As if all of a sudden, Sir Arthur Conan Doyles enduring hero—Sherlock Holmes—is everywhere. The last few months have brought us not only the smart BBC series, but also the blockbusting Robert Downey Jr. movie, which are the latest two on-screen adaptations of this classic figure vying for viewers attention.2 But if you dig a little harder, you will discover that Sherlock Holmes has made the Guinness Book of Records as the most frequently portrayed literary character in film history. And more than 70 actors have played the role in more than 200 films.
As the critic Michael Dirda3 remarks in his study of Conan Doyle, published late 2011: “… it is only Holmes who truly makes our hearts beat faster. As the popular Jeremy Brett television series, the steampunk Sherlock Holmes of Robert Downey Jr. and the BBCs 21st century text-messaging Sherlock have shown, Holmes remains a great marketing commodity and a timeless archetype, adaptable to any era.”4
Everyone reads, or sees, or at least hears of something about Sherlock Holmes. Then how would you describe him? Resourceful, dynamic, enigmatic? Most Sherlockian fans know him as the master of deduction, a consulting detective, the only one in the world as he invented the job. Hes brilliant and a proper5 genius. Should you ever meet him, you might picture him as a tall, acerbic British gentleman wearing a cloak and deerstalker cap, habitually smoking a pipe.6
But establishing a classic image of British detective is certainly not Holmess biggest accomplishment. He was born in a good time for crime detection, of which the scientific upsurge of the 19th century yielded various discoveries.7 A method of analyzing blood stains was established in 1813, one for tracing arsenic in 1836 and one for identifying vegetable toxins in 1851.8 More than anything else however, it was Holmes and Conan Doyles stories, appearing from 1887 onwards, that turned such insights into an investigatory system.
Its this combination of analytic induction with close attention to both the collection and interpretation of data that was to become the distinct mark of Sherlock Holmes. In recognition of the literary figures contribution to the forensic science, the Royal Society of Chemistry took the unusual step in 2002 of presenting Sherlock Holmes with a post humous honorary fellowship.9
Hence, Holmess quick processing of large amounts of information and his cleverness, without doubt, lie at the heart of his appeal. This is true even on the big screen, where the director uses many special effects and much vertiginous10 cutting. And it is truly interesting for us to see Holmess supreme intelligence applied in different ways.
When it was released in 2009, Sherlock Holmes was a bit of a runaway11 success. Robert Downey Jr. and Jude Law, as the titular character and his sidekick Doctor Watson, respectively, formed an action/comedy duo that was both physically imposing and hilarious.12
The film was not without its criticism. The unclean, messy haired, scruffy-faced Robert Downey Jr., did not really look like Sherlock Holmes, who was described in the original texts to have a “cat-like love of personal cleanliness.”13 And Downey sweated and bled, fought bare-knuckled and dived out a window into the Thames. It was not convincing for many audiences who were more accustomed to Holmess traditional image. Besides, the plot didnt have much in common with the source text. It was only forgivable for being an enjoyable action romp14.
But according to Guy Ritchie15, the director, the film was just trying to bring out aspects of the character that were always there which the books did mention, mostly in passing. For instance, he brilliantly showed Holmess supreme intelligence in a physical fight. In the film, we saw Holmes taking part in a bare-knuckled boxing match through his perspective. We saw how he examined his opponents and the flaws he intended to exploit before he exploited them as well as the amount of power he needed to apply to certain points of the body. It was a radical reinvention, of course, but it made sense that Holmes, a man of intellect before all else, would fight in this manner. He was supposed to be a man of the fist as much as the brain. Perhaps, its just Ritchies attempt to create a 19th-century James Bond16.
However, when you think of Holmes as hes described in the books, something is still missing: the sheer joy that Holmes experienced when working on a case. In the books, Holmes would move frantically and make loud exclamations upon finding something useful. Downeys Holmes seemed like most of his satisfaction came from proving how smart he was to those around him, not from actually finding the clues. And while Conan Doyles Holmes definitely loved to showcase his abilities, it was the thrill of the hunt that really excited him. This is a trait that has actually been handled very well on BBCs Sherlock.
