鄭維金,黃 晶,鄭小宇,熊 波,廖晴瑤
(重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬第二醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,重慶 400010)
冠狀動脈粥樣硬化性心臟病(簡稱冠心病)是危害人類生命健康的主要心血管疾病之一,具有較高致死率和致殘率。隨著人口老齡化,我國老年冠心病患者人數(shù)急劇增加[1]。經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈支架植入術(shù)是治療冠心病的重要手段[2]。目前臨床常用支架主要有藥物洗脫支架(drug-eluting stents, DES)和裸金屬支架(bare-metal stents, BMS)。研究[3]顯示,DES的有效性和安全性優(yōu)于BMS。但目前多數(shù)研究僅選擇性納入較年輕的冠心病患者,其結(jié)果在合并癥多、病變復(fù)雜和出血風險高的老年患者中不具有代表性[4],對后者在支架選擇策略上尚存在爭議[5]。本研究采用Meta分析比較老年冠心病患者采用DES與BMS的有效性和安全性。
1.1 文獻檢索檢索PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library、中國知網(wǎng)和萬方數(shù)據(jù)庫于2017年10月28日前發(fā)表的文獻。英文檢索詞為“coronary artery disease”“acute coronary syndrome”“ angina pectoris”“myocardial infarction”“aged”“drug-eluting stent”“bare metal stent”;中文檢索詞為“冠心病”“急性冠狀動脈綜合征”“心絞痛”“老年”“藥物洗脫支架”“金屬裸支架”,檢索策略為主題詞加自由詞。
1.2 納入與排除標準納入標準:年齡≥65歲因冠心病接受冠狀動脈支架植入者;比較DES和BMS的有效性和安全性;報告全因死亡(all-cause mortality, ACM)、心肌梗死(myocardial infarction, MI)、靶血管再次血運重建(target vessel revascularization, TVR)、心源性死亡(cardiac death, CD)、支架內(nèi)血栓形成(stent thrombosis, ST)和出血中一項或多項結(jié)局事件數(shù);研究設(shè)計分為隨機對照研究(randomized controlled trial, RCT)和隊列研究(cohort studies, CS);隨訪時間≥12個月。排除標準:未能獲取全文文獻;重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)分析;數(shù)據(jù)過少無法利用的文獻。將納入文獻分為RCT組和CS組。
1.3 文獻篩選及資料提取 由2名研究者分別根據(jù)納入和排除標準獨立篩選文獻,并提取納入研究數(shù)據(jù),相互核對;意見不一致時經(jīng)協(xié)商解決。提取資料包括第一作者、發(fā)表年、研究國家、研究設(shè)計類型、樣本量、研究對象的基本特征和結(jié)局事件數(shù)。
結(jié)局事件包括主要結(jié)局和次要結(jié)局。主要結(jié)局為ACM和任何原因?qū)е碌腗I,次要結(jié)局為TVR、CD、可疑或明確的ST和出血,事件定義參考美國學術(shù)研究聯(lián)合會(Academic Research Consortium, ARC)推薦[6],出血定義為出血學術(shù)研究聯(lián)合會(Bleeding Academic Research Consortium, BARC)2~5型[7]。
1.4 研究質(zhì)量評價對RCT采用Cochrane Library偏倚風險評估工具,CS采用Newcastle-Ottawa Scale文獻質(zhì)量評價量表。由2名研究者獨立進行文獻質(zhì)量評價,存在分歧時經(jīng)協(xié)商解決。
1.5 統(tǒng)計學分析采用Revman 5.3和Stata 12.0統(tǒng)計分析軟件。以I2檢驗和Q檢驗評價各研究異質(zhì)性,定義I2>50%或Q檢驗P<0.1為存在異質(zhì)性;此時篩選異質(zhì)性影響因素,改用隨機效應(yīng)模型,否則采用固定效應(yīng)模型。合并所有研究數(shù)據(jù)作為整體效應(yīng)量,按研究設(shè)計行RCT組和CS組分析。以相對危險度(relative risk, RR)及其95%置信區(qū)間(confidence interval, CI)作為合并效應(yīng)量進行分析,采用漏斗圖和Egger檢驗評價發(fā)表偏倚,通過逐個剔除納入文獻的方法進行敏感度分析,評價研究結(jié)果的穩(wěn)定性。
2.1 文獻檢索及篩選結(jié)果文獻篩選流程見圖1。
圖1 文獻篩選流程圖
共獲得文獻3 160篇,經(jīng)去除重復(fù)以及閱讀題目、摘要和全文共排除文獻3 143篇。最終納入文獻17篇[8-24],包括2篇RCT、1篇RCT預(yù)設(shè)亞組分析和14篇CS。
2.2 納入文獻基本特征及質(zhì)量評價納入文獻的基本特征見表1,包括DES植入患者5 782例和BMS植入患者5 031例。2篇[8-9]CS分析只描述了亞組年齡分組標準分別為≥65歲和≥75歲,未描述DES和BMS患者年齡。14篇[8-12,14-16,19-24]CS NOS評分均≥6分,最高評分8分,3篇[13,17-18]RCT質(zhì)量評價均為低風險。
