Spectra of Eu 4f76p3/2 nd Autoionizing States

-, , -, -*

(1. School of Sciences, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China；2. Key Laboratory of Display Materials and Photoelectric Devices, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China)*Corresponding Author, E-mail: daicj@126.com

SpectraofEu4f76p3/2ndAutoionizingStates

CHANGXin-xin1,2,SHENLi1,2,YANGYu-na1,2,DAIChang-jian1,2*

(1.SchoolofSciences,TianjinUniversityofTechnology,Tianjin300384,China；2.KeyLaboratoryofDisplayMaterialsandPhotoelectricDevices,MinistryofEducation,TianjinUniversityofTechnology,Tianjin300384,China)*CorrespondingAuthor,E-mail:daicj@126.com

Experimental spectra of the Eu4f76p3/2nd(n=6,7) autoionizing states were investigated by using the three-step isolated-core excitation technique, while the impact of laser polarization on the spectra was studied for the first time. A detailed interpretation to the complex spectra of the4f76p3/2nd (n=6,7) autoionizing states is fulfilled by reproducing their line shapes with a multi-peaked fitting process. The spectroscopic information of the autoionizing states, like the total angular momentum (J), is deduced by comparing their corresponding spectra obtained under different excitation paths.

Eu atom; spectrum of autoionizing state; laser polarization; selection rules

1 Introduction

In the past several decades, the investigations of autoionization spectra[1-3]and dynamical process of autoionization[4]on several atoms have been performed extensively. More recently, the highly excited states of rare-earth atoms have also attracted considerable attention[5-7]. Among the rare-earth atoms, Yb atom has been mostly studied because of its simplest atomic structure that leads to basically an alkaline-earth-like spectrum. Eu atom, however, is a more challenging system because of its half-filled 4f shell and the highly complex nature of its spectrum[8-9]. Although there have already been some reports on the autoionizing states of Eu atom[10-13], they are limited to the converging to the lower ionic limits, such as the Eu 4f76p1/2nd autoionizing states, whereas Eu 4f76p3/2nd autoionizing states have remained untouched so far.

Since Eu 4f76p1/2nd and 4f76p3/2nd autoionizing states are the two different autoionizing series, and the average energy of the latter is 2 851.8 cm-1higher than that of the former, so the obvious physical differences are expected. Additionally, the wavelength of the third laser for the excitation of the 4f76p3/2nd autoionizing states has to be much shorter than that for the 4f76p1/2nd autoionizing states, which is quite close to the shortest wavelength limit of the laser dyes. Therefore, not only do the related physical problems become more challenging, but also the experimental difficulty is greatly increased. Apparently,such a study is necessary as Eu 4f76p3/2nd autoionization series in the higher energy region can be revealed, and the application of the isolated-core excitation (ICE) technique can be expanded to the newly-found autoionizing states. Furthermore, the impact of laser polarization on the autoionization spectra of Eu 4f76p3/2nd states will be explored, which has only been done in the alkaline-earth atoms[14-17]before. Finally, an assignment ofJvalues to all the peaks in the autoionization spectra will be carried out by comparing their corresponding spectra obtained under different excitation paths, which is also a task with both expected and unexpected challenges.

2 Experiments

The experimental setup used here is shown in Fig.1. It consists of three parts: a laser system, an Eu atomic beam preparation system and a data acquisition system. The three-step excitation in the experiment requires three pulsed dye lasers operated at 20 Hz, pumped by the 2nd or 3rd harmonic generation (at a wavelength of 532 or 355 nm) of the same pulsed Nd∶YAG laser. Note that the first dye laser is pumped by the 2nd harmonic generation, while the second and third dye lasers are pumped by the 3rd harmonic generation. Each dye laser has a typical output with a line width of 0.2 cm-1, pulse width of 5-8 ns and pulse energy of 0.5 mJ.

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. P is a polarization controller that includes a half-wave plate and a polarizer.

The sample of Eu atom is produced in a vacuum chamber from a resistively heated oven, wherein the atomic vapor is collimated and directed to the interaction region. A pulsed electric field is applied to collect the ions from the autoionization process approximately 0.5 μs after the laser pulses.

To ensure the polarization purity of the laser, a polarization controller is inserted on their way into the vacuum chamber. The three laser beams propagate collinearly and cross the atomic beam perpendicularly in the interaction region in order to avoid the Doppler broadening effect.

The data acquisition system includes a micro-channel plate (MCP) detector and a Boxcar (model 4121B) triggered by a digital pulse generator (model 9650A), which are made by the AMETEC company. The ions, resulting from the excitation and subsequent decay of autoionizing states, are extracted with a pulsed electric field to the MCP detector, whose output is fed into the Boxcar and stored in a computer for further analysis.

To investigate the Eu 4f76p3/2nd autoionizing states, the three-step ICE technique[18]is employed.

