課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇深度互動(dòng)的英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)

摘 要：英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)正由平面走向立體。課內(nèi)語(yǔ)篇是閱讀教學(xué)的載體，課外語(yǔ)篇是閱讀教學(xué)的外延。教師應(yīng)該通過(guò)課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇的深度互動(dòng)，豐富話(huà)題信息，擴(kuò)充學(xué)生的詞匯庫(kù)，增加學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出量，夯實(shí)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)，提升學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化品格，最大化地提高閱讀教學(xué)的效能，提升學(xué)生的核心素養(yǎng)。

關(guān)鍵詞：課內(nèi)外；語(yǔ)篇；深度互動(dòng)

英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)方面起著重要作用，越來(lái)越受到廣大英語(yǔ)教師的重視，很多教師為了配合教材的閱讀教學(xué)，還開(kāi)展了大量課外閱讀活動(dòng)。如何讓課內(nèi)外的閱讀教學(xué)相輔相成，相得益彰，真正讓學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)核心素養(yǎng)獲得提升是值得研究的課題。筆者在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中通過(guò)課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇深度互動(dòng)對(duì)閱讀教學(xué)進(jìn)行了探索。

課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇深度互動(dòng)的英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)就是教師根據(jù)教材語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)的需要，精選、鏈接課外語(yǔ)篇開(kāi)展補(bǔ)償性閱讀教學(xué)，從閱讀語(yǔ)篇的內(nèi)容著手，挖掘課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇的關(guān)聯(lián)點(diǎn)開(kāi)展深度閱讀教學(xué)，從而使學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言能力、思維品質(zhì)、文化品格、學(xué)習(xí)能力等核心素養(yǎng)得到提升。

一、基于話(huà)題整合的互動(dòng)

（一）豐富話(huà)題信息 增加語(yǔ)言輸出

現(xiàn)行英語(yǔ)教材每個(gè)單元均以話(huà)題為主線(xiàn)，話(huà)題貼近學(xué)生生活。在日常的語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)中，教師常會(huì)為學(xué)生搭建詞匯、句式、語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)等各種支架，供學(xué)生在閱讀后進(jìn)行語(yǔ)言輸出。但由于學(xué)生對(duì)于語(yǔ)篇中的信息缺少相關(guān)課外鏈接，導(dǎo)致輸出無(wú)新意，缺少思想及新信息。只有大輸入，才可能有大輸出，因此，筆者嘗試了基于教材語(yǔ)篇話(huà)題的課外語(yǔ)篇植入。

以譯林版義務(wù)教育教科書(shū)《英語(yǔ)》（以下所舉例子都為同一套教材）九年級(jí)上冊(cè)Unit 2的語(yǔ)篇“The power of colours”中Energetic colours為例。語(yǔ)篇關(guān)于green僅提供了三方面信息，即the colour of nature， represent new life， the colour of envy。這些內(nèi)容非?；\統(tǒng)，缺少支撐，學(xué)生復(fù)述時(shí)會(huì)無(wú)話(huà)可說(shuō)。于是，筆者給學(xué)生提供了以下相關(guān)語(yǔ)篇，供學(xué)生課前自由閱讀，以補(bǔ)充green的支撐信息。

Green is an important colour in nature. It is the colour of grass and the leaves on trees. It is also the colour of most growing plants.

Sometimes， the word “green” means young， fresh and growing. For example， a greenhorn is someone who has no experience. In the 15th century， a greenhorn was a young cow or an ox whose horns had not yet developed. A century later， a greenhorn was a soldier who had no experience in war. By the 18th century， a greenhorn had the meaning it has today—a person who is new in a job.

Someone who is good at growing plants is said to have a green thumb. The expression comes from the early 20th century. A person with a green thumb can make plants grow quickly and well. The Green Revolution is the name given some years ago to the development of new kinds of rice and other grains. It was the result of hard work by agricultural scientists who had green thumbs.

Green is also the colour used to describe the powerful feeling—jealousy. The green-eyed monster is not a dangerous animal from outer space. It is an expression used about 400 years ago by the British writer William Shakespeare in his play Othello. It describes the unpleasant feeling when someone has something he wants.

