高考完形填空中的熟詞生義
——以近五年全國卷為例

湖北

完形填空主要考查考生在閱讀理解的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用詞匯和語法的能力，縱觀近幾年高考完形填空題，可發(fā)現(xiàn)其對詞匯的要求越來越高，不僅考查詞匯的常用義，更考查了常見詞的“生義”，以此來測試學(xué)生對于詞匯用法的掌握。而對于熟詞生義的理解正是學(xué)生在平常的英語學(xué)習(xí)中容易疏忽的地方，因此熟詞生義題失分現(xiàn)象比較嚴(yán)重。下面筆者以近五年高考全國卷完形填空題為例，詳細(xì)分析熟詞生義的命題特點(diǎn)。

一、詞性未變

【例 1】(2018 年全國卷Ⅰ，42)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I jumped at the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn’t want to 42 a few dollars?

42.A.waste B.earn C.save D.pay

解析：C。savev.熟義為“救助，挽救”，此處意為“節(jié)省，節(jié)約”。

eg.We’ll take a cab to save time.我們坐出租車，好節(jié)省時(shí)間。

We should try to save water.我們應(yīng)設(shè)法節(jié)約用水。

【例 2】(2018年全國卷Ⅰ，51)In order to pass the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 what we would learn in class to our future professions and, eventually, to our lives.

51.A.add B.expose C.apply D.compare

解析：C。applyv.熟義為“申請，請求”，此處意為“使用，應(yīng)用”。

eg.The new technology was applied to farming.這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)已應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)。

【例 3】(2018 年全國卷Ⅱ，54)Those brown eyes were very familiar.“What’s his name?” I asked the instructor.“Ben,” he replied, and immediately I 54 .That stranger was my son!

54.A.agreed B.hesitated C.doubted D.knew

解析：D。knowv.熟義為“知道，了解”，此處意為“懂得，意識到”。

eg.As soon as I walked in the room I knew (that) something was wrong.我剛走進(jìn)屋就意識到出了事。

此外，know還有“認(rèn)識，熟悉”之義，該含義在2018年全國卷Ⅲ的完形填空中有考查，具體見例4。

【例 4】(2018 年全國卷Ⅲ，50)In her excitement, she didn’t seem to realize that she was sharing the baby’s photos with a complete stranger.“Well, I don’t 50 you all but I will get there to take pictures with the baby,” replied Dennis before asking which room the new parents were in.

50.A.accept B.know C.believe D.bother

解析：B。此處考查know“熟悉，認(rèn)識”之義。

eg.Do you two know each other? (= Have you met before?)你們倆認(rèn)識嗎？

【例 5】(2018年全國卷Ⅲ，53)Much to the family’s surprise, Dennis stuck to his promise! He turned up at the hospital 53 gifts for the new mother Lindsey and her baby boy.

53.A.bearing B.collecting C.opening D.making

解析：A。此題在該篇完形填空中錯(cuò)誤率頗高，bearv.熟義為“忍受，承受”，此處考查其不太常用的含義“攜帶”。

eg.The wedding guests arrived, bearing gifts.參加婚禮的賓客帶著禮物到來。

The US Constitution states that the people have a right to bear arms.美國憲法上寫明民眾有權(quán)攜帶武器。

【例 6】(2018年全國卷Ⅲ，58、59)Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words: “What a 58 this young man was to our family! He was so 59 and kind to do this.”

58.A.pity B.blessing C.relief D.problem

解析：B。blessingn.熟義為“上帝的賜福，祝福，保佑”，此處意為“幸事，好事，福氣”。

eg.Lack of traffic is one of the blessings of country life.往來車輛少是鄉(xiāng)村生活的一大好處。

It’s a blessing no one was badly hurt.所幸沒有人受重傷。

59.A.smart B.calm C.sweet D.fair

解析：C。sweetadj.熟義為“甜的”，此處意為“善良的，好心的，溫柔的”。

eg.She gave him her sweetest smile.她向他投以極溫柔的一笑。

It was sweet of them to offer to help.他們主動幫忙，真是好心人。

【例 7】(2017 年全國卷Ⅱ ,43)In 1973, I was teaching elementary school.Each day, 27 kids entered “The Thinking Laboratory”.That was the name students voted for after deciding that “Room 104” was too 43 .

