武洪安+楊文艷+田琨+楊玥+陶奕瑾
[摘要] 目的 評估復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)聯(lián)合玻璃體腔內(nèi)注射Ranibizumab以及全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù)在新生血管性青光眼治療的有效性及安全性。方法 研究對象為方便選取2015年5月—2016年2月于昆明醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院眼科就診的新生血管性青光眼患者20例(22只眼),入選患者均行玻璃體腔注射Ranibizumab(0.5 mg/0.05 mL),待虹膜新生血管消退或萎縮后,再行復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù),以穹窿部為基底作結(jié)膜瓣,術(shù)中聯(lián)用絲裂霉素C(0.4 mg/mL, 3~5 min)。根據(jù)患者屈光介質(zhì)情況術(shù)前或術(shù)后行全視網(wǎng)膜光凝。小梁切除術(shù)后隨訪6個月,觀察視力、眼壓和手術(shù)并發(fā)癥情況。 結(jié)果 新生血管性青光眼的原因包括視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞,其中中央靜脈阻塞(11只眼)、分支靜脈阻塞(6只眼),糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變(5只眼)。玻璃體腔注藥后1 d,新生血管開始逐漸消退,2~5 d 22只眼新生血管全部消退。術(shù)前眼壓平均為(42.27±2.95) mmHg,術(shù)后1個月平均眼壓降至(12.05±2.78)mmHg,術(shù)后3個月(14.22±2.70)mmHg,術(shù)后6個月降至(15.09±4.21)mmHg,術(shù)后各隨訪時間點眼壓與術(shù)前相比均差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),術(shù)后隨訪中眼壓相比均差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。術(shù)前抗青光眼藥物的使用數(shù)量為(3.14±0.71)種,術(shù)后數(shù)量降至(0.82±1.14)種。完全成功12眼( 54.5%),部分成功6眼(27.3%),總手術(shù)成功率81.8%(18/22)。手術(shù)并發(fā)癥:術(shù)后淺前房4例,經(jīng)散瞳藥物治療2周內(nèi)恢復(fù)正常;前房積血2例;脈絡(luò)膜脫離1例,藥物治療后恢復(fù);無其他嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)。 結(jié)論 復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)聯(lián)合玻璃體腔注射Ranibizumab和全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù)是治療新生血管性青光眼的安全而有效的方式。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù);新生血管性青光眼;玻璃體腔注射;Ranibizumab;全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù)
[中圖分類號] R779 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼] A [文章編號] 1674-0742(2017)08(c)-0001-05
Complex Trabeculectomy and Ranibizumab in Treatment of Neovascular Glaucoma
WU Hong-an1, YANG Wen-yan2, TIAN Kun2, YANG Yue2, TAO Yi-jin2
1.Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Dayao Peoples Hospital, Chuxiong, Yunnan Proivnce,675400 China;2.Department of Ophthalmology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming,Yunan Province,650031 China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of complex trabeculectomy and intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab and panretinal photocoagulation in treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Methods convenient 20 cases of patients with neovascular glaucoma (22 eyes) diagnosed in our hospital from May 2015 to February 2016 were selected, and the selected patients underwent the intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab(0.5 mg/0.05 mL), and complex trabeculectomy after the regression or atrophy of iris neovascularization, and combined with mitomycin C in operation(0.4 mg/mL, 3~5 min), and the panretinal photocoagulation was conducted before and after surgery according to the dioptric media condition, and the patients were followed up