with復合結構和獨立主格復合結構重難點突破

江西 王立新

with復合結構和獨立主格復合結構是高三復習備考的重點、難點，也是每年高考的熱點。學生對這兩種復合結構頗感頭痛，有時覺得無從下手。筆者認為，只要找出它們的異同點并進行對比，這兩個重點、難點語法項目便很容易被突破。

一、兩種復合結構的異同點

不同點：

with復合結構的構成：with +賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+賓補（名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式七種形式）。

獨立主格復合結構的構成：名詞或主格代詞+名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、不定式七種形式。

相同點：

（1）with復合結構中的賓語和賓補、獨立主格復合結構的前后兩部分都是邏輯上的主謂關系。后一部分的七種形式（即邏輯謂語）的用法特征相同。

（2)兩種復合結構在句中主要用作狀語、定語；句法功能相同時，通常可以互相轉換。

二、兩種復合結構的用法特征

（1）with + 賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 名詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 名詞

名詞在這兩種結構中均表示前面名詞或代詞的身份或類屬。

With Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

= Mr. Wilson once the governor, the people had their rights to do everything.

（兩種結構均作時間狀語）

威爾遜先生以前執(zhí)政時，人民有權做一切事情。

With his first shot a failure, he fired again.

= His first shot a failure, he fired again.

（兩種結構均作原因狀語）

他第一槍沒打中，又打了第二槍。

The brave man fought the tiger, with astick his only weapon.

= The brave man fought the tiger, astick his only weapon.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

那位勇士和老虎搏斗，木棍是他唯一的武器。

（2）with + 賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 形容詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 形容詞

形容詞在這兩種結構中均表示前面名詞或代詞的特征或狀態(tài)。

With the road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

= The road muddy, they failed to arrive on time.

（兩種結構均作原因狀語）

由于道路泥濘，他們未能準時到達。

They were making asnowman, with hands red with the cold.

= They were making asnowman, hands red with the cold.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

他們在做雪人，手凍得發(fā)紅。

Close to the bank I saw deep pools, with the water blue like the sky.

= Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

（兩種結構均作定語）

靠近岸時，我看見幾個深池塘，池水碧似藍天。

（3）with + 賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 副詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 副詞

副詞在這兩種結構中均表示前面名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)或動向。

With supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

= Supper over, they would gather to chat in the courtyard.

（兩種結構均作時間狀語）

晚飯以后，他們總是聚集在院子里聊天。

The man entered the office, with his hat off and his head down.

= The man entered the office, his hat off and his head down.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

那個人走進辦公室，脫掉帽子，低著頭。

A damaged motorbike lay on the road, with the petrol out.

= A damaged motorbike lay on the road, the petrol out.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

一輛損壞了的摩托車倒在路上，汽油流出來了。

（4）with + 賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 介詞短語

名詞或主格代詞 + 介詞短語

介詞短語在這兩種結構中均表示前面名詞或代詞所處的狀態(tài)。在這種類型的獨立主格復合結構中，若邏輯主語與介詞短語中的名詞都是單數名詞，在這些名詞前習慣上不用限定詞（冠詞或物主代詞）；如果是復數名詞，則可用物主代詞。

A man, with a gun in his hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

= A man, gun in hand, suddenly appeared in front of the house.

（不用a gun in the / his hand）

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

一個人手拿著槍，突然出現(xiàn)在屋子前方。

So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,with a bowl and aspoon in his hand.

= So Oliver rose from the table and went up to the master,bowl and spoon in hand.

（不用a bowl and aspoon in the / his hand）

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

于是，奧利弗手拿飯碗和湯匙從桌旁站起來，向管事主人走去。

Hearing the news, she sat still, with (her) tears in her eyes.

= Hearing the news, she sat still, (her) tears in her eyes.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式）

一聽到這消息，她在那里坐著發(fā)呆，兩眼淚汪汪。

（5）with + 賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 現(xiàn)在分詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞

現(xiàn)在分詞在這兩種結構中均表示正在進行的動作。當邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞所表動作的承受者時，現(xiàn)在分詞應用被動形式；當現(xiàn)在分詞所表動作發(fā)生在句子謂語動作之前時，現(xiàn)在分詞要用完成式。

With so many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

= So many comrades being absent, the meeting had to be put off till the next week.

（兩種結構均作原因狀語；邏輯主語和邏輯謂語之間是主動關系，故用be的現(xiàn)在分詞形式。）

因很多同志不在場，會議只好延期到下周開。

With the question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

= The question being discussed, we didn’t go to have our lunch.

（兩種結構均作原因狀語；邏輯主語和邏輯謂語之間是被動關系，being discussed是現(xiàn)在分詞一般式的被動語態(tài)，表示正在進行的被動動作。）

由于在討論問題，我們沒有去吃午飯。

With the rain having stopped, they hurried away.

= The rain having stopped, they hurried away.

（兩種結構均作時間狀語；現(xiàn)在分詞所表動作發(fā)生在句子謂語動作之前，故用完成式。）

雨一停他們就匆匆離去了。

With all his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

= All his money having been spent, Jack started looking for work.