In most places in the world， a green light is a signal to move ahead. In everyday speech， a green light means approval to continue with a project.

有了課外語(yǔ)篇中關(guān)于green信息的輸入，學(xué)生復(fù)述時(shí)內(nèi)容輸出量更大了，也更豐滿(mǎn)了，學(xué)生的語(yǔ)用能力也得以訓(xùn)練、提升。

（二）鏈接話(huà)題詞匯 擴(kuò)充個(gè)體詞庫(kù)

詞匯量的大小在某種程度上影響著閱讀者的閱讀效果。在閱讀教學(xué)中，教師可以選擇話(huà)題相似的課外語(yǔ)篇作為拓展閱讀材料，這樣不僅可以讓課內(nèi)語(yǔ)篇詞匯在課外語(yǔ)篇中再現(xiàn)，提高復(fù)現(xiàn)率，更可以引入話(huà)題相關(guān)詞匯，增加學(xué)生的詞匯量，擴(kuò)充個(gè)體詞庫(kù)。如在九年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 2 Great people的閱讀教學(xué)時(shí)，筆者引入了《初中英語(yǔ)讀本》（九年級(jí)下冊(cè)）中的語(yǔ)篇“Marie Curie： Award-winning scientist”。通過(guò)對(duì)該語(yǔ)篇的閱讀，學(xué)生不但復(fù)習(xí)了課內(nèi)語(yǔ)篇中的詞匯，還結(jié)識(shí)了以下新詞匯：inspiration， radioactivity， element， persuade， equipment。endprint

二、基于閱讀技能培養(yǎng)的互動(dòng)

《義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2011年版）》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》）對(duì)初中畢業(yè)生英語(yǔ)閱讀能力的部分要求是：能根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義；能理解段落中各句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系；能找出文章中的主題，理解故事的情節(jié)，預(yù)測(cè)故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展和可能的結(jié)局[1]。在閱讀教學(xué)中，教師對(duì)語(yǔ)篇的處理決不能僅僅停留在語(yǔ)言知識(shí)層面，而應(yīng)通過(guò)課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇的深度互動(dòng)，將上述閱讀微技能的訓(xùn)練予以落實(shí)。

例如，為了訓(xùn)練學(xué)生“預(yù)測(cè)故事情節(jié)的發(fā)展和可能的結(jié)局”的閱讀微技能，筆者在教學(xué)八年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 4的語(yǔ)篇“Gulliver in Lilliput”時(shí)進(jìn)行了課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇深度互動(dòng)的實(shí)踐。語(yǔ)篇介紹了Gulliver在到達(dá)小島之初從昏睡中醒來(lái)后發(fā)現(xiàn)自己被綁及如何掙脫的情形。文末Gulliver想：I must run away from them， but I dont know how to get away.于是，筆者設(shè)計(jì)了以下問(wèn)題供學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)、想象可能的結(jié)局：①Did Gulliver run away at once？ Why？

②What could he do if he failed to run away？

③Who can tell us the real end of the story？

學(xué)生對(duì)文本進(jìn)行預(yù)測(cè)、想象后，筆者趁熱打鐵，植入了簡(jiǎn)易版名作“Uncle Toms cabin”（《湯姆叔叔的小屋》）第3章“North to freedom”的片段供學(xué)生閱讀、預(yù)測(cè)。文本如下：

Elizas husband George had escaped from his master， too.

Georges skin was very lightly coloured.

So he was able to look like a white man.

He did this by colouring his hair yellow.

He also put on some rich-looking clothes.

Then no one knew he was a runaway slave.

George walked into a restaurant.

He saw his old friend he was looking for.

The friend was Mr. Wilson.

