王玉光 王宏偉 王雙雙 楊衛(wèi)然 葉 鋼
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院急救醫(yī)學(xué)部急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房,北京 101149)
·基礎(chǔ)研究·
通過電阻抗斷層成像技術(shù)觀察體位對機(jī)械通氣ARDS患者肺通氣的影響
王玉光 王宏偉 王雙雙 楊衛(wèi)然 葉 鋼*
(首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院急救醫(yī)學(xué)部急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房,北京 101149)
目的利用電阻抗斷層成像技術(shù)(electrical impedance tomography,EIT)觀測急性呼吸窘迫綜合征 (acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者機(jī)械通氣時(shí),在不同體位下患者的肺內(nèi)氣體分布情況,并觀察氧分壓、氧合指數(shù)、潮氣量的變化情況。方法采用前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究方法,選擇首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房2015年1月至2017年6月收治行機(jī)械通氣的ARDS患者作為研究對象,應(yīng)用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為試驗(yàn)組和對照組。試驗(yàn)組設(shè)定為常規(guī)體位有效抬高30°的基礎(chǔ)上,每日間斷予患者采取90°端坐位8 h;對照組設(shè)定為體位持續(xù)抬高30°。比較2組患者入組時(shí)、體位有效保持72、96、120 h后,分別通過EIT收集2組患者的感興趣區(qū)域(region of interest,ROI)值,同時(shí)收集患者潮氣量、通過血?dú)夥治鍪占醴謮?、氧合指?shù)等參數(shù),以及呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間和監(jiān)護(hù)室住院時(shí)間。結(jié)果研究期間最終共60例患者納入分析,其中試驗(yàn)組27例,對照組33例。2組患者性別、年齡、急性生理和慢性健康評(píng)分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHEⅡ)評(píng)分以及導(dǎo)致ARDS的病因等比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與對照組相比,試驗(yàn)組患者在體位有效保持96 h及120 h后PaO2及氧合指數(shù)明顯高于對照組,2組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),同時(shí)通過EIT觀測試驗(yàn)組患者肺重力依賴區(qū)96 h及120 h ROI3值、ROI4值明顯高于對照組,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),試驗(yàn)組患者呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間及監(jiān)護(hù)室住院時(shí)間明顯低于對照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),試驗(yàn)組與對照組患者在體位有效保持96 h及120 h后潮氣量值差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),試驗(yàn)組與對照組患者體位有效保持72 h時(shí)比較,氧分壓、氧合指數(shù)、潮氣量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論對于ARDS患者行機(jī)械通氣期間,每日間斷予患者采取90°端坐位8 h以上,在96 h后,能夠有效改善重力依賴區(qū)的肺通氣情況,有效改善患者的氧分壓及氧合指數(shù),促進(jìn)患者早日成功脫機(jī)拔管。
電阻抗成像技術(shù);體位;肺內(nèi)氣體分布;潮氣量;氧分壓
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征 (acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)[1]是臨床常見的急性呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,常繼發(fā)于嚴(yán)重感染、休克、創(chuàng)傷及燒傷等多種疾病,病死率高達(dá)30%~40%[2]。對于發(fā)生ARDS的患者,行有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣是挽救患者生命的有效手段。但是,氣管插管的置入也是并發(fā)呼吸機(jī)相關(guān)性肺炎(ventilator associated pneumonia,VAP)等致命合并癥的主要途徑,如何在“肺保護(hù)性通氣”和“肺開放”(open lung)及“維持肺開放”(keep lung open)等通氣策略[3]的基礎(chǔ)上輔以物理的肺康復(fù)治療方案,使患者的病情盡快得到有效的控制,是近年來重癥監(jiān)護(hù)醫(yī)護(hù)人員關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)。那么對于ARDS行機(jī)械通氣的患者在不同體位時(shí),肺內(nèi)氣體是如何分布的以及對患者的治療效果有什么樣的影響呢,筆者采取間斷予患者采取90°端坐位作為實(shí)施肺康復(fù)的主要措施,取得了很好的結(jié)果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。
