平永美+李巧+藍(lán)麗霞
[摘要] 目的 探討剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)中改良橫切口與縱切口對(duì)取胎時(shí)間的影響。 方法 選擇2013年5月~2015年5月在本院行剖宮產(chǎn)的孕婦,采用隨機(jī)表法將其分為兩組:改良橫切口組與縱切口組。分別記錄其取胎時(shí)間、Apgar評(píng)分,并采集新生兒臍靜脈血行血?dú)夥治龅?,比較兩組取胎時(shí)間、新生兒及產(chǎn)婦相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥。 結(jié)果 368例孕婦入選,其中改良橫切口201例,縱切口167例。初產(chǎn)婦改良橫切口組取胎時(shí)間為(2.5±0.8)min較縱切口組(4.0±1.2)min短(P<0.01),經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦改良橫切口組取胎時(shí)間(3.8±0.9)min較縱切口組(5.0±1.2)min短(P<0.01)。另外,與縱切口組相比,改良橫切口組產(chǎn)婦手術(shù)損傷率、術(shù)后24 h疼痛評(píng)分(采用VAS評(píng)分)更低,新生兒5 min Apgar評(píng)分≤3分和缺血缺氧性腦病發(fā)生率更低,臍靜脈pH值更高,Lac值更低,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);而比較兩組術(shù)后切口感染、術(shù)后輸血、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)、新生兒產(chǎn)傷和新生兒死亡率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。 結(jié)論 采用改良橫切口子宮下段剖宮產(chǎn)能明顯縮短取胎時(shí)間,降低新生兒及產(chǎn)婦切口相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥,保證母嬰安全。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 剖宮產(chǎn);橫切口;縱切口;取胎時(shí)間;新生兒;血?dú)夥治?/p>
[中圖分類號(hào)] R719.8 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] B [文章編號(hào)] 1673-9701(2017)30-0054-03
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of modified transverse incision and vertical incision during cesarean section on the time of fetus taking. Methods Pregnant women who were given cesarean section in our hospital from May 2013 to May 2015 were selected. They were divided into two groups by random table method: modified transverse incision group and vertical incision group. The time of fetus taking and Apgar score were recorded respectively. Neonatal umbilical vein blood gas analysis was also carried out. The time of fetus taking, as well as the neonatal and maternal-related complications were compared between the two groups. Results 368 cases of pregnant women were selected, including modified transverse incision of 201 cases, and vertical incision of 167 cases. The time of fetus taking was(2.5±0.8) min in the modified transverse incision group of primipara, shorter than that of(4.0±1.2) min in the vertical incision group(P<0.01). The time of fetus taking was (3.8±0.9)min in the modified transverse incision group of primipara, shorter than that of(5.0±1.2) min in the vertical incision group(P<0.01). In addition, compared with the vertical incision group, maternal surgical injury rate, postoperative 24-hour pain score(using VAS score) in the modified transverse incision group was lower. The incidence rate of 5-min Apgar score≤3 and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy was lower, the pH value of umbilical vein was higher, and Lac value was lower. The differences were statistically significant(P<0.01); there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the postoperative incision infection, postoperative blood transfusion, postoperative length of stay, neonatal birth injury and neonatal mortality(P>0.05). Conclusion The application of modified transverse incision uterine lower segment cesarean section can significantly shorten the time of fetus taking, reduce neonatal and maternal incision-related complications, and ensure the safety of mother and infant.endprint
