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      地下灌豎管灌水器濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化規(guī)律

      2018-04-11 01:42:26孫淑貞任培琦徐先伯梁志棟
      關(guān)鍵詞:濕潤(rùn)運(yùn)移灌水

      白 丹,孫淑貞,任培琦,徐先伯,梁志棟

      ?

      地下灌豎管灌水器濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化規(guī)律

      白 丹,孫淑貞,任培琦,徐先伯,梁志棟

      (西安理工大學(xué)水利水電學(xué)院,西安 710048)

      研究地下豎管灌水器的土壤濕潤(rùn)體特性時(shí)空變化規(guī)律及影響因素,對(duì)進(jìn)一步研究豎管地下灌溉技術(shù)要素,并將這一節(jié)水灌溉技術(shù)用于實(shí)際具有重要意義。該文基于室內(nèi)豎管灌水器入滲試驗(yàn),研究了土壤物理特性參數(shù)(土壤初始含水率和土壤容重)、豎管灌水器工作壓力水頭和灌水器技術(shù)參數(shù)(豎管管徑)對(duì)土壤濕潤(rùn)體空間分布的影響。根據(jù)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù),構(gòu)建了在不同方向上豎管灌水器工作壓力水頭、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、豎管灌水器直徑和豎管灌水器埋深等因素與濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化特征值的量化關(guān)系,其決定系數(shù)均在0.85以上。按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)分析得濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離與壓力水頭、初始含水率、豎管直徑及豎管埋深呈正相關(guān),與土壤容重呈負(fù)相關(guān)。濕潤(rùn)鋒在各個(gè)方向的運(yùn)移距離由大到小依次為:向下、水平和向上。根據(jù)不同方向濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離和各影響因素的量化關(guān)系,建立了不同方向濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率和各影響因素的量化關(guān)系,這一關(guān)系表明:在入滲初期,各個(gè)方向的濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率較大,隨著入滲時(shí)間的延續(xù),其值逐漸減小,在200 min左右,開(kāi)始逐步趨于穩(wěn)定。

      含水率;土壤;灌水器;地下灌溉;濕潤(rùn)體;運(yùn)移距離;運(yùn)移速率

      0 引 言

      地下灌溉是一種高效節(jié)水灌溉方法[1],灌溉水通過(guò)埋入地下的灌水器滲入作物周?chē)低寥乐校鋵?duì)土壤結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞性小,并能有效地減少土壤表面的水分蒸發(fā)損失,節(jié)水增產(chǎn)效果十分顯著。研究地下灌溉土壤濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化特征對(duì)地下灌溉灌水器的合理布置具有重要意義,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者在這一領(lǐng)域開(kāi)展了大量的研究,主要集中在地下滴灌濕潤(rùn)體形狀、濕潤(rùn)體含水率分布[2-6]、濕潤(rùn)體特征值變化規(guī)律[7-10]及各種影響因素[11]分析等方面。近年來(lái)針對(duì)學(xué)者提出的一些新的地下灌溉技術(shù),開(kāi)展了陶土頭灌水器地下灌溉[12-13]、微潤(rùn)灌溉[14]和無(wú)壓灌溉[15]等濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化規(guī)律的研究,為這些新型地下灌溉技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用提供了依據(jù)。濕潤(rùn)體形狀及大小決定著作物的生長(zhǎng)情況以及田間水分利用率。目前對(duì)濕潤(rùn)體特性的研究集中在分析濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移與入滲時(shí)間、流量、壓力水頭、容重和土壤初始含水率等關(guān)系方面[16-22],對(duì)于各影響因素與濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離的量化關(guān)系研究較少。目前地下灌溉應(yīng)用中要解決的問(wèn)題之一是如何合理確定灌水器流量、間距、埋深[17,23-26]等參數(shù),而確定這些參數(shù)的重要依據(jù)是確定土壤濕潤(rùn)體形狀、大小及含水率分布。

