找準突破口 敢啃硬骨頭
——定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選用與比較

甘肅 段生榮

找準突破口 敢啃硬骨頭
——定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的選用與比較

甘肅 段生榮

定語從句被稱為英語語法中的“攔路虎”。除主句外，其構(gòu)成要素有從句、先行詞、關(guān)系代（副）詞等。正確選用關(guān)系代詞（常用的6個）和關(guān)系副詞（常用的3個），俗稱“非常6+3”，是學(xué)習(xí)和備考定語從句的“重中之重”。選用定語從句引導(dǎo)詞的關(guān)鍵在于，既要看先行詞在從句中作什么成分，又要看從句中缺少什么成分。如果從句的主干成分齊全（主謂賓或主系表完整），說明缺狀語，需選用某一關(guān)系副詞。反之，如果從句的主干成分殘缺，說明缺主語、賓語、表語或定語，需選用某一關(guān)系代詞。值得注意的是，引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞也是有差別的，譬如：that 和why就只能引出限制性定語從句。

關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞一覽表

1.關(guān)系代（副）詞的三大作用

① 連接作用（連接主句與從句或先行詞與從句）

② 成分作用（關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語、賓語或定語，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)從句的狀語）

③ 指代作用（指人、物、事、時間、地點、原因等）

2.關(guān)系代詞的省略（必須滿足三個條件）

① 在限制性定語從句中

② 作賓語時（which/that/whom）

③ 在口語或非正式文體中

Do you remember the old straw hat you gave me？ （英文歌曲歌詞）

The number you dialed does not exist.（移動運營商自動回復(fù)語）

3.that/who

（指人時一般通用。但當(dāng)先行詞為one，ones，anyone，he，those時用后者引出定語從句）

One who has never been to the Great Wall is not a true man.

4.that/which

（1）在下列情形中，一般用that引出定語從句：

① 當(dāng)先行詞被all，every，some，any，much，little，no，only，very，last所修飾時，例如：

The only problem that they discussed at the conference was climate change.

② 當(dāng)先行詞為all，everything，something，anything，nothing 時，例如：

The kind stepmother did all/everything that she could to help the homeless boy.

③ 當(dāng)先行詞被最高級所修飾時，例如：

Physics is said to be the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.

④ 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞所修飾時，例如：

Italy is the second European country that we are planning to visit this summer.

⑤ 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時，例如：

The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.

The hard-working farmers and their happy life that we witnessed in the countryside made a wonderful impression on us.

⑥ 當(dāng)主句為who，which等疑問代詞引出的特殊疑問句時（避免重復(fù)），例如：

Who is the man that is operating the machine over there？

Which is the cultural relic that attracts most tourists every year？

⑦ 當(dāng)從句所修飾限制的是主句的表語時，例如：

The Internet is a huge computer system that allows millions of people around the world to share information.

（2）在下列情形中，一般用which引出定語從句：

① 非限制性定語從句

Harvard University，which was founded in 1636，is one of the best-known universities in the United States.

② 有插入語時（在從句中插入I think，you know，of course等，使考查更加趨于隱蔽）

The astronaut did many experiments which we think are of much help for knowing space.

③ 介詞前置時

We depend on the earth from which we get our food as well as water.

Antarctica，about which we know little，is covered with thick ice all the year round.

5.as作關(guān)系代詞

① 引出限制性定語從句或非限制性定語從句

【試比較】

The teacher asked us so difficult a question that nobody could answer it.（結(jié)果狀語從句）

The teacher asked us so difficult a question as nobody could answer.（定語從句）

The teacher asked us so difficult a question，which nobody could answer.（定語從句）

The teacher asked us so difficult a question，so that nobody answered it.（結(jié)果狀語從句）

② 限制性定語從句的三種基本結(jié)構(gòu)：“so...as...”，“such...as...”，“the same...as/that...”

The city was attacked by such terrible weather as few citizens had ever experienced before.

You’ve made the same mistake as you made in the examination last time.（同類）

Paul was given the same suitcase that his father and grandfather had taken with them.（同一個）

【試比較】

The police found the same cellphone in the man’s pocket as the tourist had lost.（相同型號的手機）

The police found the same cellphone in the man’s pocket that the tourist had lost.（同一部手機）

③ 如何區(qū)分as和which。 二詞均可指代整個主句的內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，但用法有別：

which引導(dǎo)的定語從句 as引導(dǎo)的定語從句位置 只能放在主句之后或中間 位置靈活，置于主句前、后、中均可動詞 不受限制 常用see，tell，know，report等行為動詞意義 表示主句對從句所造成的結(jié)果或影響 不受制約

The weather turned out to be terrible，which was more than we could expect.

Football，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the world.

As is known to all，newly-learned words will soon be forgotten unless they are frequently used.

The third man said，“This elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.”

The number of smokers，as is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

6.way作先行詞

I want to know the way you have been learning new words.（也可用that或in which ）

7.時間、地點、原因作先行詞

We’ll put off the picnic till the time when the weather might be better.

