牟 丹, 趙 逵
(遵義醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院 消化內(nèi)科,貴州 遵義 563099)
結(jié)直腸癌(Colorectal carcinoma,CRC)在美國目前所有診斷癌癥中排名第三,是與癌癥死亡率相關(guān)的第二大因素[1]。根據(jù)美國國家癌癥研究所的發(fā)病率數(shù)據(jù)顯示結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)的發(fā)病率和死亡率有逐漸升高的趨勢[2]。而在中國,經(jīng)濟飛速發(fā)展的同時人民生活水平不斷提高,飲食結(jié)構(gòu)(高脂、低纖維飲食)和生活習(xí)慣(久坐、缺乏運動)的改變,結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)在近幾十年的發(fā)病率有所增加,并在未來仍有繼續(xù)上升趨勢[3-4]。雖然目前各種化療、手術(shù)等治療癌癥方法被提出,但結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)和遠處轉(zhuǎn)移患者的5年生存率仍然很低,約為13%[5-6]。所以,如何早期及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并診斷結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)成為近幾年廣大醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)者的研究重點。有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)粘蛋白2(Mucin2,MUC2)具有保護腸道組織從而避免腫瘤形成的作用[1],這對早期發(fā)現(xiàn)并診斷結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)有重要意義。關(guān)于結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生途徑,包括炎癥-癌癥途徑、腺瘤-腺癌途徑以及從無到有途徑,本文就近幾年MUC2在結(jié)直腸癌發(fā)生的炎癥-癌癥途徑的研究進展做一綜述。
1.1 MUC2的分子結(jié)構(gòu) 在前期的研究中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)全胃腸道都是由粘膜層保護的,在粘膜層中含有一種稱為粘蛋白的復(fù)合糖蛋白,其保護胃腸道粘膜免受微生物及外界有害因素的侵入。而MUC2是此類粘蛋白中的一種[7],亦是腸道中粘蛋白的主要成分[8-10]。該種粘蛋白是由超過5000個氨基酸組成的單體,且具有三個完整結(jié)構(gòu)域,其中一個部分稱為von Willebrand結(jié)構(gòu)域(即vWD)在N末端,隨后是第一個CysD結(jié)構(gòu)域,兩個區(qū)域含有大量的脯氨酸、蘇氨酸和絲氨酸第二個CysD域分開所謂的PTS結(jié)構(gòu)域,C末端部分包含第四個vWD、vWC和半胱氨酸結(jié)構(gòu)域。其主要的翻譯產(chǎn)物是通過內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)中的二硫鍵形成C-末端MUC2二聚體。在反式高爾基體網(wǎng)絡(luò)中,MUC2在調(diào)節(jié)途徑中進行分選,并在其vWD3結(jié)構(gòu)域中經(jīng)歷二聚體的二硫鍵三聚化。在分泌途徑的后期階段,該三聚反應(yīng)之前或之后,形成還原不敏感鍵,從而在結(jié)直腸中形成致密的內(nèi)部粘液層,將結(jié)直腸上皮與細(xì)菌分離[11-13]。MUC2在分泌途徑的后期階段其密集地包裝在杯狀細(xì)胞內(nèi),并且在杯狀細(xì)胞中分泌后以1 000倍擴增形成平坦的網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu),堆疊成結(jié)直腸中的分層粘蛋白片[14]。
1.2 MUC2在腸道中的功能 由于結(jié)直腸中巨大的細(xì)菌負(fù)荷和機械力,這種特殊的內(nèi)環(huán)境對其保護上皮也產(chǎn)生特殊要求[13],覆蓋在腸道上皮細(xì)胞上的腸粘膜層通過限制細(xì)菌侵入而有助于維持粘膜穩(wěn)態(tài),而粘膜層被大量粘液覆蓋[15],粘液限制了可以到達上皮和淋巴結(jié)的細(xì)菌數(shù)量,而且粘液層也將細(xì)菌與宿主上皮分離[16]。MUC2是在正常結(jié)直腸中高度表達的分泌粘蛋白[17],有學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)在功能水平上,MUC2可以保護腸道的正常菌群免受β-防御素的抗微生物作用[18]。腸道中的MUC2不能通過宿主消化系統(tǒng)降解,但是其可以通過共生菌和病原菌很好地降解。