      豎管灌水器是一種新型地下灌溉灌水器,對(duì)豎管灌水器入滲過(guò)程研究[27-29]表明:土壤質(zhì)地越重,入滲量越小。入滲條件相同時(shí),砂質(zhì)壤土入滲量大于粉質(zhì)壤土。壓力水頭和管徑的大小對(duì)累計(jì)入滲量影響較大,隨入滲時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),壓力水頭和管徑對(duì)累計(jì)入滲量影響程度均減弱;在壓力勢(shì)、重力勢(shì)和基質(zhì)勢(shì)的共同作用下,可根據(jù)土壤含水率,自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)豎管灌水器向土壤入滲的流量,具有自適應(yīng)灌溉技術(shù)的特征;對(duì)豎管灌水器入滲結(jié)束后的濕潤(rùn)體進(jìn)行了初步研究[28]表明:濕潤(rùn)體含水率的分布在水平方向呈現(xiàn)為圓環(huán)形濕潤(rùn)鋒,垂直方向正向減小略慢于負(fù)向,濕潤(rùn)半徑大小依次為負(fù)向濕潤(rùn)距離最大,正向濕潤(rùn)距離最小,水平濕潤(rùn)距離居中;且豎管地下灌溉濕潤(rùn)體的平均含水率變化范圍大于微潤(rùn)灌溉。上述成果僅研究了豎管灌水器入滲結(jié)束后濕潤(rùn)體含水率分布特征。為了合理的設(shè)計(jì)豎管地下灌溉系統(tǒng)、提高灌溉水利用率,本文根據(jù)地下灌溉灌水器入滲過(guò)程中濕潤(rùn)體的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律和作物根系的分布特征,確定合理的豎管灌水器技術(shù)參數(shù)(豎管灌水器壓力水頭、土壤容重、土壤初始含水率、豎管直徑和豎管(水土結(jié)合面)埋深等),探討豎管灌水器的技術(shù)參數(shù)與入滲過(guò)程中土壤濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化的關(guān)系。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 供試土壤與試驗(yàn)裝置

      試驗(yàn)所使用土樣取自楊凌,供試土壤經(jīng)風(fēng)干、碾碎、均勻混合后過(guò)2 mm的篩子,采用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析儀(英國(guó)馬爾文公司)測(cè)定土壤粒徑組成,其黏粒所占體積分?jǐn)?shù)為18.7%,粉粒為34.7%,砂粒為45.6%,依據(jù)國(guó)際制土壤分類(lèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),該土壤質(zhì)地為黏壤土。

      試驗(yàn)裝置如圖1所示,其由土箱、供水裝置和豎管灌水器等組成。試驗(yàn)土箱是一個(gè)半徑20 cm的1/4圓柱有機(jī)玻璃土箱,供水裝置采用馬氏瓶供水(馬氏瓶尺寸為內(nèi)徑為5 cm,高度50 cm)。試驗(yàn)土箱中豎管灌水器和馬氏瓶由橡膠管連接,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)可變高度的鐵架高度來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)豎管壓力水頭。實(shí)際工程中豎管灌水器[15]是一個(gè)埋在土壤中與毛管相接的豎管,其上端和毛管相接,下端和土壤接觸,水土結(jié)合面直徑為豎管直徑,水土結(jié)合面深度為豎管埋深。

      圖1 地下灌溉豎管灌水器試驗(yàn)裝置圖

      1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

      表1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

      1.3 試驗(yàn)方法和觀測(cè)內(nèi)容

      將試驗(yàn)土按照表1配制不同含水率,按照所定容重分層(5 cm)裝入有機(jī)玻璃土箱中,層間打毛,使兩層土緊密結(jié)合。在裝土20 cm后開(kāi)始埋入豎管灌水器,埋深按照表1設(shè)置的不同深度裝入土箱中。入滲開(kāi)始后,用秒表計(jì)時(shí),并定時(shí)觀測(cè)記錄土壤濕潤(rùn)鋒在3個(gè)方向(水平、向上和向下方向)上的運(yùn)移距離,得到在不同時(shí)刻所對(duì)應(yīng)的濕潤(rùn)體形狀。由馬氏瓶上的刻度記錄滲入土壤中的水量。上述試驗(yàn)在西北旱區(qū)生態(tài)水利工程國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室培育基地的室內(nèi)試驗(yàn)室(西安理工大學(xué))進(jìn)行。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 濕潤(rùn)體形狀