BBCs updating Sherlock Holmes to the 21st century seems like a bold move. The TV series Sherlock has created this new texting, laptopping Holmes who is part Conan Doyle, part House, part willful rock star, and part Sheldon from The Big Bang Theory.17 He, instead of a 7 percent solution of cocaine18, depends on nicotine patches, and he solves daytime-TV mysteries and has a website to attract business. But the new Sherlock is inventive, witty, and most remarkably, true to the spirit of the original, an arrogant, antisocial man fixated on tiny details and deductive reasoning.
The concept may sound gimmicky19, but it unfolds quite naturally, thanks to Benedict Cumberbatchs focused, hyperactive lead performance. It makes perfect sense that a present-day Sherlock would be Internet savvy, that he would arrogantly send a text blast reading “WRONG to a gathering of reporters during a Scotland Yard20 press conference. He solves cases at home in nothing more than a blanket, while Watson carries a laptop around crime scenes showing him all the telltale21 evidence with a webcam. He is a geek god, in a way, even while he crawls around London in a Victorian cape and an absurd haircut like a pale, fringe creature. Across the century, he perfectly fits Conan Doyles brainy bohemian22.
Moreover, Sherlock takes this a stage further: one of its great joys is the way in which its director has devised ways of showing Holmess mind working. Labels are flashed onto peoples clothing to reveal the methods by which Holmes deduces history and character; numbers float across his face as he cracks a code. Thanks to the development of film industry, we can actually “see” how a highly functional and observant mind processes large amount of data that it sees.