2.3 主要結(jié)局在整體、CS組和RCT組間ACM和MI均不存在異質(zhì)性,故采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量。2篇[13,18]RCT和11篇[8-9,11-12,15-16,19-21,23-24]CS報道了ACM,DES植入患者ACM風險在整體[RR=0.71,95%CI(0.64,0.80),P<0.001)]和CS組[RR=0.68,95%CI(0.60,0.77),P<0.001]中均明顯低于BMS植入患者,但在RCT組中差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[RR=0.92,95%CI(0.67,1.25),P=0.59;圖2A]。3篇[13,17-18]RCT和9篇[9-12,15-16,20,22,24]CS報道了MI,與BMS比較,DES在整體[RR=0.66,95%CI(0.53,0.81),P<0.001]、CS組[RR=0.60,95%CI(0.41,0.88),P=0.008]和RCT組[RR=0.68,95%CI(0.53,0.88),P=0.003]中均顯著降低老年冠心病患者MI風險(圖2B)。
表1 納入研究基本特征表及質(zhì)量評價表
注:*:隨機對照試驗亞組分析;#:中位數(shù)(上下四分位數(shù));NR:未報道
圖2 DES與BMS ACM(A)和MI(B)差異的森林圖
圖3 DES與BMS TVR(A)和CD(B)差異的森林圖
圖4 DES與BMS ST(A)和出血(B)差異的森林圖
2.4 次要結(jié)局TVR、CD、ST及出血在整體、CS組和RCT組中間均不存在異質(zhì)性,故采用固定效應(yīng)模型合并效應(yīng)量。3篇[13,17-18]RCT和12篇[9,11-12,14-16,19-24]CS報道了TVR,DES植入患者TVR風險在整體[RR=0.50,95%CI(0.43,0.59),P<0.001]、CS組[RR=0.54,95%CI(0.45,0.65),P<0.001]和RCT組[RR=0.43,95%CI(0.32,0.57),P<0.001]中較BMS植入患者均顯著降低(圖3A)。3篇[13,17-18]RCT和8篇[8-9,11-12,15-16,20,22]CS報道了CD,DES植入患者CD風險在整體[RR=0.73,95%CI(0.60,0.90),P=0.003]和CS組[RR=0.72,95%CI(0.54,0.95),P=0.02]中明顯低于BMS植入患者,但在RCT組中差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[RR=0.75,95%CI(0.56,1.01),P=0.06;圖3B]。
2篇[17-18]RCT和8篇[9,11-12,14-16,20,24]CS報道了ST,DES植入患者ST風險在整體[RR=0.68,95%CI(0.48,0.95),P=0.02]和CS組[RR=0.59,95%CI(0.38,0.90),P=0.01]中較BMS植入患者均顯著降低,但在RCT組中差異無統(tǒng)計學意義[RR=0.87,95%CI(0.49,1.54),P=0.63;圖4A];3篇[13,17-18]RCT和8篇[9,12,15,16,19-22]CS報道了出血,DES植入患者出血風險在整體[RR=1.00,95%CI(0.87,1.14),P=0.96]、CS組[RR=1.00,95%CI(0.84,1.18),P=0.97]和RCT組[RR=1.00,95%CI(0.80,1.23),P=0.97]中與BMS植入患者差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(圖4B)。
2.5 發(fā)表偏倚和敏感度分析Egger檢驗提示ACM(P=0.226)、MI(P=0.772)、TVR(P=0.278)、CD(P=0.911)、ST(P=0.118)和出血(P=0.234)均不存在發(fā)表偏移,各漏斗圖顯示兩側(cè)對稱(圖5)。敏感度分析結(jié)果顯示ACM、MI、TVR、CD、ST和出血合并效應(yīng)量均未發(fā)生明顯變化,提示研究結(jié)果穩(wěn)定。
經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈支架植入術(shù)中,支架類型、介入途徑和病變評估工具的發(fā)展可進一步改善患者預(yù)后[3,25-26]。DES為新一代常用支架,植入后通過將支架表面聚合物涂層中的藥物逐漸釋放至血管壁組織而發(fā)揮抗感染、抗血管內(nèi)皮細胞和平滑肌細胞過度增殖效應(yīng)。相比BMS,DES可降低支架內(nèi)再狹窄風險,但支架內(nèi)血栓形成風險增加,需更長時間抗血小板治療,因而可能增加出血風險[27]。老年冠心病患者具有血管功能減弱和出血風險高等特點,使評價DES的有效性和安全性存在分歧,各研究之間結(jié)果差異較大,且在支架選擇策略上存在爭議[5,13,15,18]。
本Meta分析發(fā)現(xiàn),與BMS相比,DES可顯著降低老年冠心病患者ACM、MI、TVR和CD風險,可能與DES抗感染和抗細胞過度增殖有關(guān);DES植入患者ST風險較BMS植入患者降低,而出血風險差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,推測與老年患者本身凝血功能降低和高出血傾向、導(dǎo)致實際雙聯(lián)抗血小板治療時間縮短或藥物用量減少有關(guān),需進一步研究證實。RCT組和CS組間的結(jié)果差異可能與納入RCT較少和其研究設(shè)計不足以證實ACM等長期安全性終點有關(guān)[28]。Gao等[29]納入7篇小樣本文獻的薈萃分析顯示,與BMS相比,DES可顯著降低老年冠心病患者MI和TVR風險,且不增加出血風險,與本研究結(jié)果相同;但該研究中ACM、CD和ST風險在2組間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,可能與其納入研究和患者數(shù)量較少有關(guān)。
本研究的不足:納入RCT文獻較少,隨訪時間期限不同;未納入未報道具體結(jié)局事件數(shù)的研究;未納入不能獲取全文的文獻,可能存在選擇偏倚。
圖5 評估發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖 A.ACM; B.MI; C.TVR; D.CD; E.ST; F.出血
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