      為了比較不同影響因素條件下得到的濕潤(rùn)體大小及其形狀,由于試驗(yàn)組數(shù)較多選取具有代表性的3組試驗(yàn)(試驗(yàn)1、3和5)進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,圖2分別為試驗(yàn)1、3和5濕潤(rùn)體隨時(shí)間的變化過(guò)程,濕潤(rùn)體形狀近似于一個(gè)橢球體,出水口位置位于縱坐標(biāo)原點(diǎn),對(duì)比試驗(yàn)1、3和5濕潤(rùn)體,試驗(yàn)因素值不同,濕潤(rùn)范圍也有所不同,表明各影響因素對(duì)濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移影響大小不一。在灌水前期,3個(gè)方向上的濕潤(rùn)距離基本一致,濕潤(rùn)體呈圓形,隨入滲時(shí)間增加,垂直向下方向濕潤(rùn)距離逐漸大于水平和垂直向上方向。土壤濕潤(rùn)體的大小由水平入滲距離和垂直入滲距離2個(gè)要素共同決定,水平運(yùn)移距離和垂直運(yùn)移距離是濕潤(rùn)體的2個(gè)重要特征。掌握濕潤(rùn)體的形狀及大小變化規(guī)律,可以正確指導(dǎo)在實(shí)際工程中合理的布置豎管灌水器。

      在不同試驗(yàn)處理下,水平、垂直向上和垂直向下3個(gè)方向上濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離隨入滲時(shí)間的變化如圖3所示。結(jié)合圖3中數(shù)據(jù)可以看出,土壤濕潤(rùn)變化范圍在6.7~19.1 cm之間。以試驗(yàn)10為例,繪制在3個(gè)方向上濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離隨時(shí)間的變化關(guān)系圖,如圖4所示。由圖3和圖4可知,土壤濕潤(rùn)體在水平方向、垂直向上和垂直向下方向的濕潤(rùn)距離均隨入滲時(shí)間的增加而增大。在灌水開(kāi)始,3個(gè)方向的濕潤(rùn)距離基本上保持一致,隨灌水時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),垂直向下方向的濕潤(rùn)距離明顯大于其他2個(gè)方向。這由于入滲初期土壤水分的運(yùn)移驅(qū)動(dòng)力主要是基質(zhì)勢(shì),受重力作用較小,而此時(shí)灌水器周?chē)|(zhì)勢(shì)基本一樣,隨著水分的不斷入滲,土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)梯度不斷減小,此時(shí)入滲過(guò)程中灌溉水受基質(zhì)勢(shì)、壓力勢(shì)和重力勢(shì)的共同作用,基質(zhì)勢(shì)的作用逐漸減小,壓力勢(shì)和重力勢(shì)影響逐漸增大。隨著入滲時(shí)間的不斷增大,土壤含水率飽和圈增大,水分向周?chē)寥赖臄U(kuò)散速度逐漸減小,最終趨于一個(gè)穩(wěn)定值[19]。

      2.2 土壤濕潤(rùn)體與各影響因素之間的關(guān)系

      2.2.1 濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式

      假設(shè)各個(gè)方向濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離與各影響因素(包括入滲時(shí)間)函數(shù)關(guān)系如下:

      注:濕潤(rùn)鋒等高線由里向外表示1、10、20、60、90、120、150、180、240、300、360、420 min的濕潤(rùn)鋒。

      Note: Contour line from inside to outside represents wetting front at 1, 10, 20, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, 300, 360 and 420 min, respectively.