選取2015年1月至2017年6月入住首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京潞河醫(yī)院急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房行機(jī)械通氣的患者。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥18周歲;②符合ARDS柏林標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]的有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣患者;③給予有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣超過48 h的患者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①體內(nèi)安裝有永久或臨時(shí)心臟起搏器者;②中、大量胸腔積液者;③血流動(dòng)力學(xué)嚴(yán)重不穩(wěn)、椎骨或骨盆疾患,骨科術(shù)后體位特殊要求者;④體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)>30 kg/m2的患者。
1.2.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)方法
采用前瞻性隨機(jī)對照研究方法,選擇本院急診重癥監(jiān)護(hù)病房2015年1月至2017年6月收治行機(jī)械通氣的ARDS患者作為研究對象,所有患者在入室病情平穩(wěn)后,應(yīng)用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為試驗(yàn)組(Group 1)和對照組(Group 2)。Group 1設(shè)定為常規(guī)體位有效抬高30°的基礎(chǔ)上每日間斷予采取90°端坐位8 h;Group 2設(shè)定為體位持續(xù)抬高30°。 研究方案得到本院倫理委員會(huì)的核準(zhǔn),患者及家屬均知情,并簽訂知情同意書。患者入組時(shí)收集患者一般資料,包括姓名、性別、年齡、診斷、住院號(hào)、身高、體質(zhì)量、有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣模式和參數(shù)、BMI、第一個(gè)24 h急性生理和慢性健康評(píng)分Ⅱ(acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHEⅡ)和生命體征;分別于患者入組時(shí)、體位有效保持72 h(Time 1)、96 h(Time 2)、120 h(Time 3)后記錄患者的感興趣區(qū)域(region of interest,ROI)值及氧分壓、氧合指數(shù)、潮氣量等數(shù)值。
1.2.2 電阻抗斷層成像技術(shù)(electrical impedance tomography,EIT)所得參數(shù)
EIT是通過綁縛在患者胸廓上的一條電極帶連續(xù)發(fā)射阻抗波、并根據(jù)其在胸腔內(nèi)穿透不同組織后的衰減程度、進(jìn)而構(gòu)建成圖像的一項(xiàng)新技術(shù)。具有無創(chuàng)、實(shí)時(shí)、可連續(xù)觀測的特點(diǎn),并可對肺組織的不同區(qū)域分層或段ROI觀察,進(jìn)而了解肺在不同狀態(tài)下的通氣變化[5]。使用時(shí)根據(jù)患者的胸圍給予佩戴合適型號(hào)的EIT(Drager C500,德國德爾格公司)電極帶(圖1)。調(diào)整EIT基線,待基線平穩(wěn)后,設(shè)置為4層模式,即ROI1~ROI4(圖2),將ROI3~ROI4區(qū)認(rèn)定為重力依賴區(qū),2組患者體位有效保持72、96、120 h后記錄10 min EIT數(shù)據(jù)。在整個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程中,不對患者行強(qiáng)刺激操作,呼吸機(jī)(Drager V500,德國德爾格公式)參數(shù)保持不變。
圖1 EIT綁帶的具體位置Fig.1 Location of the EIT bind
EIT:electrical impedance tomography.
圖2 EIT圖像分區(qū)示意圖Fig.2 EIT image partition diagram
ROI1,ROI2,ROI3 and ROI4 were respectively from top to bottom.From left to right,right lung and left lung;ROI:region of interest.