More and more people prefer to live in the countryside where there is fresher air and lower price of housing.

We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up.

【試比較】

I’ll never forget the days when we played together.（play用作不及物動詞，缺少狀語）

I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together.（spend用作及物動詞，缺少賓語）

This is the company where his father worked two years ago.（work用作不及物動詞，缺少狀語）

This is the company that his father visited two years ago.（visit用作及物動詞，缺少賓語）

The reason why he gave up was not clear.（主謂語完整，缺少狀語）

The reason that/which he gave us was not clear.（give用作及物動詞，缺少直接賓語）

8.非真實地點定語從句（隱形地點）：初學(xué)者常因不明真相而使用that或which，導(dǎo)致出錯

【activity/atmosphere/business/case/job/point/race/scene/situation/stage + where...】= in/at the + n.

Life is like a long race where we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.

Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.

The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely.

Teaching is a job where one will never be perfect；there is always something to learn about it.

Creating an atmosphere where employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.

9.非真實時間定語從句（隱形時間）

【age/break/moment/occasion/period/stay + when...】=at/in/on/during the + n.

We went through a period when communications were very difficult in the rural areas.

We’re now living in an age when science and technology are developing quickly.

Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.

10.介詞+關(guān)系代詞

The two possessions of which the couple felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.

The English play in which my students acted at the New Year’s party was a great success.

There are about forty foreign students studying Chinese in the school，most of whom are from Korea.

English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of which uses it differently.

①介詞的選用一則受從句中介詞與名詞、動詞或形容詞搭配的影響，二則還要考慮介詞與先行詞的固定搭配。

②替換：in/on/during which = when；in/at/on which =where；for which = why；

three/half/some of which/whom = of which/whom three/half/some；

whose window = the window of which = of which the window

Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase，whose price was very reasonable.

（= of which the price / the price of which ...）

【試比較】

He paid her $10 for washing the windows，most of which hadn’t been cleaned for months.（復(fù)合句）

He paid her $10 for washing the windows，of which most hadn’t been cleaned for months.（復(fù)合句）

He paid her $10 for washing the windows，and most of them hadn’t been cleaned for months.（并列句）

He paid her $10 for washing the windows；most of them hadn’t been cleaned for months.（簡單句）

He paid her $10 for washing the windows. Most of them hadn’t been cleaned for months.（簡單句）

③ 介詞 + 關(guān)系代詞 + n.

...，in which case / by which means / for which reason /during which time / in which situation / with whose help....

Professor Hopkins stayed in Moscow for a fortnight，during which time he picked up some Russian.

I’m very grateful to my assistant，without whose help I couldn’t have finished the project in time.

④ 含有介詞的短語動詞一般不拆開使用，如：look for，look after，take care of等。

This is the smart phone for which I am looking.（×，for應(yīng)跟在 looking之后）

⑤ 介詞前置，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom，不用who或者that；指物時用which，不能用that。

The plane in that we flew to Canada is very comfortable.（×，that應(yīng)改為 which）

⑥ from where，since when（介詞 + 關(guān)系副詞）

The detective hid himself behind the door，from where he could watch what was going on in the room.

John came to China to learn Chinese kungfu in August，2015，since when he has devoted himself to making his dream come true.

11.備注

① 重復(fù)（已經(jīng)被關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞所指代的對象在定語從句中不能重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，如：it，him，then，there等。）

Can you recite the poem you wrote it the other day？（×，刪除it ）

The driver went off in search of a garage where he could buy some petrol there.（×，刪除there ）

② 時態(tài)（某人已經(jīng)是第幾次做某事了）

This is the first time that our manager has communicated with a native speaker in English.

（主句為一般現(xiàn)在時，從句用現(xiàn)在完成時）

It was the third time（that）the Olympic Games had been held in this country.

（主句為一般過去時，從句用過去完成時）

③ 語氣（早該到某人做某事的時候了）

It is high time that we should put an end to the meaningless argument.（should不可省略，也可用過去式put）

This is the third time that you have changed your mind.And it is time that you made up your mind.

④ 主謂一致（取決于先行詞的數(shù)，作主語的關(guān)系代詞who/which/that無法表明）

One of the foreign experts who work in the city is on holiday.

The only one of the foreign experts who works in the city is on holiday.

⑤ 結(jié)構(gòu)完整（一定要有先行詞）

【試比較】

Is this book the one you lost？

Is this the book that you lost？

⑥ 與同位語從句的區(qū)別

【試比較】

The news that/which he told us is exciting.（定語從句；that作關(guān)系代詞，可用which替換，作賓語）

The news that our team has won the game is exciting.（同位語從句；that作連詞，不能用which替換，不作成分）

⑦how的用法（how作連接副詞時引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但不能用作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句或用作從屬連詞引導(dǎo)方式狀語從句）

【試比較】

Could you tell me how you managed to find out the truth？（賓語從句）

What upsets his parents is how he’s getting along with the host family.（表語從句）

What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.（定語從句）

甘肅省蘭州市第六中學(xué)）