      圖2 濕潤(rùn)鋒隨時(shí)間的變化過(guò)程

      Fig.2 Changing process of wetting front with time

      圖3 濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離隨時(shí)間變化過(guò)程

      圖4 試驗(yàn)10濕潤(rùn)距離隨時(shí)間變化過(guò)程

      式中,1和2分別表示水平方向,垂直向上方向,垂直向下方向濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離,cm;為豎管工作壓力水頭,m;為土壤容重,g/cm3;為土壤初始含水率,%;為豎管直徑,mm;為豎管埋深cm:1,1,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3均為經(jīng)驗(yàn)參數(shù)。

      將第1~18組試驗(yàn)所得的不同時(shí)間不同方向的濕潤(rùn)距離與各試驗(yàn)因素?cái)?shù)值采用多元回歸分析,得到不同方向上各經(jīng)驗(yàn)參數(shù)計(jì)算值,將得出的經(jīng)驗(yàn)值代入式(1)、(2)和(3)中得到式(4)、(5)和(6),經(jīng)回歸分析得垂直向上方向上的決定系數(shù)2為0.85(<0.05),均方根誤差(root-mean-square error,RMSE)為0.24 cm,水平方向2為0.86(<0.05),RMSE為0.23 cm和垂直向下方向2為0.87(<0.05),RMSE為0.22 cm,表明該量化關(guān)系式可以較好地反映豎管灌水器濕潤(rùn)體運(yùn)移距離與各影響因素間的量化關(guān)系。

      2.2.2 濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式驗(yàn)證

      為驗(yàn)證不同方向濕潤(rùn)距離與各因素間的量化關(guān)系,用第19組試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)驗(yàn)證濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式,將第19組有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)(見(jiàn)表1)代入式(4)、(5)和(6),可計(jì)算其濕潤(rùn)距離預(yù)測(cè)值見(jiàn)圖5,水平、向上、向下3個(gè)方向?qū)崪y(cè)與預(yù)測(cè)值2分別為0.98、0.99、0.99(<0.05),RMSE分別為0.13、0.05、0.09 cm。說(shuō)明所建立的量化關(guān)系式能較好地反映濕潤(rùn)體運(yùn)移距離與各影響因素的量化關(guān)系。

      2.2.3 各影響因素對(duì)濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離的影響

      根據(jù)試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)(見(jiàn)圖3),采用SPSS統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件,分別計(jì)算3個(gè)方向上影響濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離的各因素的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)(見(jiàn)表2)。表2中,每一方向上各影響因素的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)可反映該因素對(duì)濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離的影響程度,比較同一方向上各影響因素對(duì)應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)絕對(duì)值,水平方向各因素影響程度從大到小依次為:入滲時(shí)間>壓力水頭>土壤容重>土壤初始含水率>豎管埋深>豎管直徑。垂直向上方向各因素影響程度從大到小依次為:入滲時(shí)間>壓力水頭>土壤容重>豎管埋深> 土壤初始含水率>豎管直徑。垂直向下方向各因素影響程度從大到小依次為:入滲時(shí)間>壓力水頭>土壤容重>土壤初始含水率> 豎管埋深>豎管直徑。從表2數(shù)據(jù)中可看出在3個(gè)方向上土壤初始含水率差異較為顯著,垂直向下方向土壤初始含水率對(duì)應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)大于其他2個(gè)方向,這主要由于在入滲前期主要受土壤基質(zhì)勢(shì)作用,當(dāng)土壤含水率增大,重力勢(shì)的作用相對(duì)于基質(zhì)勢(shì)增大,重力勢(shì)使得土壤水分垂向入滲總勢(shì)能大于相同條件下的徑向水分入滲的總勢(shì)能,更有利于濕潤(rùn)峰的垂向前進(jìn)。在3個(gè)方向上均呈現(xiàn)入滲時(shí)間、壓力水頭和土壤容重對(duì)濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離的影響較為顯著。壓力水頭、豎管直徑、土壤初始含水率和豎管埋深參數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)為正值,表明其與濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離為正相關(guān),即當(dāng)、、和增大時(shí),濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離增大;土壤容重參數(shù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)為負(fù)值,表明其與濕潤(rùn)距離為負(fù)相關(guān),即當(dāng)增大時(shí),濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離減小。

