李鳴歌,陳志曄,劉 剛,肖華鋒,陳新靜,婁 昕,馬 林
1中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院放射科,北京100853 2南開大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院,天津 300071 3中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院海南分院放射科,海南三亞 572013
ActaAcadMedSin,2018,40(2):146-150
原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)與膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)同為腦內(nèi)惡性腫瘤性病變,但在治療上存在不同之處。GBM的治療首選手術(shù)切除,同時行替莫唑胺化療和放療,而PCNSL的治療卻不建議切除,因?yàn)樾g(shù)后并發(fā)癥增多,生存期卻得不到延長,通常采用甲氨蝶呤化療[1- 2]。因此,臨床治療前準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分兩者具有重要價值。一般情況下,常規(guī)的磁共振(magnetic resonance,MR)增強(qiáng)T1加權(quán)成像即可鑒別二者[3- 4]。但是PCNSL和GBM的影像學(xué)特征多變,并且有重疊[5- 6],有時僅基于常規(guī)MR T1加權(quán)成像增強(qiáng)掃描,二者鑒別相對較為困難。MR 擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)可以提供水分子微觀運(yùn)動信息,最小表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(minimum apparent diffusion coefficient,MinADC)值可以定量評估水分子擴(kuò)散運(yùn)動狀況。有研究認(rèn)為瘤周水腫區(qū)表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC)值對一些腫瘤的鑒別具有重要價值[7- 8]。理論上,GBM具有浸潤性,而PCNSL邊界相對清楚,水腫區(qū)ADC值應(yīng)該可以有效鑒別兩種腫瘤。本研究旨在采用MinADC值技術(shù)對PCNSL和GBM瘤周水腫區(qū)進(jìn)行圖像分析,探討瘤周水腫區(qū)MinADC值對二者的鑒別診斷價值。
對象選取2015年6月至2017年5月中國人民解放軍總醫(yī)院以及海南分院經(jīng)手術(shù)或活檢病理證實(shí)的原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤(彌漫大B細(xì)胞淋巴瘤)和膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤病例。納入未接受過治療的淋巴瘤患者16例,未接受治療的膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤患者31例。所有患者均接受腦部DWI檢查及磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)增強(qiáng)檢查。
數(shù)據(jù)采集采用GE 3.0T磁共振成像系統(tǒng)(GE Discovery MR750)采集數(shù)據(jù)。所有入組病例均行常規(guī)MRI平掃及增強(qiáng)掃描。DWI掃面參數(shù)為:重復(fù)時間=3000 ms,回波時間=65 ms,層厚=5 mm,間距=1.5 mm,視野=24 cm×24 cm,矩陣=160×160,激勵次數(shù)=1,b值為1000 s/mm2。
圖像分析瘤周水腫區(qū)定義為腫瘤周圍,T2加權(quán)成像上呈高信號,增強(qiáng)后無強(qiáng)化區(qū)[9- 11]。將DWI原始數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)紸DW4.6工作站,利用Functool軟件計(jì)算生成ADC圖。在同一工作站上由1名工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的放射科醫(yī)師進(jìn)行測量。在重建的ADC圖上同一層面水腫區(qū)放置5~30個相同大小的感興趣區(qū)(30~35 mm2),所放置的感興趣區(qū)幾乎覆蓋了該層面的全部水腫區(qū),取MinADC值為該層面的MinADC值(圖1、2)。測量通過病變的所有切面,最后,取各層面中的MinADC值為病變水腫區(qū)MinADC值。
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理使用SPSS 17.0軟件對數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。組間年齡及MinADC值比較采用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn),P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。利用受試者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線[12]評價水腫區(qū)MinADC值鑒別PCNSL及GBM的能力,敏感性及特異性之和最大時的MinADC值為截?cái)帱c(diǎn)[13- 14],小于臨界值為GBM,大于臨界值為PCNSL。