學(xué)生閱讀后，筆者設(shè)計(jì)了以下問(wèn)題供學(xué)生預(yù)測(cè)故事情節(jié)發(fā)展：①Why did George look for Mr. Wilson for help？②How did Mr. Wilson help George？ 課后布置學(xué)生閱讀完本章節(jié)剩余內(nèi)容，以驗(yàn)證自己先前所做的預(yù)測(cè)。

目前，課內(nèi)語(yǔ)篇深度普遍較淺，缺少挑戰(zhàn)性，教師較難進(jìn)行深度閱讀微技能設(shè)計(jì)。為了更好地將閱讀微技能訓(xùn)練落實(shí)于常態(tài)教學(xué)，教師要精選課外語(yǔ)篇，根據(jù)《課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》的要求設(shè)計(jì)具有思維含金量的思考題，開(kāi)展補(bǔ)償性、拓展性閱讀技能互動(dòng)訓(xùn)練。

三、基于思維能力訓(xùn)練的互動(dòng)

思維是人腦對(duì)客觀(guān)事物間接的概括的反映，是在實(shí)踐的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的，也是通過(guò)概念、判斷和推理等形式來(lái)反映客觀(guān)事物的能動(dòng)過(guò)程。良好的思維常具有深入性、批判性、發(fā)散性、嚴(yán)密性、獨(dú)立性、創(chuàng)造性等特征[2]。閱讀不僅是一種外在教學(xué)行為，也是一種內(nèi)在的思維活動(dòng)。閱讀的過(guò)程，也是思維的過(guò)程。因此，筆者在課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇深度互動(dòng)的英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中，也著眼于學(xué)生思維品質(zhì)的培養(yǎng)。

例如，在九年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 3的語(yǔ)篇“Living with a robot”教學(xué)中，為培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維能力，筆者開(kāi)展了課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇深度互動(dòng)的英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)。語(yǔ)篇主要介紹了Mr. Jiang購(gòu)買(mǎi)的Home robot給他的生活帶來(lái)便捷及不久后機(jī)器人由于感染病毒而給他的生活帶來(lái)麻煩的故事。教學(xué)中筆者首先進(jìn)行如下提問(wèn)：①I(mǎi)s Mr. Jiang satisfied with his robot？ Why？②What advice can you give Mr. Jiang to make his robot work well？在第一問(wèn)中，學(xué)生辯證地回答了Mr. Jiang對(duì)機(jī)器人的態(tài)度，即Mr. Jiang is satisfied with his robot at first， but not later on.第二問(wèn)具有開(kāi)放性，是對(duì)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性思維的訓(xùn)練，不同的學(xué)生給出了不同的答案，如Check it every few days； Never use it too often； Update the program often； Be friendly to the robot ...

接著筆者提供下面這篇相似話(huà)題的語(yǔ)篇供學(xué)生閱讀，并設(shè)計(jì)如下問(wèn)題：①Can Japanese housekeeping robots do what Mr. Jiangs robot do？②What can Probo do？通過(guò)對(duì)兩篇短文的對(duì)比閱讀，學(xué)生了解到機(jī)器人也能進(jìn)行自動(dòng)化的情感交流，從而讓學(xué)生跳出表層思維。最后筆者再進(jìn)行追問(wèn)：①Whats your ideal robot？②Can you imagine what life will be like with robots everywhere in our daily life？ ③Do we need robots everywhere in our daily life？ Please present your reasons.這三個(gè)問(wèn)題均跳出了文本范疇，需要學(xué)生開(kāi)拓思維，發(fā)揮想象。對(duì)于第三問(wèn)，筆者讓學(xué)生進(jìn)行辯論。辯論中雙方互陳理由，不斷提出新觀(guān)點(diǎn)，你來(lái)我往，激活了思維，學(xué)生的創(chuàng)造性思維能力得以訓(xùn)練。endprint

Robots are coming into peoples lives these days. Robots help people a lot. Japanese housekeeping robots can move chairs， sweep the floor， take away dirty dishes and put dirty clothes in washing machines. Intel， the famous computer maker， has developed a self-controlled robot called Herb. Herb can do simple things that people tell it to do， such as cleaning up waste.

Recently a large robot named Probo has been helping children to feel less worried in hospital. Probo has a touch screen on its stomach. The screen teaches children how to use Probo. The green robots face can make expressions to show how medical operations will make the child feel. “The main aim of this project is to make emotional communication with children，”said Jelle Saldien， one of the researchers.