      圖5 試驗(yàn)預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)測(cè)值的關(guān)系

      表2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)

      壓力水頭、豎管管徑和豎管埋深均為豎管灌水器技術(shù)參數(shù),這3個(gè)因素對(duì)濕潤(rùn)體的特征參數(shù)的影響各不相同。灌水器工作壓力水頭、土壤的初始含水率、豎管埋深和豎管灌水器直徑增大時(shí),濕潤(rùn)體越大;灌水器埋深直接影響作物根系對(duì)土壤水分、養(yǎng)分的吸收[26],是土壤濕潤(rùn)體與作物根系有效匹配關(guān)鍵因素, 從而影響植物整體的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,埋深越大,濕潤(rùn)體越大;濕潤(rùn)體體積及濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離隨初始含水率增大而增大,主要是與土壤水分的入滲能力等有關(guān),通常初始含水率越小,基質(zhì)勢(shì)越大,所產(chǎn)生的基質(zhì)勢(shì)梯度也越大,土壤水分運(yùn)動(dòng)也就越快[19];土壤容重是反映土壤緊密程度的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)[22],容重小的土壤,大孔隙多,入滲能力大,其濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離越大。由于土壤水分在垂直方向上受重力作用,水分向下的入滲梯度加大,使得在垂直方向水土結(jié)合面以下的濕潤(rùn)距離大于水土結(jié)合面以上的濕潤(rùn)距離。在確定豎管灌水器技術(shù)參數(shù)時(shí),應(yīng)首先根據(jù)作物根系在土壤中的分布,確定濕潤(rùn)體的影響范圍,再根據(jù)作物根系分布與濕潤(rùn)體影響范圍的關(guān)系,合理確定豎管灌水器技術(shù)參數(shù),以保證土壤中的水分能充分被作物根系吸收,并盡量減少土壤表面蒸發(fā)。

      2.2.4 濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率

      濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率可反映濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離隨時(shí)間變化快慢的程度。在式(4)、(5)和(6)中,對(duì)時(shí)間求導(dǎo),得到3個(gè)方向上濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率:

      式中分別表示水平方向,垂直向上方向,垂直向下方向濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率,cm/min。

      根據(jù)建立的各因素之間的量化關(guān)系式,以試驗(yàn)19驗(yàn)證,將試驗(yàn)19中各試驗(yàn)因素?cái)?shù)值(見(jiàn)表1)代入式(7)、(8)和(9)中,計(jì)算可得到預(yù)測(cè)濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率,繪制實(shí)測(cè)濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率與預(yù)測(cè)濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率關(guān)系如圖6所示。

      圖6 濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率與時(shí)間關(guān)系

      由圖6可以看出濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率在灌水開(kāi)始較大,隨著入滲時(shí)間的增大逐漸減小,在入滲開(kāi)始200 min左右,入滲逐漸趨于穩(wěn)定。由于在入滲的開(kāi)始階段,土壤濕潤(rùn)體體積很小,基質(zhì)勢(shì)梯度較高,濕潤(rùn)峰的推進(jìn)速率較快;隨著入滲時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),濕潤(rùn)體體積不斷增加,基質(zhì)勢(shì)梯度明顯降低,導(dǎo)致濕潤(rùn)峰的推進(jìn)速率隨著入滲時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)在逐漸的變小,即入滲距離增加的幅度不斷減小。在灌水初期,土壤含水率較低,土壤水分?jǐn)U散為非飽和入滲[31];隨著水分的不斷入滲,水土結(jié)合面周?chē)耐寥篮手饾u增大,在水土結(jié)合面周?chē)寥篮授呌陲柡停谠撨^(guò)程中灌溉水受基質(zhì)勢(shì)、壓力勢(shì)和重力勢(shì)的共同作用,基質(zhì)勢(shì)的作用逐漸減小,壓力勢(shì)和重力勢(shì)的影響逐漸增大。