[Key words] Cesarean section; Transverse incision; Vertical incision; Fetus taking; Newborns; Blood gas analysis
近年來(lái),我國(guó)剖宮產(chǎn)率逐年升高,接近34.9%,有些地方甚至高達(dá)70%[1]。因剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的應(yīng)用和推廣,初期在解決難產(chǎn)、降低母嬰死亡率方面發(fā)揮著重要作用[2],但剖宮產(chǎn)率上升使母嬰近、遠(yuǎn)期發(fā)病率上升,而孕產(chǎn)婦及圍生兒死亡率并不能相應(yīng)下降,反而有所升高。在剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)中最關(guān)鍵的一環(huán)就是取胎。取胎時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短直接關(guān)系到新生兒安危[3]。其中影響取胎時(shí)間最重要的因素就是手術(shù)方式的選擇[4]。目前剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)常用方式包括:改良腹式橫切口和腹式縱切口[5]。本研究選擇2013年5月~2015年5月在我院行剖宮產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)婦,分析兩種切口方式對(duì)取胎時(shí)間的影響。
1對(duì)象與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
選擇2013年5月~2015年5月時(shí)間段在本院行硬膜外麻醉下剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)的孕婦370例,年齡18~40歲,孕37~42周,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ級(jí),血紅蛋白>100 mg/L;術(shù)前血?dú)夂脱樗嶂稻#ツの雌?,產(chǎn)前均無(wú)胎兒宮內(nèi)窘迫。本研究經(jīng)我院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審查批準(zhǔn),所有患者術(shù)前均簽署知情同意書(shū)。按隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將產(chǎn)婦隨機(jī)分為改良腹式橫切口組201例和腹式縱切口組169例。其中1例產(chǎn)婦因麻醉效果欠佳、1例產(chǎn)婦因臍靜脈血?dú)鈽?biāo)本不足剔除入選,最終納入研究368例產(chǎn)婦。其中橫切口組201例,年齡(28.8±7.4)歲,體重指數(shù)(30.1±2.5)kg/m2;孕(40.0±2.5)周,胎盤(pán)早剝者5例,頭盆不稱者10例,前置胎盤(pán)5例,前置血管者2例,孕婦有嚴(yán)重合并癥或并發(fā)癥者17例,產(chǎn)婦及家屬要求剖宮產(chǎn)者20例;胎兒體重(2760±948)g??v切口組167例,年齡(29.0±6.8)歲,體重指數(shù)(30.3±2.7)kg/m2;孕(40.0±1.9)周,其中胎盤(pán)早剝者4例,頭盆不稱者8例,前置胎盤(pán)3例,前置血管者2例,孕婦有嚴(yán)重合并癥或并發(fā)癥15例,產(chǎn)婦及家屬要求剖宮產(chǎn)者16例;胎兒體重(2721±985)g。兩組一般資料比較,差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),見(jiàn)表1。
1.2 手術(shù)及麻醉
改良橫切口子宮下段剖宮產(chǎn)術(shù)采用腹部橫直切口13~15 cm(恥骨上二橫指處),鈍性分離脂肪、腹直肌及腹膜等,不必打開(kāi)膀胱子宮反折腹膜、下推膀胱,暴露子宮下段,切開(kāi)子宮下段小口2 cm,吸凈羊水,橫行撕開(kāi)至10~12 cm,娩出胎兒、胎盤(pán),清理宮腔,不縫合膀胱腹膜反折,逐層縫合;腹式縱切口采用腹部縱切口,采用傳統(tǒng)方法,常規(guī)進(jìn)腹,逐層分離,暴露子宮下段,距膀胱頂3~5 cm處橫行切開(kāi)反折腹膜及子宮下段,娩出胎兒、胎盤(pán),清理宮腔,逐層縫合[6]。手術(shù)指征:孕婦或家屬要求,高齡初產(chǎn),珍貴兒,均小骨盆,骨盆畸形及巨大兒頭盆不稱等。所有手術(shù)均由同一組手術(shù)醫(yī)生執(zhí)行。選擇硬膜外麻醉,穿刺間隙選擇L2~3,局麻藥采取2%利多卡因5 mL首次負(fù)荷推注,5 min后無(wú)不適,推注0.5%羅哌卡因8~10 mL,保持麻醉平面在T6以下。術(shù)中墊高右腰部保持30°角,以防仰臥位低血壓綜合征。麻醉效果欠佳、血標(biāo)本中混有氣泡及有凝血現(xiàn)象者不納入本研究。
1.3 觀察指標(biāo)
取胎時(shí)間定義:從術(shù)者切皮開(kāi)始至胎兒取出夾閉臍帶的時(shí)間。記錄產(chǎn)婦手術(shù)損傷、切口感染、術(shù)后輸血、術(shù)后24 h疼痛評(píng)分(VAS)、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)和新生兒臍靜脈血pH、全血乳酸(Lac)值、5 min Apgar評(píng)分和新生兒產(chǎn)傷、新生兒缺血缺氧性腦病、新生兒死亡。采用GEM Premier 3000全自動(dòng)血?dú)夥治鰞x檢測(cè)臍靜脈血pH,采用分光光度法測(cè)量全血乳酸(Lac)值,所有檢查和記錄由專人負(fù)責(zé)。Apgar評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn):8~10分為正常,4~7分為輕度窒息,0~3分為重度窒息;血?dú)夥治鲈\斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):pH<7.20為異常,乳酸正常值范圍為(3.0±1.8)mmol/L[7]。