Though inevitable comparisons will be made, and sides taken, we rapid followers of the Great Detective are very grateful that he is still alive today, and has reached a rare height—along with characters like Robin Hood, King Arthur and a few others. Therefore, perhaps rather than mourn how the adaptations have steered Sherlock Holmes away from its roots, we should celebrate the fact that they have put the classic stories back at the centre of the mainstream spotlight.
似乎在突然之間,阿瑟·柯南道爾爵士創(chuàng)造的經(jīng)久不衰的男主人公——夏洛克·福爾摩斯——充斥著影視屏幕。在過去的幾個月里,有兩部改編自這一經(jīng)典人物的最新影視作品競相登場,吸引觀眾眼球,一部是BBC推出的迷你電視劇,一部是小羅伯特·唐尼主演的賣座大片。但倘若你深入探究下去,就會發(fā)現(xiàn)夏洛克·福爾摩斯保持著一項吉尼斯世界紀(jì)錄,他是影視歷史上被塑造得最多的文學(xué)人物。二百多部影視作品中有超過70位演員曾扮演過福爾摩斯。
評論家邁克爾·德達(dá)在其2011年底刊登的有關(guān)柯南道爾的研究中指出:“……只有福爾摩斯才能真真正正地讓我們心跳加速。杰里米·布雷特主演的電視劇獲得廣大好評,小羅伯特·唐尼塑造了蒸汽朋克式的福爾摩斯,BBC電視劇中的福爾摩斯則生活在21世紀(jì),還會發(fā)短信,他們(的成功)都表明了福爾摩斯依舊是極具市場潛力和不受時代限制的人物原型,靈活多變,能適應(yīng)任何時代?!?/p>
每個人都或多或少地讀過、看過或至少聽說過夏洛克·福爾摩斯,那么你會如何形容他呢?機智多謀?精力充沛?還是神秘莫測?大多數(shù)福爾摩斯的粉絲視他為推理大師,咨詢偵探,而且是世界上獨一無二的咨詢偵探,因為是他創(chuàng)造了這一職業(yè)。他才華橫溢,是一個真正的天才。如果你有幸遇見他,你很可能會將他描述為一位個子高挑、尖刻辛辣的英國紳士,穿著長風(fēng)衣,頭戴獵鹿帽,經(jīng)常叼著煙斗吞云吐霧。
然而,樹立一個英國偵探的經(jīng)典形象顯然不是福爾摩斯的最大成就。他出生在犯罪偵查迅速成長的好年頭,19世紀(jì)科學(xué)的迅猛發(fā)展帶來了各種發(fā)現(xiàn)。1813年出現(xiàn)了血跡分析法,1836年出現(xiàn)了砒霜追蹤法,1851年出現(xiàn)了植物毒素鑒定法。然而,卻是1887年及之后出現(xiàn)的一系列柯南道爾的福爾摩斯偵探故事才將這些科學(xué)方法引進(jìn)了偵查系統(tǒng)之中。
這種分析推理與細(xì)致入微的數(shù)據(jù)收集分析的雙重能力,成為了福爾摩斯獨一無二的標(biāo)志。2002年,為了表彰該文學(xué)人物對法醫(yī)學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn),(英國)皇家化學(xué)學(xué)會做出了一個非同尋常的舉動,追認(rèn)夏洛克·福爾摩斯為榮譽會員。
因此毫無疑問,福爾摩斯快速處理大量信息的能力及其聰明才智是他無窮魅力的核心所在。在大屏幕上,即使導(dǎo)演采用了多種特效和花哨得令人眼花繚亂的電影剪輯技術(shù),最終吸引我們的也還是福爾摩斯的個人魅力。對觀眾而言,看到福爾摩斯的高超智慧從各種不同的角度得以闡釋,也確實非常有趣。
2009年上映的影片《大偵探福爾摩斯》迅速獲得了巨大成功。小羅伯特·唐尼和裘德·洛分別扮演福爾摩斯及其死黨華生醫(yī)生,他們組成了動作喜劇二人組,動作場面十分壯觀,同時搞笑十足。
這部電影也并不是沒有非議。邋遢骯臟、頭發(fā)凌亂、蓬頭垢臉的小羅伯特·唐尼確實不像原文中所描述的夏洛克·福爾摩斯,后者“有些過度重視個人衛(wèi)生”。而小羅伯特·唐尼在片中流血流汗,赤手空拳地打斗,破窗而出跳入泰晤士河。對很多習(xí)慣于福爾摩斯的傳統(tǒng)形象的人來說,這些都令人難以信服。此外,電影情節(jié)也與原文沒有太多共同之處。但如果只將其視為博人一笑的動作喜劇娛樂片,這部片子還算得上差強人意。