一般情況原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤16例,其中男7例、女9例,年齡37~78歲,平均(58.6±13.4)歲;膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤31例,其中男22例、女9例,年齡26~80歲,平均(52.7±12.6)歲。兩組腫瘤間患者年齡差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.477,P=0.147)。
A.T2加權(quán)成像;B.增強(qiáng)T1加權(quán)成像;C.擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(b值為1000 s/mm2);D.表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)圖
A.T2-weighted imaging;B.enhanced T1-weighted imaging;C.diffusion-weighted imaging(b value=1000 s/mm2);D.apparent diffusion coefficient map
圖1女,61歲,右側(cè)額葉原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤,病變呈等及稍長T2信號影,增強(qiáng)掃描顯著強(qiáng)化,擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(b值為1000 s/mm2)病變內(nèi)部呈低信號影,周邊可見環(huán)形高信號影,病變周圍可見長T1長T2水腫信號影,感興趣區(qū)(圓圈1)放置在灶周水腫區(qū)域測量表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)值
Fig1A 61-year-old female patient with primary central nervous system lymphoma in right frontal lobe,the lesion presented iso-or hyperintensity on T2-weighted imaging and evident enhancement on postcontrast imaging,the central part of the lesion showed low signal on diffusion-weighted imaging(b value=1000 s/mm2) with ring-like hyperintensity around the lesion,the edema region was identified around the lesion,the region of interest(circle 1) was placed on the edema region to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient value
A.T2加權(quán)成像;B.增強(qiáng)T1加權(quán)成像;C.擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(b值為1000 s/mm2);D.表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)圖
A.T2-weighted imaging;B.enhanced T1-weighted imaging;C.diffusion-weighted imaging(b value=1000 s/mm2);D.apparent diffusion coefficient map
圖2男,48歲,右側(cè)顳葉膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,病變呈稍長T2信號影,增強(qiáng)掃描顯著不規(guī)則環(huán)形強(qiáng)化,擴(kuò)散加權(quán)成像(b值為1000 s/mm2)顯示實(shí)性呈高信號影,灶周可見明顯水腫,感興趣區(qū)(圓圈1)放置在灶周水腫區(qū)域測量表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)值
Fig2A 48-year-old male patient with glioblastoma on the right temporal lobe,the lesion presented slightly high signal on T2-weighted imaging and significantly irregular enhancement on postcontrast imaging,the solid part of the lesion showed high signal on diffusion-weighted imaging(b value=1000 s/mm2),the edema region was seen around the lesion,the region of interest(circle 1) was placed on the edema region to measure the apparent diffusion coefficient value
MinADC值比較原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤17個病灶MinADC值為(1.20~1.45)×10-3mm2/s,膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤34個病灶MinADC值為(0.95~1.31)×10-3mm2/s。原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤MinADC值(1.35±0.68)×10-3mm2/s明顯高于膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤(1.12±0.09)×10-3mm2/s(t=9.977,P=0.000)。