      3 結(jié) 論

      本研究表明,各試驗(yàn)因素對(duì)地下灌豎管灌水器濕潤(rùn)體大小和形狀都有不同程度的影響。在3個(gè)方向上濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離變化范圍在6.7~19.1 cm之間,其濕潤(rùn)范圍較大,濕潤(rùn)體的形狀及大小決定了作物有效水分的利用率,因此,根據(jù)這一特點(diǎn),可將豎管灌水器應(yīng)用于根系較深的作物或果樹(shù)中,可滿足不同作物需水要求。對(duì)土壤濕潤(rùn)體的時(shí)空變化規(guī)律進(jìn)行研究,可為豎管灌水器地下灌溉技術(shù)提供科學(xué)依據(jù),該研究結(jié)果對(duì)大田土壤水分調(diào)節(jié)和管理具有指導(dǎo)作用。從而有利于促進(jìn)豎管灌水器地下灌溉技術(shù)的推廣和應(yīng)用。

      影響豎管灌水器入滲特性的因素較多,本文研究了壓力水頭、豎管直徑、容重、初始含水率等對(duì)豎管灌水器入滲特性的影響,后續(xù)工作中需考慮土壤質(zhì)地和不同作物等因素對(duì)豎管地下灌溉土壤水分入滲特性的影響,以滿足實(shí)際需要。

      本文通過(guò)豎管灌水器室內(nèi)土柱入滲試驗(yàn),研究了不同因素對(duì)土壤濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化的影響,可得到如下結(jié)論:

      1)豎管灌水器入滲試驗(yàn)所形成的濕潤(rùn)體形狀近似為一個(gè)橢球體。濕潤(rùn)體水平擴(kuò)散半徑和垂直入滲距離均隨著入滲時(shí)間的增大而增大。在灌水初期濕潤(rùn)鋒在3個(gè)方向運(yùn)移基本一致,而隨著時(shí)間的推移,向下運(yùn)移的距離與其他2個(gè)方向的差距逐步擴(kuò)大,最終向下方運(yùn)移距離最大,水平運(yùn)移的距離居中,向上運(yùn)移距離最小。

      2)根據(jù)所建立的濕潤(rùn)距離與各影響因素的量化關(guān)系式,通過(guò)對(duì)試驗(yàn)所得實(shí)測(cè)值與公式模擬預(yù)測(cè)值比較,3個(gè)方向上所得量化關(guān)系式與各影響因素的決定系數(shù)均在0.85以上,用該模型對(duì)土壤入滲濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移距離進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè),其預(yù)測(cè)值與實(shí)測(cè)值進(jìn)行比較,其決定系數(shù)均在0.98以上,表明該模型具有較高精度,用其計(jì)算地下灌豎管灌水器土壤水分入滲是可行的。

      3)按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化回歸系數(shù)分析各影響因素對(duì)入滲濕潤(rùn)體的影響程度,其中入滲時(shí)間、壓力水頭、土壤容重對(duì)濕潤(rùn)體的影響是較為顯著的。且壓力水頭、土壤初始含水率、豎管直徑及豎管埋深對(duì)濕潤(rùn)體的影響是正相關(guān),土壤容重對(duì)濕潤(rùn)體的影響是負(fù)相關(guān)。5個(gè)因素對(duì)濕潤(rùn)體的特征參數(shù)的影響各不相同,灌水器工作壓力水頭、土壤初始含水率和豎管灌水器直徑增大時(shí),濕潤(rùn)體越大;土壤容重越大,大孔隙數(shù)量越少,導(dǎo)水率越低,濕潤(rùn)體越小。

      4)分析濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移變化速率結(jié)果表明,入滲初期濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率很大,隨著灌水時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng),濕潤(rùn)鋒運(yùn)移速率逐漸減小,在200 min左右,其變化率趨于穩(wěn)定,直至入滲達(dá)到穩(wěn)定。

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      Temporal and spatial variation of wetting volume under sub-irrigation with vertical emitter