但導(dǎo)演蓋伊·里奇說,這部電影恰恰在試圖展現(xiàn)福爾摩斯性格的其他方面,這些性格在原書中的確提到過,但大多數(shù)時候一帶而過。蓋伊·里奇巧妙地展現(xiàn)了福爾摩斯在拳擊比賽中如何運用自己的“絕技”。影片中,福爾摩斯參與了一場自由搏擊賽(通常選手不帶拳擊手套和護(hù)具),鏡頭通過他的視角展示了他在打斗開始之前是如何仔細(xì)觀察對手,找出其可以利用的弱點,以及打擊不同身體部位應(yīng)該使用多少力量,然后再將這一系列的觀察判斷運用到打斗之中。顯然,這是一個大膽的再創(chuàng)造,但福爾摩斯這個聰明人采取這種打斗方式倒也合情合理。福爾摩斯應(yīng)該是一位不但思維縝密而且身手也十分了得的人?;蛟S,這只是里奇試圖打造一個19世紀(jì)的詹姆斯·邦德的嘗試罷了。
但是,當(dāng)你回想書中對福爾摩斯的描述時,這部電影還是有所遺漏:福爾摩斯十分享受辦理案件時純粹的快樂。原著中,福爾摩斯一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有用的線索,就會興奮地走來走去,大聲呼喊。而唐尼飾演的福爾摩斯似乎滿足于向周圍的人證明自己是多么的聰明,而非真正發(fā)現(xiàn)了線索。雖然柯南道爾描寫的福爾摩斯肯定也愛展現(xiàn)自己的能力,但還是追緝兇手的刺激能讓他真正感到興奮。事實上,BBC拍攝的《神探夏洛克》在處理福爾摩斯的這一特點時就做得非常好。
BBC將福爾摩斯“升級”到21世紀(jì),這似乎是一個大膽的舉動:電視劇《神探夏洛克》塑造了一個能發(fā)短信、能用手提電腦的新福爾摩斯形象,他是柯南道爾、豪斯醫(yī)生、任性的搖滾巨星及《生活大爆炸》中謝爾頓的綜合體。他有煙癮,依賴尼古丁貼片,而并非(原著中的)百分之七含量的可卡因溶液;他熱衷于解答白天電視劇中的謎團,還建立網(wǎng)站招攬生意。但是這個現(xiàn)代版的福爾摩斯是極具創(chuàng)意、機智靈敏的,最為突出的是,他完全符合原著中那個高傲、不擅長社交的福爾摩斯,關(guān)注微小細(xì)節(jié),擅長演繹推理。
這似乎聽起來有點搞噱頭,但多虧了主演本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇極度活躍的專注表演,劇情發(fā)展得倒是很自然?,F(xiàn)代版的福爾摩斯是一位網(wǎng)絡(luò)專家;他自負(fù)地在倫敦警察廳舉辦新聞發(fā)布會期間向在場記者發(fā)送寫著“錯誤”的短信,爆料警察局的錯誤;他足不出戶在家里破案,身上只裹著一條毛毯,而華生拿著帶有網(wǎng)絡(luò)攝像頭的手提電腦向他“直播”犯罪現(xiàn)場,展示有用證據(jù)。這一切也都能說得通。從某種角度上看,他就是一個現(xiàn)代宅男極客,即使他穿著維多利亞風(fēng)格的長風(fēng)衣滿倫敦亂竄,留著怪異的發(fā)型,活像一個面色蒼白的邊緣人物。跨越了一整個世紀(jì),他完全符合柯南道爾筆下那個聰明而又放蕩不羈的形象。
此外,《神探夏洛克》還做了更多的嘗試:影片的一大有趣之處在于導(dǎo)演設(shè)計出多種方法來展示福爾摩斯的大腦是如何運轉(zhuǎn)的。在福爾摩斯觀察一個人,推斷他的過去和性格時,這個人衣物上相應(yīng)的地方會閃現(xiàn)提示標(biāo)簽;當(dāng)他在破解代碼時,他的臉上會浮現(xiàn)出不同的數(shù)字。多虧了影視技術(shù)的發(fā)展,我們能真正“看”到一個高速運轉(zhuǎn)、觀察縝密的大腦如何處理它所看到的大量數(shù)據(jù)。
盡管不可避免地,人們會比較不同的版本,然后選擇自己的立場,但作為這位偉大偵探的追隨者,我們心中充滿了感激之情,因為他“活躍”到了今天,并且達(dá)到了前所未有的高度,與羅賓漢、亞瑟王和其他一些經(jīng)典文學(xué)形象并駕齊驅(qū)。因此,與其哀嘆新改編的夏洛克·福爾摩斯如何偏離原著,我們還不如贊美一下,因為正是這些作品讓他的經(jīng)典故事重新回歸主流熒幕,成為眾人的焦點。
注釋:
1. sleuth: 偵探。