43.A.small B.dark C.strange D.dull

解析：D。dulladj.熟義為“陰沉的，昏暗的”，此處意為“枯燥無味的，無聊的”。

eg.Life in a small town could be deadly dull.小城鎮(zhèn)的生活可能會非常沒意思。

The first half of the game was pretty dull.上半場比賽打得十分沉悶。

【例 8】(2017 年全國卷Ⅱ，56) Just last year, I was 56 a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door.A woman excused the interruption and handed me an envelope.

56.A.observing B.preparing

C.designing D.conducting

解析：D。首先，考生對于題干中的workshop的誤解容易導(dǎo)致其走入答題誤區(qū)，workshopn.熟義為“車間，作坊”，而此處意為“研討會，講習(xí)班”。

eg.a poetry workshop 詩歌講習(xí)班

其次，conductv.熟義為“執(zhí)行，實(shí)施”，此處意為“組織，主持”。

eg.The memorial service was conducted by the Rev.David.這次追悼儀式由戴維牧師主持。

【例 9】(2016年全國卷Ⅰ，41)Larry works with Transport Drivers, Inc.One morning in 2009, Larry was 41 along 165 north after delivering to one of his customers.

41.A.walking B.touring

C.traveling D.rushing

解析：C。travelv.熟義為“旅行”，此處意為“行進(jìn)，傳播”。

eg.to travel at 50 miles an hour 以每小時(shí) 50 英里的速度行進(jìn)。

News travels fast these days.如今消息傳播得很快。

【例 10】(2016 年全國卷Ⅰ，46)One more look and he noticed flames shooting out from under the 46 vehicle.

46.A.used B.disabled

C.removed D.abandoned

解析：B。disabledadj.熟義為“殘疾的”，動詞disable除“使喪失能力，使殘疾”外，還有“使無效，使不能運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”之意。因此，disabled此處意為“無法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的，被破壞的”。

eg.The burglars gained entry to the building after disabling the alarm.竊賊破壞報(bào)警器后便得以進(jìn)入大樓。

【例 11】(2015 年 全國 卷 Ⅰ，45)In the store, I asked each of my kids to 45 something they thought our “friend”there would appreciate.They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice.

45.A.draw B.say

C.arrange D.pick

解析：D。pickv.熟義為“采，摘”，此處意為“挑選”。

eg.She picked the best cake for herself.她為自己挑了一塊最好的蛋糕。

【例 12】(2015 年全國卷Ⅰ，48)Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a gift card.I thought about it.We were 48 on cash ourselves, but...well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is just what we need to do!

48.A.easy B.low

C.soft D.loose

解析：B。lowadj.熟義為“低的，矮的”，此處意為“不足的，缺乏的”。

eg.We’re running low on gas.我們的汽油不多了。

【例 13】(2015年全國卷Ⅱ，57) It 57 me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team.I think it is a general principle.Experience is the best teacher.

57.A.confused B.struck

C.reminded D.warned

解析：B。strikev.熟義為“撞，擊，打”，此處意為“突然想到”。

eg.An awful thought has just struck me.剛才我腦子里突然閃過一個(gè)可怕的念頭。

【例 14】(2014年全國卷Ⅱ，42) Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes mountains.They reached the top successfully, but on their way back conditions were very 42 .Joe fell and broke his leg.

42.A.difficult B.similar C.special D.normal

解析：A。conditionn.熟義為“條件”，此處意為“境況，狀況，狀態(tài)”。

eg.a used car in perfect condition 車況完好的舊車

He is overweight and out of condition.他的體重超重，健康狀況不佳。

二、詞性變化

【例 1】(2018 年全國卷Ⅲ，56)Teresa 56 a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words:“What a blessing this young man was to our family! He was so sweet and kind to do this.”