ROC曲線分析ROC曲線下面積為0.986,鑒別PCNSL和GBM的MinADC最佳截?cái)嘀禐?.245×10-3mm2/s,其靈敏度和特異度分別為94.1%和94.1%(圖3)。
ADC值通常代表水分子的擴(kuò)散狀態(tài),通常情況病變DWI信號增高,ADC值減低,表明病變區(qū)域水分子擴(kuò)散受限[15]。而MinADC值代表病變中水分子擴(kuò)散受限最顯著的區(qū)域,與病變區(qū)域Ki- 67指數(shù)呈負(fù)相關(guān),與神經(jīng)上皮腫瘤分級呈正相關(guān)[14,16- 17]。PCNSL與GBM作為中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的惡性腫瘤,具有不同的發(fā)病機(jī)制。PCNSL為血管中心性腫瘤[18],以血管為中心,成袖套狀生長,緊密排列聚集,侵及鄰近腦實(shí)質(zhì),同時破壞血管壁侵入血管腔內(nèi)[19]。對于PCNSL周圍的水腫,多為腫瘤壓迫周圍腦組織、阻塞腦靜脈回流以及毛細(xì)血管通透性增加所致的間質(zhì)性腦水腫[20]。而GBM多呈浸潤性生長,向周圍浸潤的腫瘤細(xì)胞常沿著神經(jīng)纖維束或血管周圍間隙生長,Giese等[21]和Claes等[22]研究顯示惡性膠質(zhì)瘤水腫帶內(nèi)可見腫瘤細(xì)胞散在浸潤。由于瘤周水腫區(qū)的腫瘤細(xì)胞未破壞血管基底膜而使血腦屏障保持相對完整,故在常規(guī)MR增強(qiáng)時無強(qiáng)化[23- 24]。因此,PCNSL與GBM瘤周水腫有著不同的病理學(xué)屬性。
圖3瘤周水腫區(qū)最小表觀擴(kuò)散系數(shù)值受試者工作特征曲線鑒別診斷原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤與膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤,曲線下面積為0.986,截?cái)嘀?紅點(diǎn))為1.245×10-3mm2/s,其靈敏度和特異度分別為94.1%和94.1%(圓點(diǎn)為截?cái)帱c(diǎn),菱形塊直線為參考線)
Fig3Receiver operating characteristic curve for minimum apparent diffusion coefficient value on the peritumoral edema region to diagnose primary central nervous system lymphoma from glioblastoma;the area under the curve was 0.986,and the cut-off value of minimum apparent diffusion coefficient(red dot) was 1.245×10-3mm2/s,with a sensitivity of 94.1% and a specificity of 94.1%(the dots are cutoff points and the line with rhombus is reference line)
本研究證實(shí)PCNSL組MinADC值顯著高于GBM組,表明水分子擴(kuò)散受限程度低于GBM組,提示PCNSL瘤周水腫區(qū)域細(xì)胞排列較GBM疏松,其病理學(xué)本質(zhì)的不同還需要進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。對于兩者瘤周水腫的不同,有研究采用磁共振波譜成像進(jìn)行鑒別,Chawla等[11]研究顯示,PCNSL瘤周水腫區(qū)(脂肪+乳酸)峰值與肌酸峰值的比值顯著高于GBM。但磁共振波譜成像通常掃描時間長,受影響因素較多。MinADC技術(shù)掃描時間短,操作簡單易行,可以作為兩者鑒別的工具之一。
ROC曲線分析提示曲線下面積為0.986,表明MinADC可以有效鑒別PCNSL與GBM。當(dāng)取瘤周水腫MinADC值為1.245×10-3mm2/s時,鑒別PCNSL和GBM的靈敏度(94.1%)和特異度(94.1%)最大。雖然二者的MinADC值出現(xiàn)了小部分重疊,但是常規(guī)MRI掃描結(jié)合水腫區(qū)MinADC值可提高兩種腫瘤鑒別診斷準(zhǔn)確性。
本研究的局限性在于:(1)本研究未在組織細(xì)胞水平上對兩種腫瘤瘤周水腫區(qū)進(jìn)行活檢,所以二者瘤周水腫MinADC值的病理學(xué)差異還需進(jìn)一步研究;(2)由于本研究是回顧性研究,原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤樣本量小,臨床信息有限,最終結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確率可能受一定影響,所以需要在大樣本的前瞻性研究中進(jìn)一步證實(shí)本結(jié)果;(3)未行腦灌注成像及動態(tài)對比劑增強(qiáng)成像等較高級磁共振成像,因此未進(jìn)行分析對比。
綜上,MinADC值技術(shù)可以作為鑒別兩者的一個簡單有效的MRI方法。以MinADC值1.245×10-3mm2/s作為鑒別原發(fā)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)淋巴瘤與膠質(zhì)母細(xì)胞瘤的界點(diǎn),其敏感性為94.1%、特異性為94.1%。
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中國醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)2018年2期