Fig.2 ICE excitation scheme of Eu 4f76p3/2nd autoionizing states

The ICE scheme for Eu 4f76p3/2nd autoionizing states is shown in Fig.2.

Method A:

The ground state of the Eu atom, withJ=7/2 and 8 differentMvalues, makes the situation much more complicated. For reference, the ground states of all alkaline-earth atoms and the Yb atom have only one level withM=0 andJ=0. Obviously, the difference above will make the polarization influences on the spectrum in the Eu atom less apparent than those in the other two-electron atoms.

The total transition probabilityWfrom the ground state to the autoionizing stateviabound Rydberg states depends on the polarization of three lasers,JandMvalues of these relevant states. It is proportional to the sum of the square of the product of three Wigner 3j symbols, as follows:

(1)

3 Results and Discussion

W(J3=5/2)∶W(J3=7/2)∶W(J3=9/2)=

a∶b∶c，

(2)

Similarly,

a′∶b′∶c′,

(3)

wherea,b,c,a′,b′ andc′ represent constants proportional to the reduced matrix elements of the transition. The experimental spectra of Eu 4f76p3/2nd (n=6, 7) autoionizing states that are fitted with Fano line shape will be shown and analyzed.

Now let us turn toJvalue of the peaks, for it is another way to observe the impact of laser polarization on the spectra. Specifically, an effort is made to see whetherJvalues of the peaks in the spectra of the 4f76p3/26d autoionizing states can be identified with the different laser polarization combinations. To fulfill such an effort, the relative intensity of the two spectra obtained with Case 1 and Case 2 are evaluated according to Eq.(1). The analysis results for transition intensities for each possibleJ3value of 4f76p3/26d autoionizing states normalized to Case 1 are given in Tab.1.

Since the ICE technique is used in this experiment, the value ofJ3in the scheme Ⅲ can only be 5/2, 7/2 and 9/2, as shown in Tab.1. Besides, the transition intensities for most ofJ3in the Case 1 are smaller than those in the Case 2.

CaseNormalizedtransitionintensityJ3=5/2J3=7/2J3=9/21abc21．12a1．53b0．46c

On the other hand, the same ratios can be evaluated from the spectra of the 4f76p3/26d autoionizing states shown in Fig. 3, and the results of which are shown in Tab.2.

Tab.2PeakratiosofthetwocasesforallpeaksinFig.3

PeaknumberEnergy/cm-1Intensityratio161642．90．86261671．10．98361700．80．84461726．91．12561740．00．97661768．70．74761808．01．29861848．51．40

As shown in Tab.2, most of the ratios are slightly less than those listed in Tab.1. The experimental results do not agree well with the theoretical values, which manifests that the polarization influences on Eu autoionization spectra show less apparent, leading thatJvalues of Eu 4f76p3/26d autoionizing states are not easy to identify with different laser polarization combinations. As the peaks converging to other ion limits appear in the 4f76p3/26d spectra, which manifests that the intensity of the spectra converges to the 4f76p3/26d are affected, leading that the peak ratios of the two cases are affected. The values of some peaks can be estimated by using this method, but it can only get a small part of the correctJvalue, so the method does not apply to complex atoms.

Based on the above fact thatJvalues of Eu autoionizing states are not easy to identify with different laser polarization combinations, the spectra of three schemes in method A are shown in Fig.4, which cover the same energy region.

As shown in Fig.4, the spectra of Eu 4f76p3/26d autoionizing states are all superimposed with some narrow peaks, which are identified as the autoionizing states with higher-nvalues converging to the lower ionization limits. Based onJselection rules corresponding to the three excitation schemes described in method A, one may makes some comparisons with these spectra in order to assignJvalues of some peaks in Fig. 4, which are shown in Tab.3.

Fig.4 Experimental spectra of Eu 4f76p3/26d autoionizing states obtained in method A. (a) Eu 4f76p3/26d [J=1/2, 3/2 or 5/2] spectra. (b) Eu 4f76p3/26d [J=3/2, 5/2 or 7/2] spectra. (c) Eu 4f76p3/26d [J=5/2, 7/2 or 9/2] spectra.

Tab.3 Energies and J assignments of the peaks

As shown in Tab.3, the uniqueJvalues are assigned to many peaks, respectively. A similar measurement and analysis for Eu 4f76p3/27d state is shown below.

Some peaks only exist in Fig.3(a)(marked with sign “*”), or some only show in Fig.3(b)(marked with sign “#”). The autoionization peak position has a shift to the ionization limit, that is because the quantum defect of the initial state of Eu 4f76s7d is different from the final state of Eu 4f76p3/27d.

Now let us turn toJvalue of the peaks, which is described in method B. The results for transition intensities for each possibleJ3value of 4f76p3/27d autoionizing states normalized to Case 1 are given in Tab.4.