56.A.found B.selected C.developed D.posted

解析：D。post的熟義為名詞“郵政，郵件，桿子”，此處用作動詞，意為“張貼，公布”。

eg.A copy of the letter was posted on the notice board.布告牌上張貼了這封信的復(fù)印件。

The results will be posted on the Internet.結(jié)果將在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上公布。

【例 2】(2017 年全國卷Ⅰ，48)The story began during my first week at college.I watched as the ASL Club performed their translation of a song.Both the hand movements and the very 48 of communicating without speaking attracted me.

48.A.idea B.amount

C.dream D.reason

解析：A。 題干中very的熟詞生義容易干擾考生的思維，very的熟義為副詞“非?！?，此處為形容詞，意為“僅僅的，唯獨(dú)的”。

eg.The very thought of drink made him feel sick.他一想到酒就覺得惡心。

【例 3】(2017 年全國卷Ⅰ，53)After that, feeling the need to explore further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL club’s meetings.I only learned how to 53 the alphabet that day.

53.A.print B.write

C.sign D.count

解析：C。 sign的熟義為名詞“標(biāo)志，標(biāo)牌，征兆，預(yù)兆”，此處為動詞“打手語”。

eg.She learnt to sign to help her deaf child.為幫助她耳聾的孩子，她學(xué)會了手語。

【例 4】(2017年全國卷Ⅱ，51)Through the years,I’d run into former students who would provide 51 on old classmates.I learned that Freddy did several jobs after his graduation from high school and remained the same caring person I met forty years before.

51.A.assessments B.comments

C.instructions D.updates

解析：D。人教版高中英語選修九單詞表中對update的解釋為動詞“更新”，而此處update被用作名詞，意為“最新消息”。

eg.an update on recently published version of crime figures關(guān)于最近公布的犯罪數(shù)字的最新消息

【例 5】(2017年全國卷Ⅲ，48、49)“I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to 48 a lot of joy,” said Axani.He posted his 49 on a social networking website, and received thousands of e-mails, including thirty from actual Elizabeth Gallaghers with the right passports.“More interesting, there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in changing their name to Elizabeth Gallagher,”Axani said.

48.A.sacrifice B.express

C.experience D.provide

解析：C。experience的熟義為名詞“經(jīng)歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，此處意為動詞“經(jīng)歷，體驗(yàn)”。

eg.Everyone experiences these problems at some time in their lives.每個(gè)人在人生的某個(gè)階段都會經(jīng)歷這些問題。

49.A.answer B.advice

C.offer D.comment

解析：C。offer的熟義為動詞“提供”，此處用作名詞，意為“主動提議，自愿給予”。

eg.a job offer 一個(gè)工作機(jī)會

I took him up on his offer of a loan.他主動提出借錢給我，我接受了。

【例 6】(2016 年全國卷Ⅰ，52)They told her to stay 52 until the emergency personnel arrived, but she thought the car was going to explode.

52.A.quiet B.still

C.away D.calm

解析：B。still的熟義為副詞“仍然”，此處用作形容詞，意為“靜止的，寂靜的”。

eg.still water 平靜的水面

Keep still while I brush your hair.我給你梳頭時(shí)你不要動。

【例 7】(2016 年全國卷Ⅱ，50) One morning, I had to 50 an immediate flight home for a family emergency.

50.A.arrange B.postpone

C.confirm D.book

解析：D。book的熟義為名詞“書”，此處意為動詞“預(yù)約，預(yù)訂”。

eg.I’d like to book a table for two for 8 o’clock tonight.我想訂一張今晚8點(diǎn)鐘的二人餐桌。

【例 8】(2016 年全國卷Ⅱ，53)She gave me a 53 smile, nodded while listening patiently, and then printed out the ticket immediately.