for six months after the trabeculectomy, and the vision, eye pressure and operative complications were observed. Results The causes of neovascular glaucoma included the retinal vein occlusion, including the central retinal vein occlusion(11 eyes), branch retinal vein occlusion (6 eyes), diabetic retinopathy (5 eyes), and the neovascularization begun to gradually subside after 1 d of intravitreous druginjection, and the neovascularization of 22 eyes after 2~5 d subsided, and the average eye pressure before operation was (42.27±2.95)mmHg, and decreased to (12.05±2.78)mmHg in 1 month after operation and(14.22±2.70) mmHg in 3 months after operation and (15.09±4.21)mmHg in 6 months after surgery, and there were obvius differences in the eye pressures at various follow-up points before and after surgery(P<0.05), and there was no obvious difference in the eye pressure in the follow-up after surgery(P>0.05), and the use number of antiglaucoma drugs was (3.14±0.71), and decreased to (0.82±1.14) after operation and 12 eyes were completely successful(54.5%), 6 cases were partially sucessful(27.3%), and the total operation success rate was 81.8%(18/22), and in terms of operation complications, 4 cases were with shallow anterior chamber after operation, and returned to normal in 2 weeks after mydriasis drugs treatment, and there were 2 cases with hyphema and 1 case with choroidal detachment and the patients were recovered after the drugs treatment, and there were no other severe complications. Conclusion The complex trabeculectomy and intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab andpanretinal photocoagulation in treatment of neovascular glaucoma is a safe and effecitve method in treatment of neovascular glaucoma.endprint
[Key words] Complex trabeculectomy; Neovascular glaucoma; Intravitreal injection; Ranibizumab; Panretinal photocoagulation
新生血管性青光眼(Neovascular glaucoma,NVG)是繼發(fā)于多種眼部血管病變及全身血管性疾病的一類嚴(yán)重危害視力的難治性青光眼。眼前節(jié)新生血管的形成通常由于各種原因的導(dǎo)致的視網(wǎng)膜缺血缺氧啟動新生血管因子,如視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞、糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變和眼部缺血綜合征等。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),新生血管性青光眼的房水中血管內(nèi)皮生長因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的水平顯著增高,而人為地將動物眼中VEGF的水平提高,也能造成虹膜新生血管形成和新生血管性青光眼[1-2]。將抗VEGF藥物注入玻璃體腔或前房中,可促使虹膜新生血管消退[3],因此在治療新生血管性青光眼中應(yīng)用抗VEGF藥物具有一定的療效。Ranibizumab(雷珠單抗)是一種抗VEGF的重組單克隆抗體片段,在抑制眼部新生血管,如脈絡(luò)膜新生血管,糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變等,具有較好的療效,但在新生血管性青光眼治療中的應(yīng)用研究還報道較少[4-5]。新生血管性青光眼是一種破壞性疾病,傳統(tǒng)的單一的治療方法包括濾過性手術(shù)、睫狀體破壞性手術(shù)、房水引流裝置植入術(shù)等成功率較低,均難以達(dá)到理想的效果。單純的濾過性手術(shù)或房水引流裝置植入手術(shù)治療新生血管性青光眼成功率較低的原因通常因虹膜新生血管出血、術(shù)后炎癥反應(yīng)嚴(yán)重,濾過泡易于瘢痕化。目前的觀點認(rèn)為通常需要藥物、激光和手術(shù)聯(lián)合的綜合治療方法,先施行抗VEGF藥物玻璃體腔注射和/或全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù),控制原發(fā)疾病,消除新生血管形成的刺激因素,可提高新生血管性青光眼的濾過性手術(shù)的成功率[6-8]。因此,該研究以該院于2015年5月—2016年2月收治20例患者(22只眼)為研究對象,擬通過復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)聯(lián)合玻璃體腔注射Ranibizumab和全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù)綜合治療新生血管性青光眼,并觀察綜合治療的療效和安全性,現(xiàn)報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