      Bai Dan, Sun Shuzhen, Ren Peiqi, Xu Xianbo, Liang Zhidong

      (710048,)

      The temporal and spatial variation of soil wetting characteristics and the influencing factors of vertical tube sub-irrigation were studied. In this article, the effects of working head, soil bulk density, initial soil moisture, diameter of vertical tube and buried depth of vertical tube on the spatial distribution of soil wetting were studied based on the experiment of indoor vertical tube emitter infiltration. In this experiment, the experiment was conducted using an orthogonal design method including 18 treatments. The orthogonal experimental design was adopted to arrange the influenced factors including water head, soil bulk density, initial soil moisture, diameter of vertical tube and buried depth of vertical tube (all the factors had 3 levels) and to study the characteristic parameters of wetted soil volume under sub-irrigation with vertical tube emitter. In the test, the pressure head was designed with different levels of 0.8, 1.1 and 1.4 m, and the soil bulk density was 1.32, 1.35 and 1.38 g/cm3. The initial soil moisture was 4%, 7% and 10%, and the diameter of the vertical tube was 4, 8 and 12 mm, the depth of vertical tube was 15, 20 and 25 cm. After the infiltration of started, observed and recorded the wetting front in the horizontal, upward and downward directions with the stopwatch, the corresponding wet body shape was obtained at different times. The cumulative infiltration into the soil was recorded by the scale on the Markov's bottle. The result showed that the shape of the wet body formed by the infiltration test of the vertical tube emitter was approximately an ellipsoid, and the horizontal diffusion radius and vertical infiltration distance of the wetting body increased with the infiltration time. At the early stage of irrigation, the wet front was basically consistent in the 3 directions, the distance between the downward movement and the upward and horizontal directions gradually increased with time, and finally the downward migration distance was the largest. According to the wet front migration distance in the 3 directions recorded at different times, the water head, soil bulk density, initial soil moisture, diameter of vertical tube emitter and buried depth of vertical tube in the 3 directions were established by using multiple regression and the coefficient of determination was above 0.85, which showed the reliable quantitative relationship between the migration distance of the wetting body and the influencing factors.According to the standardized regression coefficients, the infiltration time, water head and soil bulk density had a significant effect on the wetting body. The influence of the water head, the initial soil moisture, the diameter of the vertical pipe and the depth of the vertical tube on the wetting body was positive correlation. The effect of soil bulk density on the wetting body was negative. The 5 factors had different influential degree on the characteristic parameters of the wetting body. When the vertical tube emitter diameter, the initial moisture content and water head were increased, the wetting distance was increased. According to the quantitative relationship between the wet front migration distance and the influencing factors in different directions, the relationship between the wetting front migration rate and the influencing factors in different directions was established. It showed that the wetting front migration rate began to increase at the beginning of irrigation. With the increase of infiltration time, the wetting front migration rate gradually decreased. After infiltration for 200 min, infiltration gradually stabilized.

      moisture; soils; emitters; sub-irrigation; wetted soil volume; migration distance; migration rate of wetting front

      白 丹,孫淑貞,任培琦,徐先伯,梁志棟. 地下灌豎管灌水器濕潤(rùn)體時(shí)空變化規(guī)律[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2018,34(7):107-113.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.014 http://www.tcsae.org

      Bai Dan, Sun Shuzhen, Ren Peiqi, Xu Xianbo, Liang Zhidong. Temporal and spatial variation of wetting volume under sub-irrigation with vertical emitter[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2018, 34(7): 107-113. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.014 http://www.tcsae.org

      2017-10-16

      2018-02-10

      國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金(41571222;51279156);高等學(xué)校博士學(xué)科點(diǎn)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)科研基金聯(lián)合資助課題(20116118110010);陜西省農(nóng)業(yè)科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(2010K02-08)。

      白 丹,重慶開(kāi)縣人,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,主要從事節(jié)水灌溉理論與技術(shù)研究。Email:baidan@xaut.edu.cn

      10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.07.014

      S275.6

      A

      1002-6819(2018)-07-0107-07

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