1.2.3 患者體位有效性的觀察
本科室使用的電動(dòng)床上配有量角器,能夠直觀查看到患者體位抬高的角度,本研究負(fù)責(zé)人隨時(shí)查看患者體位的有效性。
本研究共調(diào)查68例患者,因病情導(dǎo)致試驗(yàn)不能進(jìn)行、放棄治療及96 h內(nèi)死亡患者8例,最終共60例患者納入分析,其中試驗(yàn)組(Group 1)27例,對照組(Group 2)33例?;颊叩囊话阗Y料詳見表1。
本研究顯示,ARDS患者在行機(jī)械通氣期間,90°端坐位有利于促進(jìn)肺功能的恢復(fù),隨著端坐時(shí)間的延長,患者的呼吸力學(xué)指標(biāo)明顯恢復(fù),患者采取間斷90°端坐位72 h及與保持體位持續(xù)抬高30°72 h(Time 1)比較,2組患者的氧分壓、氧合指數(shù)、潮氣量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),間斷端坐96 h(Time 2)與120 h(Time 3),2組患者的氧分壓、氧合指數(shù)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值分別為0.042,0.006和0.002,0.000),而潮氣量差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),詳見表2。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)端坐更有利于患者重力依賴區(qū)肺通氣的改善,患者采取間斷90°端坐位72 h及與保持體位持續(xù)抬高30°72 h(Time 1)比較,2組患者肺部ROI1、ROI2、ROI3、ROI4 4個(gè)區(qū)域氣體分布情況差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),而給予患者采取間斷90°端坐位96、120 h后,患者重力依賴區(qū)氣體分布與體位持續(xù)抬高30°96 h(Time 2)、120 h(Time 3)比較,肺部ROI1、ROI2、ROI3、ROI4 4個(gè)區(qū)域氣體分布情況差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P值分別為0.042;0.022,0.000;0.046,0.010;0.035,0.000)。詳見表3。
表1 2組患者一般資料比較 Tab.1 Baseline data comparison n(%)
表2 患者在不同體位不同時(shí)間時(shí)氧分壓、氧合指數(shù)及潮氣量的情況Tab.2 The oxygen partial pressure,oxygenation index and tidal volume of patients in different positions
1 mmHg=0.133 kPa;*P<0.05vsgroup 2;Time1:72 h;Time2:96 h;Time3:120 h;Group1:experimental group;Group2: control group.
試驗(yàn)組及對照組肺通氣示意圖詳見圖3。
本研究顯示間斷予患者采取90°端坐位,能夠促進(jìn)患者肺部炎性反應(yīng)的局限,促進(jìn)盡早脫機(jī)拔管。試驗(yàn)組(Group 1)患者在呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間方面和監(jiān)護(hù)室住院時(shí)間方面,均少于對照組(Group 2)患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),詳見表4。
既往主要是通過計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(computed tomography,CT)來了解患者肺損傷的情況,但是,需要患者外出到CT室進(jìn)行檢查,這使得重癥患者在轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的過程中存在一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性,使得該項(xiàng)檢查存在一定的局限性。近年來用于評(píng)價(jià)肺內(nèi)氣體分布的新興手段是EIT[6]。它通過監(jiān)測肺內(nèi)通氣引起的胸內(nèi)阻抗變化,可以提供ARDS局部肺組織的力學(xué)特征,較之于金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CT來說,它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是無創(chuàng)、床邊、實(shí)時(shí)、無輻射[7-8]。它的原理在于不同的組織導(dǎo)電率不同,進(jìn)而形成不同的影像學(xué)資料。然而,EIT的分辨率比CT要低得多,因此不能用于肺形態(tài)學(xué)的準(zhǔn)確表示[9]。就臨床護(hù)理而言,EIT能夠于床旁通過直觀的影像學(xué)資料,實(shí)時(shí)客觀的反映出患者在保持不同體位時(shí),肺內(nèi)氣體分布的具體情況,能夠有效的反映出患者肺部通氣質(zhì)量差的區(qū)域,從而指導(dǎo)護(hù)士重點(diǎn)加強(qiáng)該區(qū)域物理治療的手段,進(jìn)而能夠起到有效預(yù)防肺不張、促使炎性反應(yīng)局限等作用。
圖3 肺通氣情況Fig.3 Pulmonary position
Group1:experimental group;Group2: control group;Time1: 72 h EIT;Time2: 96 h EIT;Time3: 120 h EIT;EIT:electrical impedance tomography.