1.4 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS18.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)處理,正態(tài)分布的計(jì)量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示,采用單因素方差分析及t檢驗(yàn),計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)或百分率表示,采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或者Fisher確切概率分析。P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組取胎時(shí)間比較
初產(chǎn)婦采用改良腹式橫切口取胎時(shí)間(2.5±0.8)min較縱切口(4.0±1.2)min短;同樣,經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦采用改良腹式橫切口取胎時(shí)間(3.8±0.9)min較縱切口(5.0±1.2)min短,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);與經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦相比,初產(chǎn)婦的取胎時(shí)間更短,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)(表2)。
2.2兩組產(chǎn)婦手術(shù)后結(jié)果比較
與縱切口組相比,改良橫切口組產(chǎn)婦手術(shù)損傷率、術(shù)后24 h疼痛評(píng)分(采用VAS評(píng)分)更低,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01);兩組術(shù)后切口感染、術(shù)后輸血、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)比較差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表3)。
2.3兩組新生兒及臍靜脈血?dú)夥治鼋Y(jié)果比較
與縱切口組相比,改良橫切口組新生兒5 min Apgar評(píng)分≤3分和缺血缺氧性腦病發(fā)生率更低,臍靜脈pH值更高,Lac值更低,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.01)。兩組新生兒產(chǎn)傷和新生兒死亡率差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(表4)。
3討論
新生兒窒息是導(dǎo)致新生兒死亡、腦損傷的主要原因之一。新生兒窒息發(fā)病機(jī)制是低氧血癥和酸中毒引發(fā)的多臟器功能損害,大多數(shù)伴隨著神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)后遺癥[8]。早期及時(shí)預(yù)防對(duì)于減少新生兒致殘甚至死亡尤為重要[9]。在剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)中影響新生兒窒息因素較多,取胎時(shí)限是其中一個(gè)重要因素[10],如發(fā)生取胎困難,將會(huì)明顯增加新生兒窒息發(fā)生率及產(chǎn)婦損傷[11]。Datta[12]和Bader等[13]研究顯示取胎時(shí)間超過(guò)180 s與新生兒酸血癥及低Apgar評(píng)分相關(guān);趙宏等[14]研究顯示:取胎時(shí)間超過(guò)150 s與新生兒臍動(dòng)脈、臍靜脈酸血癥、低氧及高二氧化碳明顯相關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)不管是初產(chǎn)婦還是經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)采用改良腹式橫切口取胎時(shí)間都明顯短于縱切口。比較兩種手術(shù)方式,發(fā)現(xiàn)相對(duì)于縱切口,改良腹式橫切口切開(kāi)腹部能省去一些不必要的步驟如:結(jié)扎止血、打開(kāi)膀胱子宮返折腹膜下推膀胱、縫合膀胱子宮返折腹膜及下推膀胱等操作[15,16],縮短取胎時(shí)間,為搶救新生兒窒息贏得了寶貴時(shí)間。橫切口組新生兒5 min Apgar評(píng)分≤3分、新生兒缺血缺氧性腦病發(fā)生率及Lac值均低于縱切口組;pH值高于縱切口組??梢?jiàn),改良腹式橫切口通過(guò)縮短取胎時(shí)間能明顯降低新生兒窒息發(fā)生率。另外本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)兩組經(jīng)產(chǎn)婦取胎時(shí)間均長(zhǎng)于初產(chǎn)婦,與Bakhshi等[17]研究結(jié)果一致。分析其主要原因是前次剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)腹直肌和腹膜損傷,大量炎性因子和纖維素性滲出,致腹腔和盆腔粘連形成。endprint
相對(duì)于改良腹式橫切口,縱切口因腹壁肌張力大,撕拉時(shí)容易損傷兩側(cè)腹壁下動(dòng)靜脈下行支,造成大量出血,且在切開(kāi)脂肪層時(shí)脂肪細(xì)胞破壞導(dǎo)致的滲出增加及脂肪液化,延遲傷口愈合[18]。本研究中橫切口組術(shù)后24 h疼痛評(píng)分明顯低于縱切口組,可能原因是由橫切口有自然對(duì)合傾向,縫合針少和血管神經(jīng)損傷輕,避免了血液循環(huán)障礙及異物刺激反應(yīng)[19]。另外改良橫切口縮短術(shù)后住院時(shí)間,減輕患者的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。改良腹式橫切口在腹部皺褶處沿皮膚皺紋切開(kāi),愈合相對(duì)較好,不易遺留瘢痕,較為美觀,廣泛應(yīng)用于臨床[20]。
總之,在行剖宮產(chǎn)手術(shù)時(shí),采用改良腹式橫切口能明顯縮短取胎時(shí)間,降低新生兒及產(chǎn)婦切口相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥,保證母嬰安全。
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(收稿日期:2017-07-12)endprint