方便選擇該院眼科就診的新生血管性青光眼患者20例,22只眼,所有病例均行完整的眼前段和眼后段的檢查,包括視力、Goldmann壓平式眼壓、眼前段照相記錄前段新生血管化的表現(xiàn),房角鏡檢查的記錄(開放、周邊前粘連或者關(guān)閉及新生血管情況)、眼部B超、眼底照相、OCT檢查等。同時記錄新生血管性青光眼的病因、眼部手術(shù)史、視網(wǎng)膜激光光凝史和抗青光眼藥物的用藥史等?;颊呔鶠榫植柯?lián)合全身用藥眼壓難以控制,眼痛不能緩解者。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 玻璃體腔注藥術(shù) 所有患者均在本人及家屬充分知情同意的情況下進(jìn)行手術(shù)。患者仰臥位,常規(guī)消毒鋪巾,應(yīng)用0.4%鹽酸奧布卡因(國藥準(zhǔn)字 J20100128)表面麻醉,經(jīng)睫狀體平坦部向玻璃體腔穿刺注入Ranibizumab(0.05 mL/0.5 mg)。指測眼壓,必要時行前房穿刺放液降低眼壓。術(shù)畢涂抗生素眼膏包眼,術(shù)后抗生素眼液點眼3 d。
1.2.2 復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù) 玻璃體腔注藥后2~5 d,虹膜新生血管消退或萎縮后,行復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)。常規(guī)消毒鋪巾后,0.4%鹽酸奧布卡因表面麻醉或2%鹽酸利多卡因(國藥準(zhǔn)字 H20065387)結(jié)膜下注射局部麻醉,作以穹窿為基底的的6 mm×5 mm大小的結(jié)膜瓣,電凝止血,再做以角膜緣為基底的4 mm×3 mm大小的厚度約1/3鞏膜厚度的鞏膜瓣,將浸有0.4 mg/mL絲裂霉素C的棉片置于鞏膜瓣和結(jié)膜瓣下約3~5 min,結(jié)膜瓣的游離緣應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離棉片以免直接接觸絲裂霉素C,用平衡鹽溶液沖洗整個創(chuàng)面,剪除角鞏膜小梁組織和周邊虹膜后,在方形鞏膜瓣兩個后角用10-0尼龍線間斷縫合鞏膜瓣2針,檢查濾過通道房水流出情況,用8-0可吸收縫線間斷縫合結(jié)膜瓣切口。術(shù)后局部給予激素、抗生素藥物點眼。
1.2.3 全視網(wǎng)膜激光光凝術(shù) 全視網(wǎng)膜激光光凝的執(zhí)行時間取決于患者屈光間質(zhì)情況。
1.3 術(shù)后隨訪指標(biāo)
玻璃體腔注藥術(shù)后觀察虹膜新生血管消退以及眼壓變化情況;復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)后觀察視力、眼壓、前房情況、濾過泡形態(tài)以及眼底原發(fā)病控制情況和手術(shù)并發(fā)癥。術(shù)后連續(xù)隨訪直至術(shù)后6個月。治療效果評價:術(shù)后6個月沒有使用抗青光眼藥物下IOP<21 mmHg為手術(shù)完全成功;使用1~2種降眼壓藥物維持IOP<21 mmHg為手術(shù)部分成功;眼壓升高,且藥物不能控制需再次手術(shù)治療的為手術(shù)失敗。
1.4 統(tǒng)計方法
采用SPSS 19.0統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,計量資料用均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(x±s)表示。玻璃體腔注藥前后的眼壓變化采用配對樣本t檢驗方法進(jìn)行比較,術(shù)前及術(shù)后隨訪眼壓變化采用重復(fù)測量數(shù)據(jù)方差分析進(jìn)行比較,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
該研究納入患者共20例(22只眼),男11例,女9例,年齡43~72歲[平均(57.68±7.03)歲]。視網(wǎng)膜靜脈阻塞和糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變?yōu)橹饕∫?,其中視網(wǎng)膜中央靜脈阻塞11眼,視網(wǎng)膜分支靜脈阻塞6眼,增殖性糖尿病視網(wǎng)膜病變5眼。術(shù)前房角鏡檢查:1例開放,2例有周邊前粘連未完全關(guān)閉,其余19例房角關(guān)閉,見表1。
玻璃體腔注藥術(shù)后2~5 d,20例(22只眼)新生血管青光眼患者虹膜新生血管全部消退(表1)。注藥前后平均眼壓分別為(42.27±2.95)mmHg和(41.95±3.46)mmHg。注藥前后眼壓變化差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>O.05),見表2。
復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)后1月平均眼壓降至(12.05±2.78) mmHg,術(shù)后3月眼壓為(14.22±2.70)mmHg,術(shù)后6個月眼壓為(15.09±4.21)mmHg,術(shù)后隨訪眼壓與術(shù)前相比均差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),術(shù)后隨訪各時間點眼壓均差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)(圖1、表3)。術(shù)后視力較術(shù)前提高者2眼,無明顯改變者20眼,無視力下降眼。術(shù)前抗青光眼藥物的使用數(shù)量為(3.14±0.71)種,術(shù)后數(shù)量降至(0.82±1.14)種。endprint