表3 患者肺的四個(gè)區(qū)域氣體分布情況Tab.3 Distribution of the four areas of the patient’s lungs (%,)
The cross section of the lung was divided into four equal parts from the ventral side to the dorsal side,which were respectively ROIl,Rol2,ROI3 and ROI4 regions.The data measured were the percentage of the total ventilation in different positions and regions; 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa;*P<0.05vsGroup 2;Time1: 72 h;Time2: 96 h;Time3: 120 h;Group1:experimental group;Group2: control group;ROI:region of interest.
表4 患者呼吸機(jī)使用時(shí)間及住監(jiān)護(hù)室時(shí)間Tab.4 MV time and total ICU length of stay
對于接受有創(chuàng)機(jī)械通氣的患者,中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)曾建議將重癥患者的床頭抬高30~45°[10],但對于不同角度臥位下,患者肺內(nèi)氣體分布的具體情況,多年來相關(guān)的研究并不多,且沒有提供足夠的證據(jù)。EIT的臨床應(yīng)用填補(bǔ)了這一項(xiàng)的空白,相關(guān)的臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)[11-13]顯示,在肺內(nèi)氣體分布方面,EIT與CT之間存在著良好的相關(guān)性,它通過監(jiān)測肺內(nèi)通氣引起的胸內(nèi)阻抗變化而顯像。在臨床使用的過程中,常將EIT設(shè)定為四層模式,并將ROI3~ROI4區(qū)認(rèn)定為重力依賴區(qū),患者端坐位時(shí),由于重力的作用,患者的膈肌下降,胸腔范圍增大,肺活動(dòng)的空間增大。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)患者處于端坐臥位時(shí),可能因?yàn)殡跫∠陆?肺內(nèi)重力依賴區(qū)氣體分布隨膈肌的下移而增加。當(dāng)患者端坐達(dá)到96 h以上時(shí),患者原重力依賴區(qū)因?yàn)轶w位的改變不再是重力依賴區(qū),使得有效參與呼吸的肺泡數(shù)量明顯增多,同時(shí)使肺內(nèi)氣體分布更加均勻。
肺康復(fù)是近年來逐步引起大家重視的一個(gè)領(lǐng)域,對于ARDS的患者,由于病情進(jìn)展快、肺的滲出液比較多,患者的氧分壓和氧合指數(shù)很難維持,目前國內(nèi)外主要的治療手段之一是利用不同的方法進(jìn)行肺復(fù)張。比較推崇的是俯臥位通氣,但是俯臥位通氣的過程中存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比較大,包括皮膚壓力性損傷、管路滑脫、氣道梗阻、心律失常等[14-16]。對于機(jī)械通氣期間行俯臥位通氣,不僅需要極大的人力,對患者來說也存舒適度極差等弊端。國內(nèi)外大型醫(yī)院予患者采取直立位作為肺康復(fù)的手段[17],但需要多科室人員共同參與才能保證患者的安全。對于人力、設(shè)備等條件均有限的情況,可嘗試采用床上端坐位來替代直立位為患者進(jìn)行肺康復(fù)。筆者通過實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),當(dāng)間斷予患者采取90°端坐位96 h后,患者的氧分壓、氧合指數(shù)、潮氣量明顯改善。在治療方案相同的情況下,患者端坐時(shí)間越長,患者上述呼吸力學(xué)指標(biāo)的改善越明顯。進(jìn)而縮短了呼吸機(jī)的使用時(shí)間,同時(shí)減少了患者的監(jiān)護(hù)室住院時(shí)間。
EIT技術(shù)能夠?qū)崟r(shí)監(jiān)測患者肺通氣的情況,是一種安全、可靠的臨床技術(shù)方法,對于機(jī)械通氣的ARDS患者,端坐臥位能夠有效的改善患者肺重力依賴區(qū)的通氣,減少肺不張等的發(fā)生,能夠有效改善患者的呼吸力學(xué)等參數(shù),進(jìn)而促進(jìn)患者的脫機(jī)拔管,減少患者的監(jiān)護(hù)室住院時(shí)間,端坐位是對機(jī)械通氣患者肺康復(fù)的有效的方案之一。
由于本研究為單中心,樣本量有限,所獲得的結(jié)果有一定的局限性,有待于將來聯(lián)合多中心、大樣本進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步研究,以探討其可推廣性和臨床實(shí)用性。
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Throughtheelectricalimpedancetomographytechnology(EIT)toobservethepositionoftheeffectsofmechanicalventilationinpatientswithARDSlungventilation
Wang Yugang,Wang Hongwei,Wang Shuangshuang,Yang Weiran,Ye Gang*
(EmergencyIntensiveCareUnit,BeijingLuheHospital,CapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing101149,China)