Tab.4TransitionintensitiesforeachpossibleJ3valueof4f76p3/27dautoionizingstatesnormalizedtoCase1

CaseNormalizedtransitionintensityJ′3=7/2J′3=9/2J′3=11/21′a′b′c′2′0．26a′1．29b′2．5c′

Tab.5PeakratiosofthetwocasesforallpeaksinFig.5

PeaknumberEnergy/cm-1Intensityratio166249．61．7266270．41．25366321．21．02466335．11．01566397．81．30

As shown in Tab.5, most of the ratios are slightly less than those listed in Tab.4. Based on the above fact thatJvalues of some peaks can be estimated, but they can not be determined, the spectra obtained with the three schemes(which are similar to the method A) are shown in Fig.6, which cover the same energy region.

Fig.6 Experimental spectra of Eu 4f76p3/27d autoionizing states obtained with Scheme Ⅱ. (a) 4f76p3/26d [J=3/2, 5/2 or 7/2] spectra. (b) 4f76p3/26d [J=5/2,7/2 or 9/2] spectra. (c) 4f76p3/26d [J=7/2, 9/2 or 11/2] spectra.

As shown in Fig.6, the spectra of Eu 4f76p3/27d autoionizing states are also superimposed with some narrow peaks, which are some autoionizing states with higher-nvalues, converging to the lower ionization limits. Based on theJselection rules of the excitation schemes(which are similar to method A), theJvalues of some peaks can be assigned.

As shown in Tab.6,Jvalues of the peaks in Fig.6 can be identified uniquely by basing onJselection rules of the three excitation schemes(which are similar to method A).

Tab.6 Energies and J assignments of the peaks

4 Conclusion

In conclusion, the spectra of Eu 4f76p3/2nd (n=6, 7) autoionizing states have been investigated with the ICE technique through the two laser polarization combinations (πππ, σσσ). Although the effects of laser polarization are observed from Eu 4f76p3/2nd (n=6, 7) autoionization spectra, it is not sufficient to assignJvalue to the peaks in the spectra, as the heavy configuration interaction among different autoionizing series make Eu 4f76p3/2nd (n=6, 7) autoionization spectra much more complicated than their counterparts of Yb atom. On the other hand,Jvalues of some peaks can be assigned uniquely by comparing the different spectra obtained with the three excitation schemes. Furthermore, the study on autoionization spectra of Eu 4f76p3/2nd (n=6, 7) autoionizing states shows that the ICE method is almost invalid for such lownvalues.

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常鑫鑫(1992-)，男，山西長治人，碩士研究生，2014年于長治學(xué)院獲得學(xué)士學(xué)位，主要從事稀土原子高激發(fā)態(tài)方面的研究。

E-mail: sjx1054419689@163.com戴長建(1957-)，男，山東青島人，教授，博士生導(dǎo)師，1992年在University of Virginia獲得碩士學(xué)位，主要從事原子與分子物理和光譜學(xué)以及高靈敏探測技術(shù)方面的研究。

E-mail: daicj@126.com

銪原子4f76p3/2nd自電離態(tài)的光譜

常鑫鑫1,2, 沈 禮1,2, 楊玉娜1,2, 戴長建1,2*
(1. 天津理工大學(xué) 理學(xué)院， 天津 300384；2. 天津理工大學(xué) 顯示技術(shù)與光電器件教育部重點實驗室， 天津 300384)

利用三步三色孤立實激發(fā)技術(shù)(ICE)，系統(tǒng)地研究了銪原子4f76p3/2nd自電離態(tài)的光譜，同時首次研究了激光偏振對復(fù)雜原子的光譜的影響。為了研究銪原子4f76p3/2nd自電離態(tài)的光譜，首先設(shè)計并采用了不同的激發(fā)路徑，分別將原子布居到同一高激發(fā)能域并探測它們在該能域的自電離光譜。通過比較這些光譜的異同并結(jié)合上述激發(fā)路徑所對應(yīng)的躍遷選擇定則，便可唯一地確定這些高激發(fā)態(tài)的總角動量。為了研究激光偏振對銪原子的影響，設(shè)計并使用了兩種偏振組合：三步激光都是垂直(πππ)，三步激光都是平行(σσσ)(激光偏振方向相對于探測器垂直或平行)。為了得到有偏振影響的光譜，分別使3部激光器處于同一偏振，依次對銪原子進(jìn)行激發(fā)，激發(fā)路徑與終態(tài)同上。通過對同一路徑不同偏振下的光譜的比較，發(fā)現(xiàn)僅能確定極少數(shù)的高激發(fā)態(tài)的總角動量，同時在光譜中一些峰獨立于另一偏振光譜存在。

銪原子； 自電離光譜； 激光偏振； 選擇定則

2017-04-21；

2017-05-19

國家自然科學(xué)基金(11174218) 資助項目

O562.3+1; O433.5+9DocumentcodeA

10.3788/fgxb20173811.1461

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11174218)