術(shù)后并發(fā)癥:術(shù)后淺前房4例,經(jīng)散瞳治療后2周內(nèi)前房恢復(fù)正常;前房積血2例;脈絡(luò)膜脫離1例,經(jīng)藥物治療后恢復(fù);無其他嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥出現(xiàn)。
治療后,完全成功12眼(54.5%),部分成功6眼(27.3%),總手術(shù)成功率81.8%(18/22)。4眼治療失敗,其中1眼濾過泡粘連,眼壓升高,行濾過泡分離術(shù)后眼壓控制;1眼虹膜新生血管復(fù)發(fā),眼壓升高且藥物不能控制,行二次手術(shù)治療;2眼玻璃體積血,行玻璃體切除手術(shù)加視網(wǎng)膜激光光凝。
3 討論
新生血管性青光眼是由于各種原因造成房水中VEGF含量增加,誘導(dǎo)虹膜及房角新生血管形成,纖維血管膜收縮牽拉,導(dǎo)致房角關(guān)閉、眼壓升高[9-10]。由于眼部新生血管的形成是一個動態(tài)過程,最初需要有缺血缺氧刺激而VEGF產(chǎn)生,此后仍需繼續(xù)刺激才能促進(jìn)新生血管形成,因此抑制或終止這種刺激是控制眼部新生血管的重要環(huán)節(jié)[11]。新生血管性青光眼治療的關(guān)鍵在于控制原發(fā)疾病,減少或消除新生血管生成的刺激因素,抑制新生血管形成,從而提高手術(shù)的成功率。
抗VEGF藥物,如Bevacizumab、Ranibizumab等,可與VEGF所有的異構(gòu)體結(jié)合并阻斷其生物活性,在眼球內(nèi)注射后可以促使虹膜和房角新生血管消退,抑制新生血管的生成,為青光眼手術(shù)創(chuàng)造時機(jī)[3,12-13]。Kitnarong等[14]的研究認(rèn)為,玻璃體腔注射抗VEGF藥物并不會降低眼壓,但能有效促進(jìn)虹膜和視網(wǎng)膜新生血管快速消退,這就能減少濾過手術(shù)中的出血,從而提高手術(shù)成功率。同時,對于原發(fā)病的治療也很關(guān)鍵,視網(wǎng)膜缺血、缺氧的狀態(tài)不能控制,眼內(nèi)VEGF水平仍可重新升高,誘導(dǎo)新生血管形成。采用全視網(wǎng)膜光凝(panretinalphotocoagulation,PRP)治療,封閉新生血管及視網(wǎng)膜無灌注區(qū),降低視網(wǎng)膜的耗氧量,從而減少眼內(nèi)組織產(chǎn)生和釋放VEGF等與新生血管形成有關(guān)的因子,抑制新生血管形成[15],才是治療眼內(nèi)新生血管的根本之所在。隨著全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù)的引進(jìn),新生血管性青光眼的濾過手術(shù)成功率也得以大幅提高。很多研究指出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的濾過手術(shù)聯(lián)合術(shù)前全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù)能明顯提高治療新生血管性青光眼的成功率[1,16-18]。
因此,該研究采用玻璃體腔內(nèi)抗VEGF注藥后行復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù),同時聯(lián)合全視網(wǎng)膜光凝術(shù)綜合治療新生血管性青光眼。新生血管性青光眼患者平均眼壓從術(shù)前的(42.27±2.95)mmHg在術(shù)后1、3、6個月分別降低至(12.05±2.78)mmHg、(14.22±2.70)mmHg和(15.09±4.21)mmHg,統(tǒng)計學(xué)上差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。在12只眼中觀察到治療完全成功(4.5%),在6只眼 (27.3%)觀察到部分成功,總有效率達(dá)81.8%(表1)。應(yīng)用單純的青光眼濾過性手術(shù)(小梁切除術(shù)、房水引流裝置植入術(shù)等)治療新生血管性青光眼時,容易發(fā)生術(shù)中出血、術(shù)后嚴(yán)重炎癥反應(yīng)、術(shù)后新生血管復(fù)發(fā)、早期濾過泡瘢痕化等,導(dǎo)致手術(shù)失敗率較高。在該次的研究中,首先通過玻璃體腔注射Ranibizumab促使虹膜和房角的新生血管消退,為復(fù)合小梁切除手術(shù)和全視網(wǎng)膜激光光凝創(chuàng)造條件。此外,復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)中使用的絲裂霉素C是自頭狀鏈霉菌培養(yǎng)液中提取制成的一種抗瘢痕化藥物,具有很強(qiáng)的抗增殖作用,對增殖期和靜止期的細(xì)胞均可產(chǎn)生抑制作用,因而在復(fù)合式小梁切除術(shù)中應(yīng)用絲裂霉素 C,具有減緩濾過道的纖維母細(xì)胞增殖的作用,減少濾過口瘢痕化、濾道阻塞等并發(fā)癥,保證了濾過道通暢,促進(jìn)功能濾過泡形成,最終穩(wěn)定控制眼壓,提高手術(shù)成功率[10]。在所有患者中應(yīng)用PRP是綜合治療新生血管性青光眼策略中的核心措施,PRP可破壞缺血區(qū)視網(wǎng)膜,降低視網(wǎng)膜耗氧量,消除了產(chǎn)生新生血管的誘導(dǎo)因素,并可促使虹膜和房角的新生血管消退,從而才有可能有效的控制眼壓,保存更多的視功能。玻璃體腔注射Ranibizumab和全視網(wǎng)膜光凝同時使用是標(biāo)本兼治的綜合措施,為新生血管性青光眼濾過手術(shù)成功提供了有力的保障。
綜上所述,使用絲裂霉素C的復(fù)合小梁切除術(shù)聯(lián)合術(shù)前抗VEGF藥物玻璃體腔注射和全視網(wǎng)膜光凝治療是綜合治療新生血管性青光眼的有效方式。一方面通過抗VEGF藥物抑制血管內(nèi)皮生長因子,促使房角與虹膜新生血管消退,為手術(shù)和PRP提供了寶貴的時間窗口,同時減少了術(shù)中和術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生;另一方面,通過手術(shù)降低眼壓,聯(lián)合PRP解除視網(wǎng)膜的缺血缺氧,進(jìn)一步有效的防止虹膜新生血管形成,提高了手術(shù)成功率和長期有效性,可獲得較為理想的治療效果。
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(收稿日期:2017-05-21)endprint