MUC2聚糖對共生細(xì)菌的選擇至關(guān)重要,并且作為細(xì)菌的營養(yǎng)來源幫助腸道恢復(fù)一些能量,這些能量用于粘液層的不斷更新及其對腸道的保護作用[19]。糖基化是細(xì)胞表面和分泌蛋白的最多樣化和常見的翻譯后修飾。N-糖基化是比較單一和可預(yù)測的,而O-糖基化是更多樣化和不可預(yù)測。O-糖基化也稱為粘蛋白型糖基化,在高爾基體中運輸期間,MUC2二聚體變得非常O-糖基化,從而將它們的質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)移到≈5Mpa[20],所以MUC2是粘液中主要的O-糖基化產(chǎn)物,而O-糖基化在宿主-微生物群相互作用中起重要作用[21],由此可見MUC2在腸道微生物調(diào)節(jié)中也有著舉足輕重的作用。Boltin研究發(fā)現(xiàn)MUC2是腸上皮中粘蛋白屏障的主要成分,這種粘液屏障受到管腔-微生物因子和宿主-免疫因子的影響,兩者都由遺傳和環(huán)境因素決定[22]。所以,Uray等學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)由結(jié)腸上皮產(chǎn)生的MUC2糖蛋白主要PTTTPITTTTTPTPTPTPTGTQT的重復(fù)單元構(gòu)成,他們認(rèn)為MUC2可以在胃腸道疾病中過表達或過糖基化[23],另一方面,有學(xué)者在缺氧(HIF-1α)條件下可誘導(dǎo)MUC2啟動子,使其活性增加,從而增加MUC2表達[24]。 這是否可成為MUC2在腸道疾病的治療中又一新型策略還有待進一步的探測與研究。
2.1 MUC2與腸道炎癥 Cobo等學(xué)者研究了MUC2和結(jié)直腸粘膜中的導(dǎo)管膠原之間的調(diào)節(jié)機制,其發(fā)現(xiàn)完整的粘液屏障有助于防止溶組織結(jié)構(gòu)和葡萄糖酸鈉對結(jié)直腸粘膜的破壞,從而誘導(dǎo)結(jié)直腸炎的產(chǎn)生,而作為粘液屏障主要成分的MUC2有助于合成抗菌肽鏈殺菌素,從而抑制溶組織結(jié)構(gòu)和葡萄糖酸鈉對腸道炎癥的誘導(dǎo)[25]。MUC2缺乏導(dǎo)致上皮屏障功能受損,腸道微生物群體失衡和自發(fā)性腸道炎癥[26]。有學(xué)者對荷蘭潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎(Ulcerative colitis,UC)患者中的122個基因進行了深入的靶向重排序,以研究稀有變體對潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎遺傳易感性的貢獻,在他們的研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)MUC2基因與潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的稀有變體有關(guān)聯(lián)[27]。MUC2保護易感細(xì)菌免受其抗菌作用[28]。杯狀細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的粘蛋白(MUC2為主)受損會增加結(jié)腸粘膜的微生物刺激,引發(fā)腸道炎癥[29]。Liu等學(xué)者研究發(fā)現(xiàn)慢性炎癥是癌癥的標(biāo)志之一,患有炎癥性腸病的個體比一般人群具有顯著增加的結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)風(fēng)險,并且其風(fēng)險大小取決于炎癥部位和炎癥時間的長短。慢性炎癥反應(yīng)可以通過分泌多種介質(zhì)的活化免疫細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生腫瘤支持的微環(huán)境,這可能影響腫瘤發(fā)生、侵襲、轉(zhuǎn)移和血管生成。嚴(yán)重的炎癥可以改變腸道環(huán)境的生理學(xué)和影響結(jié)腸直腸癌的發(fā)生、發(fā)展[30]。所以,要積極防治結(jié)直腸癌,可以從防治腸道炎癥病變?nèi)胧?,這也是近幾年國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的在結(jié)直腸癌方面研究的新思路。