53.A.shy B.comforting C.familiar D.forced

解析：B。comfort的熟義為名詞“舒適，舒服”，此外還可用作動詞，意為“安慰，寬慰”。因此，此處comfort的-ing形式作定語，意為“令人寬慰的”。

eg.The victim’s widow was today being comforted by family and friends.受害人的遺孀今天正受到親屬和朋友的安慰。

【例 9】(2016年全國卷Ⅲ，50)One afternoon, I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller 50 going over a fence—which wasn’t hard to climb if you had both arms.

50.A.stuck B.hurt C.tried D.lost

解析：A。stick的熟義為名詞“棍子”，此處用作動詞，意為“（使）卡住，陷住”。

eg.The wheels were stuck in the mud.車輪陷到了泥里。

I can’t get out—I’m stuck.我出不去──我被卡住了。

【例 10】(2014年全國卷Ⅰ，47)The world is full of half-filled stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someone’s 47 interest.When parents bring home a pet, their child gladly bathes it and brushes its fur.Within a short time, however, the burden of caring the animal is handed over to the parents.

47.A.broad B.passing C.different D.main

解析：B。passing的熟義為名詞“通過，流逝，消亡”，此處用作形容詞，意為“暫時(shí)的，瞬間的”。

eg.a passing thought/interest 一閃念；一時(shí)之興

三、固定搭配中的詞義變化

【例 1】(2018 年全國卷Ⅰ，41)During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a“free”course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.I 41 the idea of taking the class because, after all,who doesn’t want to save a few dollars?

41.A.put forward B.jumped at

C.tried out D.turned down

解析：B。jump熟義為“跳”，此處與介詞at構(gòu)成固定搭配jump at，意為“迫不及待地接受”。

eg.I jumped at the chance of a trip to Hong Kong.我迫不及待地接受了去香港的機(jī)會。

【例 2】(2018年全國卷Ⅱ，52)He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something 52 to me.Those brown eyes were very familiar.

52.A.happened B.occurred

C.applied D.appealed

解析：B。occur的熟義為“發(fā)生，出現(xiàn)”，此處與to構(gòu)成固定搭配occur to，意為“被想到，出現(xiàn)在頭腦中”。

eg.It never occurred to him that he would become a lawyer.他從未想到自己能成為律師。

【例 3】(2017年全國卷Ⅰ，55)Yet instead of being discouraged by my slow progress, I was excited.I then made it a point to 55 those meetings and learn all I could.

55.A.chair B.sponsor C.attend D.organize

解析：C。對題干中point的理解為解題的關(guān)鍵。point熟義為名詞“點(diǎn)，時(shí)刻，地點(diǎn)”，此處構(gòu)成固定搭配make it a point to do sth.，意為“特意做某事”。

eg.I always make it a point to be there early.我總是特意提前到那兒。

【例 4】(2014 年全國卷Ⅰ，44)For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about playing with their new toys.But their 44 soon wears off and by January those same toys can be found put away in the basement.

44.A.confidence B.interest

C.anxiety D.sorrow

解析：B。題干中wear作動詞時(shí)熟義為“穿，磨損”，此處與off構(gòu)成固定搭配wear off，意為“逐漸消失，逐漸停止”，如此可確定該題答案。

eg.The effects of the drug will soon wear off.這麻醉藥的作用將很快消失。

由此可見，高考英語完形填空對于詞匯用法的考查全面且深入，而人教版高中英語教材的單詞表中只列出了詞匯的熟義，傳統(tǒng)的按照單詞表機(jī)械地背誦單詞的方法顯然已不能達(dá)到高考對學(xué)生語言能力的要求。由于單詞的生義很難在課文中一一體現(xiàn)，且學(xué)生記憶單詞缺乏相應(yīng)的語境，因此，對熟詞生義例句的補(bǔ)充就顯得尤為重要。只有結(jié)合例句，彌補(bǔ)多義詞語境的空缺，才能幫助學(xué)生更好地掌握熟詞生義的用法，也能更好地避免遺忘。