǎn)換成what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。例如:
Howinterestingthestoryis!這個(gè)故事多么有趣??!→What an interesting story it is!多么有趣的故事??!
1.—What’s in the picture?
—There______a teacher and some students playing games on the playground.【2017·銅仁中考題】
A.is B.are C.has D.have
【答案與解析】A 考查there be結(jié)構(gòu)。根據(jù)答語(yǔ)意思“在操場(chǎng)上有一個(gè)老師和一些學(xué)生在做游戲”可排除C、D兩項(xiàng)。在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中,be后的可數(shù)名詞(主語(yǔ))有幾個(gè)時(shí),根據(jù)靠be最近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)來(lái)確定。鄰近主語(yǔ)是a teacher,故用is。
2.______that they haven’t known the news.【2016·蘭州中考題】
A.It seems B.It seemed
C.They seem D.They seemed
【答案與解析】A 考查固定句型。It seems/seemed that...意為“看起來(lái)好像……”。根據(jù)that后的賓語(yǔ)從句為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可知,主句不可能是一般過(guò)去時(shí)。故選A項(xiàng)。
3.—______will you ask for help when you are in trouble?
—My parents,I think. 【2017·孝感中考題】
A.Who B.WhatC.Where D.When
【答案與解析】A 考查疑問(wèn)代詞。根據(jù)答語(yǔ)句意“我認(rèn)為是我父母”可推斷,問(wèn)句詢(xún)問(wèn)的是“當(dāng)你處于困境中時(shí),你會(huì)向誰(shuí)求助?”,故所缺的疑問(wèn)代詞是Who。
4.—People choose high-speed train or selfdriving to travel on holidays.
—_______ fastthe traditionaltravelways change! 【2017·宜昌中考題】
A.What a B.How C.WhatD.How a
【答案與解析】B 考查感嘆句的構(gòu)成。修飾副詞fast要用How,且其后不加冠詞。
5.—Excuse me,but can you tell me where the nearest bank is?
—Just_______going for two more blocks and you’ll see it. 【2017·南京中考題】
A.keep B.to keep C.keeping D.keeps
【答案與解析】A 考查祈使句的構(gòu)成??隙ㄆ硎咕渫ǔR詣?dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭。
6.Professor Tu Youyou never stops doing research on Chinese medicine,_______?【2017·上海中考題】
A.is she B.does she
C.isn’t she D.doesn’t she
【答案與解析】B 考查反意疑問(wèn)句。陳述部分含否定意義的never,附加疑問(wèn)部分用肯定式;Professor Tu Youyou是第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式,用she代替;陳述句謂語(yǔ)為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞stops,助動(dòng)詞用does。
7.Mark is watching TV now.(改成否定句)【2015·重慶中考題】
Mark______________TV now.
【答案與解析】isn’t watching 考查否定句的構(gòu)成?,F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)的否定句式直接在助動(dòng)詞be后加not構(gòu)成。
8.People will use robots more and more in the future life.(改為一般疑問(wèn)句) 【2017·孝感中考題】
_______people_______robots more and more in the future life?
【答案與解析】Will;use 考查一般疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成。一般將來(lái)時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)將助動(dòng)詞提前即轉(zhuǎn)化為一般疑問(wèn)句。
9.My husband likes fish for lunch.(用chicken完成選擇問(wèn)句) 【2014·新疆中考題】
Which does your husband like better for lunch,fish______________?
【答案與解析】or chicken 考查選擇疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成。選擇疑問(wèn)句的結(jié)構(gòu)為“一般疑問(wèn)句+or+供選擇部分?”。
一、根據(jù)句意,從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇正確答案。
1.Look!There_______a photo of our English teacher in today’s newspaper!
A.is B.are C.have D.have
2._______picture books in class,please.
A.Not read B.No read
C.Not reading D.Don’t read
3.It’s dangerous_______with the wild animal.
A.for us to play B.of us playing
C.for us playing D.of us to play
4.—_______are the Olympic Games held,do you know?
—Every four years.
A.How soon B.How far
C.How long D.How often
5—_______kind girl Nancy is!
—Yes,she is always ready to help others.
A.What B.What a C.How D.How a
二、根據(jù)括號(hào)里的要求完成句型轉(zhuǎn)換,每空一詞。
1.Liu Ying does morning exercises every day.(改為否定句)
Liu Ying______________morning exercises every day.
2.The red skirt is Lily’s.(對(duì)畫(huà)線部分提問(wèn))
______________the red skirt?
3.We had some work to do last Sunday.(改為一般疑問(wèn)句)
_______you______________work to do last Sunday?
4.He could hardly wait.(改為反意疑問(wèn)句)
He could hardly wait,_______________?
5.It is a very fine day.(改為感嘆句)______________fine day_______________!