定語從句中的六個陷阱

定語從句是中學(xué)英語中較難掌握的從句之一，其規(guī)則繁雜，難以記憶，因而同學(xué)們在運(yùn)用過程中常常會掉入種種陷阱，現(xiàn)歸納分析最常見的六種情況，供大家參考。

一、關(guān)系代詞that和which錯用

A）雖然that 和which 指物時均可在從句中作主語或賓語，但在以下情況下只用that而不用which：

（1） 當(dāng)先行詞為all，everthing，anything，nothing，little，much 等不定代詞時。（something后面的句既可用that也可用which引導(dǎo)）

如：He told us all that he had done.

（2）當(dāng)先行詞被 very，both，the only，all，every，no，any，little，much，some 修飾時。

如：This is the only English – Chinese dictionary that I have.

（3）當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級修飾時。

如：This is the most beautiful city that I have visited.

（4）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時。

如：This is the last lesson that we have this term.

（5） 當(dāng)先行詞既包括人又包括物時。

如：They talked for hours of things and persons that they rememered at the school.

（6）當(dāng)主語是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時。

如：Which is the coat that you like best？

（7）當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作表語時，無論先行詞是人還是物。

如：China is no loner the country that she was.

B）關(guān)系代詞指物時只用which不用that 的情況。

（1）關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語并且介詞提至關(guān)系代詞前時只用which（當(dāng)介詞在從句句尾時，兩者皆可）。

如：This is the question about which we have had so much discussion.=This is the question which/ that we have had so much discussion about.

（2）在非限定性定語從句中必須用which不能用that。

如：They have invited me to visit their country，which is very kind of them.

二、關(guān)系代詞的漏用

定語從句中關(guān)系代詞作主語時不能省略。（也可以把定語從句改為現(xiàn)在分詞形式作定語）

如：The student who/that is standing there is our monitor.

（=The student standing there is our monitor.）

三、關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的混淆

A）that/ which和when

先行詞是時間名詞時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“when ”取決于該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語/賓語還是時間狀語。

如：Do you still remember the day （that/which） we first spent together.（作賓語可以省略）

It was on the next day when the baby was born that the mother died.（作狀語）

B）that/which 和where

先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“where”取決于該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語/賓語還是地點(diǎn)狀語。

如：I will never forget the school （that/which） we visited last Sunday.（作賓語可以省略）

Plants cant grow in the place where there is no water.（作狀語）

C）that/which 和why

先行詞是reason 時，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞“why”取決與該先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語/賓語還是原因狀語。

如：Is this the reason （that/which） he gives for being late？ （作賓語可以省略）

There are several reasons why we cant do that.（作狀語）

四、定語從句主謂不一致

當(dāng)定語從句的先行詞是one of …的結(jié)構(gòu)時，先行詞為of 后的復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞，從句謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；當(dāng)先行詞是the（only/ very ） one of …的結(jié)構(gòu)時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式。

如：This is one of the rooms that are free now.

Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who kowns a little Chinese.

五、定語從句重復(fù)用詞

A）關(guān)系詞與疑問詞重復(fù)

若主句以疑問詞who/which 開頭，為了避免重復(fù)，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞要用that代替。

如：Who is the man that shook hands with you just now？

Which is the book that you want to borrow from me？

B）關(guān)系詞與被替換詞重復(fù)

如：This is the jacket which I bought it last month.（誤）

析：關(guān)系代詞which 已經(jīng)在從句中充當(dāng)賓語，it 是多余的。

如：Is this the museum where Jane has worked there for twenty years ？（誤）

析：關(guān)系副詞 where 已經(jīng)在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語，there 多余的。

六、定語從句中介詞的選用

“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom指物時用which，其余的介詞選用要考慮到：1.介詞與先行詞的搭配關(guān)系；2.介詞與從句中謂語動詞的搭配關(guān)系；3.介詞與從句中形容詞、名詞等的搭配關(guān)系等。（該結(jié)構(gòu)一般可以與對應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞相互轉(zhuǎn)換）

【作者簡介】王曰福，甘肅天祝一中。