Probo was invented by Ivan Hermans， president of the Anty Foundation. He had the idea after seeing the film i， Robot. Probos green head and short nose are fully automated. Its touch screen can show different emotions， such as pleasure and sadness， and can also “see” the expressions on human faces and make eye contact.

語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)中，教師不僅要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生對(duì)已知信息及隱藏于文字背后信息的理解，更要激發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)未知信息的思考、想象，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力。

四、基于語(yǔ)言知識(shí)實(shí)踐的互動(dòng)

語(yǔ)言知識(shí)是學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。在進(jìn)行閱讀教學(xué)時(shí)，教師要處理好語(yǔ)篇整體教學(xué)與語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)教學(xué)之間的關(guān)系，要根據(jù)教學(xué)需要進(jìn)行高效的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)解讀與訓(xùn)練，同時(shí)要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生通過(guò)體驗(yàn)、參與、實(shí)踐、探究和合作等方式，讓學(xué)生主動(dòng)發(fā)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言規(guī)律，逐步掌握語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，提升運(yùn)用技能。

八年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 7中語(yǔ)篇“An interview with an ORBIS doctor”的主要語(yǔ)言知識(shí)為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，文中出現(xiàn)了6句含被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)現(xiàn)象的句子，分別是：①About 80 percent of these cases can be prevented or cured.②The plane is also used as a training center.③Also， local doctors are invited on board.④During my last visit， 150 patients were operated on.⑤Now most eye problems and diseases can be treated and cured. ⑥But more money is needed to carry on with our work.以上句子涉及了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)及含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。學(xué)生通過(guò)對(duì)上述句子的比對(duì)、觀(guān)察，迅速歸納出一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)及含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)。

為了讓學(xué)生體驗(yàn)更多的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子，筆者引入了《新概念英語(yǔ)》第二冊(cè)Lesson 21 Mad or not的語(yǔ)篇。該語(yǔ)篇短小精悍，包含6句被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子。筆者通過(guò)讓學(xué)生閱讀該語(yǔ)篇，歸納出了現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)。

在學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)、歸納出相關(guān)時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)及含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)后，筆者布置學(xué)生朗讀、背誦相關(guān)內(nèi)容，將該語(yǔ)言知識(shí)熟記、內(nèi)化于心。這種基于語(yǔ)篇的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)教學(xué)，拋棄了過(guò)去教師將語(yǔ)言知識(shí)從語(yǔ)境中割裂開(kāi)來(lái)、對(duì)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)進(jìn)行過(guò)度講解，轉(zhuǎn)而由學(xué)生在新語(yǔ)篇中再認(rèn)知、再體驗(yàn)、再發(fā)現(xiàn)、再歸納語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，提升了學(xué)生對(duì)新知識(shí)的習(xí)得能力。

五、基于文化品格養(yǎng)成的互動(dòng)

文化品格是指對(duì)中外文化的理解和對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)文化的認(rèn)同，是學(xué)生在全球化背景下表現(xiàn)出的知識(shí)素質(zhì)、人文修養(yǎng)和行為取向。在進(jìn)行語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)時(shí)，教師除了將文化現(xiàn)象、文化知識(shí)呈現(xiàn)給學(xué)生，更重要的是設(shè)置活動(dòng)讓學(xué)生理解文化內(nèi)涵，比較文化異同，吸收文化精華，形成文化理解能力、正確的價(jià)值觀(guān)和道德情感[3]。

八年級(jí)下冊(cè)Unit 5中的語(yǔ)篇“When in Rome”主要介紹了英國(guó)的相關(guān)禮儀，文中提到英國(guó)文化與中國(guó)文化在某些方面存在異同。為了加深學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)容的理解，筆者設(shè)計(jì)了如下問(wèn)題：①How do British people greet each other when first meeting？ What about in China？ ②Do people in China greet each other with a kiss？ What about in Britain？③Are British people polite in public and at home？ What about you？④How will you behave well in Britain？ Give some advice.學(xué)生通過(guò)在語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)搜索、推敲信息及一系列討論后，明白了“When in Rome， do as the Romans do”的真正含義。endprint