2.2 MUC2在結(jié)直腸癌中的表達 Mizoshita等的研究數(shù)據(jù)表明MUC2表達的減少可能與結(jié)直腸癌的發(fā)生和進展有關(guān)[31]。Alkhayal通過對結(jié)直腸癌(CRC)患者的腫瘤和相鄰正常組織進行組織病理學(xué)和免疫組織化學(xué)染色,與正常和相鄰組織相比,MUC2表達在早期和晚期結(jié)直腸癌組織中呈下調(diào)趨勢[32]。Pyo發(fā)現(xiàn)MUC2表達與腫瘤深度呈負(fù)相關(guān)。該學(xué)者認(rèn)為腸粘蛋白標(biāo)記物MUC2在正常胃粘膜中不表達。然而,MUC2通常在胃腸道中的小腸和右半結(jié)腸的粘膜中表達。而且MUC2表達似乎是與胃癌以及結(jié)腸直腸癌或胰腺癌患者預(yù)后相關(guān)的有利因素[33]。近年來國內(nèi)外許多學(xué)者對MUC2在結(jié)腸直腸惡性腫瘤中的表達進行了相當(dāng)廣泛的研究,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)其通常在癌細(xì)胞mRNA和蛋白水平上有明顯的下降趨勢[34]。Bosmans利用不同MUC2基因型的小鼠用于近端結(jié)腸吻合口瘺(AL)模型,在組織學(xué)上對炎癥進行評分,通過細(xì)菌16S核糖體DNA的定量PCR測定細(xì)菌移位,并通過評估腸脂肪酸結(jié)合蛋白的血清水平來確定上皮細(xì)胞損傷程度,他發(fā)現(xiàn)在22只MUC2缺陷型(MUC2 - / - )小鼠中,20只發(fā)生AL,而22只對照動物中有7只發(fā)生AL(P<0.001)。 對照小鼠顯示正常愈合,而MUC2 - / - 2小鼠具有更多的炎癥,較少的膠原沉積和新血管形成[35]。Yu進行的幾項研究表明MUC2在早期階段的腸化生和腫瘤中表達,其可能被用作印戒細(xì)胞癌的診斷標(biāo)志物[36]。 Johannes 的科研團隊使用組織芯片通過免疫組織化學(xué)染色分析381例MUC1、MUC2、MUC5和MUC6在腫瘤中的表達情況,其中85例(23%)結(jié)直腸癌患者中腸粘蛋白MUC2的表達喪失,當(dāng)分析僅限于癌癥II期和III期時,MUC2的喪失與不良預(yù)后相關(guān),他們認(rèn)為MUC2表達的喪失可作為結(jié)直腸癌不良預(yù)后的預(yù)測因子[37]。粘蛋白(MUC)在胃腸道中以組織特異性模式表達,并且表達在巴雷特氏化生中被釋放,且MUC表達模式在胃腸道腫瘤中具有預(yù)后意義[38]。Ohlsson 發(fā)現(xiàn)癌胚抗原(Carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA) mRNA的定量逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶-聚合酶鏈反應(yīng)是識別結(jié)直腸癌患者淋巴結(jié)腫瘤細(xì)胞的一種敏感方法,它與MUC2 mRNA結(jié)合后可以改善結(jié)直腸癌患者的臨床預(yù)后,結(jié)直腸癌患者淋巴結(jié)MUC2 / CEA mRNA比例水平較高表明預(yù)后較好,因此,通過對MUC2 / CEA mRNA比例的檢測可用于臨床實踐中對患者輔助治療方法的選擇[39]。
2.3 MUC2與結(jié)直腸癌的診治 結(jié)直腸癌目前在全世界都是最常見的癌癥之一,它的發(fā)病率和死亡率在各類疾病中都名列前茅[40]。目前結(jié)直腸癌仍以手術(shù)治療為主,但手術(shù)相關(guān)風(fēng)險、術(shù)后淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移等導(dǎo)致預(yù)后不良、術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)、昂貴的費用等又進一步阻礙治療。此外,在中國,大部分結(jié)直腸癌患者為老年人,生理機能難以承受手術(shù)的相關(guān)風(fēng)險。所以,不管是主觀還是客觀因素,手術(shù)都不是最理想的治療方法。前文已經(jīng)闡述MUC2對腸道粘膜有著保護作用,當(dāng)這個保護屏障受損時可引發(fā)腸道炎癥,長期的腸道炎癥又是癌癥的相關(guān)危險因素,如果能夠從腸道炎癥-腸道癌癥中間阻斷進展,及時、早期、有效地發(fā)現(xiàn)異常并積極治療,這無疑是對結(jié)直腸癌診治的又一突破。于是,進一步研究MUC2的特性,并結(jié)合大量臨床實踐的數(shù)據(jù)來進一步證實其作為早期診斷結(jié)直腸癌標(biāo)志物的可行性成為廣大結(jié)直腸癌研究者的又一新任務(wù)。MUC2作為腸道粘膜的一種保護因子,其表達的喪失亦可作為腫瘤不良預(yù)后的預(yù)測因子[37]。同時這也需要更多的前瞻性研究和大量臨床數(shù)據(jù)的支持。
目前,國內(nèi)外許多學(xué)者對MUC2的研究已經(jīng)上升到一個新的階段,關(guān)于其在腸道粘膜中的保護作用已經(jīng)得到充分的證實,其與結(jié)直腸的預(yù)后也密切相關(guān),可作為腫瘤早期診斷的標(biāo)志物。那么MUC2是否參與結(jié)直腸癌的增殖、凋亡、侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移等過程?若使用MUC2對早期癌癥進行診斷,在臨床實踐中又如何快速、準(zhǔn)確、有效地對患者進行體內(nèi)MUC2的定性、定量檢測?這些問題都有待進一步的探索和研究,如能攻克這些問題,將在結(jié)直腸癌的臨床診斷、治療方案等方面又將迎來一新的里程碑。
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