2. smart BBC series: BBC拍攝的電視劇《神探夏洛克》一季只有三集。相對其他一季十幾集或二十幾集的電視劇而言,該劇只能稱為“迷你”電視劇;blockbusting:〈 口〉轟動一時的(書籍或電影);adaptation: 改編本;vie for: 競爭,爭搶。
3. Michael Dirda: 邁克爾·德達(dá)(1948— ),書評家,《華盛頓郵報》的寫手兼編輯,普利策獎得主。
4. Jeremy Brett: 杰里米·布雷特(1933—1995),英國電影演員,曾經(jīng)在四部英國電視連續(xù)劇中扮演偵探夏洛克·福爾摩斯,被廣泛認(rèn)為是那個時代最具代表性的福爾摩斯扮演者;steampunk: 蒸汽朋克,是一種以蒸汽工業(yè)時代為背景(常見的是19世紀(jì)的英國或美國西部)、帶有科幻元素的文學(xué)或影視作品,懷舊是其主要特點之一;archetype: 原型,典型。
5. proper: 〈英口〉真正的,像樣的。
6. acerbic: 尖刻的,辛辣的;deerstalker cap: 獵鹿帽。傳統(tǒng)獵鹿帽一般以英國花呢制成,以獨特形狀引人注意,被視為福爾摩斯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)裝備。
7. upsurge: 急劇上升,飆升;yield: 產(chǎn)生(結(jié)果等)。
8. arsenic: 砷,砒霜;toxin: 毒素。
9. forensic: 法醫(yī)的;Royal Society of Chemistry: (英國)皇家化學(xué)學(xué)會,世界上歷史最為悠久的化學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)團體,也是歐洲最大的化學(xué)學(xué)會,成立于1841年,是享譽全球的化學(xué)信息傳播和出版機構(gòu);posthumous: 死后發(fā)生的,死后獲得的。
10. vertiginous: 眼花繚亂的,迅速變化的。
11. runaway: 輕易的,迅速的,控制不住的。
12. titular: 被用作標(biāo)題(或劇名、書名等)的;sidekick: 死黨,好友;duo: 二人組合,二重唱。
13. scruffy: 破爛的,不整潔的;cat-like: 像貓一樣的,具有某些貓的屬性的,這里指的是貓的潔癖,經(jīng)常自我清潔的習(xí)性。
14. romp: 〈口〉逗笑的娛樂節(jié)目。
15. Guy Ritchie: 蓋伊·里奇(1968— ),英國導(dǎo)演、編劇,曾因與麥當(dāng)娜的婚姻而聞名。他的影片充斥著大量無厘頭的英式對白和匪夷所思的巧合,多采用快速剪接和酷炫鏡頭的拍攝技術(shù)。
16. James Bond: 詹姆斯·邦德,英國作家伊恩·弗萊明的一套小說和系列電影的主角。故事中,邦德是英國情報機構(gòu)軍情六處的特務(wù),代號007,被授予可以除去任何妨礙行動的人的權(quán)力。
17. House: 這里指的是美劇《豪斯醫(yī)生》里的同名主角,是一個憤世嫉俗的醫(yī)生,常常被觀眾評為“福爾摩斯醫(yī)生版”;willful: 任性的,執(zhí)拗的;Sheldon: 美劇《生活大爆炸》里的謝爾頓·庫珀,理論物理學(xué)家,是一位精明、吹毛求疵而又習(xí)慣性顯擺他那超常智商的人物。
18. 福爾摩斯因為需要刺激思考,染上服用可卡因的惡習(xí)(在那個時代這一藥物的使用是合法的)。后來在華生協(xié)助下戒除,而華生則認(rèn)為這是福爾摩斯的唯一缺點。
19. gimmicky: ?;ㄕ械?,(用花招)騙人的。
20. Scotland Yard: 蘇格蘭場,負(fù)責(zé)整個大倫敦地區(qū)的公共治安及交通秩序(但倫敦市除外,該區(qū)的警務(wù)由倫敦市警察管轄)。蘇格蘭場本身既不是位于蘇格蘭,也不負(fù)責(zé)蘇格蘭的警備。蘇格蘭場這個名字源自1829年,當(dāng)時坐落在白廳廣場4號的倫敦警察廳開設(shè)有一扇后門,而后門正對著一條名為“大蘇格蘭場”(Great Scotland Yard)的街道上。之后,這扇后門變成了警察廳的公眾入口,而“蘇格蘭場”也漸漸成為了倫敦警方的代名詞。
21. telltale: 能說明問題的,泄露秘密的。
22. bohemian: 不拘于傳統(tǒng)的,放蕩不羈的。