不同學(xué)生對(duì)不同文化的認(rèn)同度不一樣。于是，為了加深學(xué)生對(duì)文化認(rèn)同的理解，筆者植入以下語(yǔ)篇，并設(shè)計(jì)如下問(wèn)題供學(xué)生討論：①How do western guests look in the eyes of Chinese？②Are guests treated like gods in China？ What about in North America？③Why are guests treated differently in different cultures？ ④Does the writer like the way we Chinese treat guests？ What do you think？⑤Could you tell us the purpose of the writer who writes the passage？

In the eyes of many foreigners， Chinese are the best hosts and the worst guests in the world. Theyre not really bad guests， but because the guest-host relationship in China is much different than in some western counties， it appears they are not nice guests. And western guests sometimes look rude in the eyes of Chinese guests.

In China， guests are almost like gods. Whenever I enter a Chinese persons home， there is always fruit on the table for me， and someone is quick to bring me a cup of tea or water. In the west， generally the guest is not a god. Acting according to the hosts way of doing things is usual behavior for a guest.

My wifes mother， a very kind elderly Chinese lady， doesnt smoke. When I see some of her guests smoking in her house， as a non-smoker， I feel unhappy. Usually I want to stop them directly， but I must realize that in China， to be a good host， she must not do that. In most North America homes， if you are a guest， and the hosts are not smokers， you should not smoke in their house. At the very least， you could ask， “Is it OK if I smoke？” But， dont be surprised if they say， “No， you cant smoke.” In our culture， if you smoke in their home， you are a bad guest， but if they dont allow you to smoke in their house， they are not a rude host.

Guests in China also have special habits. Some western people may not adapt to these habits very soon. Thankfully my wife is Chinese， so whenever we visit a Chinese family she tells me to buy them a gift. However， giving a gift to a host is not always necessary in my country. So， if you invite international guests to your home， dont be too surprised if they dont bring you a gift.

In China， you probably wont need to change the guest-host relationship very much because you will probably only be the host， and Chinese are naturally very good hosts. If western hosts invite you to their house， try not to be too surprised if their style of treating you is not what you have expected.

基于課外語(yǔ)篇設(shè)計(jì)的問(wèn)題有一定的思維含量，需要學(xué)生帶著文化認(rèn)同的心態(tài)看待問(wèn)題。通過(guò)一系列問(wèn)題的回答，學(xué)生慢慢習(xí)慣于從批判的視角看待文化。在日常教學(xué)中，教師要具有善于挖掘語(yǔ)篇中文化元素的眼光，并利用課內(nèi)外文本養(yǎng)成學(xué)生文化品格的意識(shí)和能力。

在英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中，教師要從“教教材”過(guò)渡到“用教材教”。教材語(yǔ)篇只是閱讀教學(xué)的載體，教師要善于根據(jù)教材語(yǔ)篇話(huà)題挖掘、鏈接課外語(yǔ)篇素材，根據(jù)學(xué)生的閱讀能力發(fā)展需要，將課外語(yǔ)篇植入課堂教學(xué)，課內(nèi)外語(yǔ)篇深度互動(dòng)，豐富話(huà)題信息，擴(kuò)充學(xué)生的詞匯庫(kù)，增加學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言輸出量，夯實(shí)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)，提升學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的文化品格，最大化地提高閱讀教學(xué)的效能，提升學(xué)生的核心素養(yǎng)。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部.義務(wù)教育英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（2011年版）[M].北京：北京師范大學(xué)出版社，2012：17.

[2]孫俊. 課內(nèi)外互動(dòng)的英語(yǔ)課外閱讀教學(xué)探索[J].教學(xué)月刊·中學(xué)版（教學(xué)參考），2014（10）：23-25.

[3]宋德龍.如何利用語(yǔ)篇教學(xué)提升學(xué)生核心素養(yǎng)[J].中學(xué)外語(yǔ)教與學(xué)，2017（4）：15-18.endprint