漢譯英的翻譯技巧

田明

摘要：把漢語(yǔ)句子和段落用一種方式譯出來(lái)是容易的，但能用多種方式進(jìn)行翻譯，才算得上真正的語(yǔ)音功底。要用多種方式進(jìn)行翻譯就需要翻譯的技巧。本文將就此技巧進(jìn)行探討。

關(guān)鍵詞：翻譯；句子成份；分析；移位

要將一個(gè)句子用多種方式進(jìn)行翻譯就必須對(duì)句子成份的劃分作“移位”處理。

例一：我們上大學(xué)，學(xué)知識(shí)。如果把“上”和“學(xué)”兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都劃為謂語(yǔ)，就屬“并列”；如果把“上”劃分為謂語(yǔ)，把“學(xué)”劃分為狀語(yǔ)，就屬“不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)”；如果把“上大學(xué)”劃分為“學(xué)知識(shí)”的途徑，就屬“方式狀語(yǔ)”；如果是“我們上了大學(xué)，學(xué)到了知識(shí)，” 就把“學(xué)知識(shí)”劃分為“結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)?！币虼?，根據(jù)以上的劃分，這個(gè)句子就可用四種方式進(jìn)行翻譯：

1.We go to college and study things. （并列）

2.We go to college to study things.（目的）

3.We study things by going to college.（ 方式 ）

4.We went to college， as a result， we learnt things. （ 結(jié)果 ）

我們可以據(jù)此舉一反三：

例二：警察圍山，抓罪犯。

1.The police surrounded the hill and grasped the criminal.（并列）

2.The police surrounded the hill to grasp the criminal.（目的）

3.The police grasped the criminal by surrounding the hill.（方式）

4.The police surrounded the hill， as a result， They grasped the criminal. （結(jié)果）

例三：劉翔參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，獲得金牌。

1.Liu Xiang took part in the sports meet and gained a golden medal.

2.Liu Xiang took part in the sports meet to win a golden medal.

3.Liu Xiang gained a golden medal by taking part in the sports meet.

4.Liu Xiang took part in the sports meet， as a result， he gained a golden medal.

同樣，這樣的“移位”也可應(yīng)用在其它句子的翻譯中：

例一：我們可以將信息轉(zhuǎn)換成密碼來(lái)保密。

如果把“轉(zhuǎn)換”劃分為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，“保密就劃分為“目的狀語(yǔ)：

We can transfer information into a code to keep it secret.

In order to keep secret， we can transfer information into a code.

如果把“保密”劃分為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，“轉(zhuǎn)換”就劃分為“方式狀語(yǔ)：”

We can keep the information secret by transferring it into a code.

以次類推，段落文字的翻譯也用“移位”的方法進(jìn)行：

例一： 我們堅(jiān)持穩(wěn)中求進(jìn)工作總基調(diào)，迎難而上，開拓進(jìn)取，取得了改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的歷史性成就。如果將“堅(jiān)持”、“迎難而上”和“開拓進(jìn)取”劃分為聯(lián)動(dòng)謂語(yǔ)，把“取得了”劃分為“結(jié)構(gòu)狀語(yǔ)，” 該段文字的翻譯如下：We persisted In the underlying principle of pursing progress while insuring stability， pushed ahead In face of difficulties， pioneered and explored， as a result， We made historic achievements In the reform， opening up and the socialist modernization.但如果把“堅(jiān)持”、“迎難而上”和“開拓進(jìn)取”劃分為“方式狀語(yǔ)，” 把“取得”劃分為謂語(yǔ)，該段文字就有了第二種翻譯，而這種譯文才更貼近英國(guó)人的思維：

We have made historic achievements by pursing progress while insuringstability， pushing ahead in face of difficulties， pioneering and exploring.例二：五年來(lái)，我們黨以巨大的政治勇氣和強(qiáng)烈的責(zé)任擔(dān)當(dāng)，提出一系列新理論新思想新戰(zhàn)略，出臺(tái)一系列重大方針政策，推出一系列重大舉措，推進(jìn)一系列重大工作，解決了許多長(zhǎng)期想解決而沒(méi)有解決的難題，辦成了許多過(guò)去想辦而沒(méi)有辦成的大事，推動(dòng)黨和國(guó)家事業(yè)發(fā)生歷史性變革。如果將“提出”、“出臺(tái)”、“推出”、“推進(jìn)”劃分為謂語(yǔ)聯(lián)動(dòng)，把“解決”和“辦成”就劃分為“結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)”的話，該段文字的英文翻譯如下：

For five years， our Party has demonstrated tremendous political courage and a powerful sense of mission as it has developed new ideas， new thinking， and new strategies， adopted a raft of major principles and policies， launched a host of major initiatives， and pushed ahead with many major tasks. We have solved many tough problems that were long on the agenda but never resolved， and accomplished many things that were wanted but never got done. With this， we have prompted historic shifts in the cause of the Party and the country. These historic changes will have a powerful and far-reaching effect on the development of this cause.

如果將“解決”和“辦成”劃分為謂語(yǔ)，而把“提出”、“出臺(tái)”、“推出”和“推進(jìn)”劃分為四個(gè)方式狀語(yǔ)，該段文字的英文翻譯就是：

（1）Since the five years， with great courage and strong responsibility， our Party had put forward a series of new ideas， new thoughts and new strategies， launched a series of important policies， brought forth a series of major measures， and promoted a series of great projects， as a result， we have cracked many tough problems which we wanted to for long but we failed， and accomplished the great tasks which we wanted to in the past but we failed， which has pushed ahead the historic changes in the causes of our Party and our country.（2）Since the five years， with great political courage and strong responsibility， our Party has cracked many tough problems which we wanted to for long but we failed， and accomplished many great projects which we wanted to in the past but we failed by putting forward a series of new ideas， new thoughts and new strategies， bringing forth a series of important policies， launching a series of major measures and advancing a series of great projects， which has pushed forward the causes of our Party and our country.

如果能對(duì)一個(gè)句子和一段文字進(jìn)行這樣的分析，處理和移位，就進(jìn)入了漢譯英的自由王國(guó)和最佳境界。（作者單位：重慶大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院）

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]張培基.英漢翻譯教程[M].上海：上外教育出版社，2018.

[2]武偵.英翻漢教程新說(shuō)[M].北京：北大出版社，2016.

[3]許建平.英漢互譯[M].北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2015.