（兩種結構均作原因狀語；現(xiàn)在分詞所表動作發(fā)生在句子謂語動作之前，且邏輯主語和邏輯謂語之間是被動關系，故用現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的被動語態(tài)。）

由于所有的錢已花光，杰克開始找活干。

（6）with + 賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 過去分詞

名詞或主格代詞 + 過去分詞

過去分詞在這兩種結構中均表示被動、完成的動作。該動作有時既帶被動意義又帶完成意義，有時只帶被動意義。

With the duty completed, he had three months ’leave.

= The duty completed, he had three months’ leave.

（兩種結構均作時間狀語；過去分詞表示被動、完成的動作。）

任務完成以后，他休了三個月的假。

The prisoner walked in front, with his hands tied behind him.

= The prisoner walked in front, his hands tied behind him.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式；過去分詞表示被動、完成的動作。）

犯人走在前頭，兩手反綁著。

With enough time given, this can be done.

= Enough time given, this can be done.

（兩種結構均作條件狀語；過去分詞所表動作只帶被動意義。）

如果有足夠的時間，這事是能做得到的。

（7）with + 賓語（名詞或賓格代詞）+ 不定式

名詞或主格代詞 + 不定式

不定式的一般式表示動作發(fā)生了，指動作的全過程、事實，也可表示將來的動作。邏輯謂語還可能用不定式的進行式或完成式。當邏輯主語是不定式所表動作的承受者時，不定式要用被動語態(tài)。

The two boys said good-bye to each other, with one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

= The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home and the other to go to his friend’s.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示伴隨情況或行為方式；不定式表示過去動作的全過程、事實。）

那兩個男孩相互告別了，一個回家去，另一個到他朋友家去了。

We divided the work, with him to clean the window and me to sweep the floor.

= We divided the work, he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.

（兩種結構均作結果狀語；不定式表示過去將來的動作。）

我們分了工，他擦窗戶，我掃地。

Here are the first three volumes, with the fourth one to come out next month.

= Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示補充說明；不定式表示將來的動作。）

這是頭三卷，第四卷下月出版。

That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, with normal raises to be expected.

= That’s twenty thousand dollars a year, normal raises to be expected.

（兩種結構均作狀語，表示補充說明；不定式表示將來的被動動作。）

那是一年兩萬美元，還可以指望常規(guī)的加薪。

注意下面with復合結構中的不定式的語態(tài)：

With a meeting to attend, we could not go to visit him.

由于有一個會要參加，我們未能去拜訪他。

（with復合結構作原因狀語。雖然邏輯主語a meeting和邏輯謂語to attend之間是被動關系，但是句子的主語we是to attend的動作執(zhí)行者，所以不定式用主動形式表示被動含義。）

With several letters to be typed, I must go and ask him for help.

有幾封信要輸入，我得去請他幫忙。

（with復合結構作原因狀語。邏輯主語與邏輯謂語之間是被動關系，句子的主語并非不定式動作的執(zhí)行者，所以不定式仍然使用被動語態(tài)。）

練一練，用with復合結構和獨立主格復合結構完成句子翻譯。

1. 學生們做完練習后，老師開始講課文。

_______________, the teacher began to explain the text.

2. 工作做完之后，我們覺得很疲勞。

_______________, we felt very tired.

3. 他安靜地坐在角落里，閉著雙眼。

He sat quietly in the corner,_______________.

4. 地板又濕又臟，我們寧可站在外面。

_______________, we would rather stand outside.

5. 由于主任旅行在外，鮑勃負責這個部門的工作。

_______________, Bob is in charge of this department.

6. 老師走進教室，腋下夾著書本和地圖。

The teacher entered the classroom,__________.

7. 他站在那里，嘴里叼著一根煙管。

He was standing there,__________ .

8. 他們同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的三分之一。

They agreed on a division of labor,_______________ .

9. 她以前總愛在晚上坐著看書，她的貓兒便是她唯一的陪伴。

She used to sit reading in the evening,_____ .

10. 這士兵肩上扛著紅旗，向大樓頂部沖去。

__________, the soldier rushed to the top of the building.

11. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走路。

_______________, we had to walk.

12. 他的鞋子穿破了，他無法再繼續(xù)步行。

_______________, he couldn’t go on foot any longer.

13. 很多人參加了這次會議，其中大多數是來自美國的專家。

Many people attended the conference,__________ .

14. 所有的窗戶開著，屋子里的空氣更新鮮了。

__________, the air in the room is fresher.

15. 考試結束了，我們有一段很長的時間可以休息。

_______________, we had a long time to rest.

16. 沒人叫醒我，我會錯過火車的。

I would miss the train,__________ .

參考答案：

1. With the students having done the exercises / Thestudents having done the exercises

2. With the work having been done / The work havingbeen done

3. with his eyes closed / his eyes closed

4. With the floor (being) wet and dirty / The floor (being)wet and dirty

5. With the director (being) away on a journey / The director (being) away on a journey

6. with books and maps under his arm / books and maps under his arm

7. with a pipe in his mouth / pipe in mouth

8. with each to translate one third of the book / each totranslate one third of the book

9. with her cat her only companion / her cat her only companion

10. With a flag on his shoulder / Flag on shoulder

11. With no buses being there / There being no buses

12. With his shoes worn out / His shoes worn out

13. with most of the experts from the USA / most of theexperts from the USA

14. With all the windows open / All the windows open

15. With the examinations over / The examinations over

16. with no one to wake me up / no one to wake me up