ObjectiveTo use electrical impedance tomography technology(EIT) to observe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients with mechanical ventilation,in the distribution of gas in the lungs of patients with different position,and to observe the oxygen partial pressure,oxygenation index,changes of the tidal volume.MethodsThe prospective randomized study method will be used,the patients with ARDS in the Emergency Intensive Care Unit,Beijing Luhe Hospital,Capital Medical University in January 2015 to June 2017 were tested with lines of mechanical ventilation as the research objects,and vis application of random grouping method,the tests were divided into trial group and control group.Experimental group will be set to normal position effectively to raise 30 degrees,on the basis of daily 8 hours continuously to patients with 90 degrees of sitting position.The control group was set up 30 degrees continuously for the position.The two groups of patients were compared,position effectively maintains 72,96,120 hours,respectively which were collected by electrical impedance imaging region of interest (ROI) values of two groups of patients,patients which were collected through breathing machine tidal volume,through the blood gas analysis to collect oxygen partial pressure,oxygenation index parameters,such as breathing machine and use time and care in the hospital.ResultsFinally,a total of 60 patients were included in the analysis of 27 cases of test group and control group 33 cases.Two groups of patients with gender,age,acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHEⅡ) scores and lead to the causes of ARDS was no statistically significant difference.Compared with the control group,experimental group patients in position effectively maintain 96 hours and 120 hours after PaO2and oxygenation index was significantly higher than the control group,differences were statistically significant (P<0.05),at the same time,through the observation of EIT technology experimental group patients gravity ROI3 values depend on the area for 96 hours and 120 hours,ROI4 value was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05).Patients in the experimental group were significantly lower in ventilator use time and in the hospital than in the control group (P<0.05);the experimental group compared with the control group in position effectively maintain 96 hours and 120 hours after,tidal volume no significant change (P>0.05).Position effectively maintain 72 hours,the experimental group compared with the control group patients of oxygen partial pressure,oxygenation index,tidal volume,the difference were statistically significant (P>0.05).ConclusionFor patients with ARDS line during invasive ventilation,daily continuously to 90 degrees patients keep sitting more than 8 hours,after 96 hours,can effectively improve the gravity depend on the changes of pulmonary ventilation,effectively improve the patient’s oxygen partial pressure and oxygenation index,promote patients of pulmonary rehabilitation,promote patients successfully weaning tube drawing at an early date.
electrical impedance tomography;position;the distribution of gas in the lungs;tidal volume;oxygen partial pressure
*Corresponding author,E-mail:Steelye@126.com
時(shí)間:2017-12-13 21∶09
http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.3662.R.20171213.2109.034.html
10.3969/j.issn.1006-7795.2017.06.027]
R459.7
2017-10-20)
編輯 孫超淵