舒云均
(四川省雅安市中醫(yī)醫(yī)院骨科,四川 雅安 625000)
全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中外側(cè)支持帶松解對臨床療效的影響
舒云均
(四川省雅安市中醫(yī)醫(yī)院骨科,四川 雅安 625000)
目的前瞻性比較全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中外側(cè)支持帶松解與否對術(shù)后臨床療效的影響。方法2013年1月至2015年12月,采用全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)治療148例單側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性關(guān)節(jié)炎患者。術(shù)前根據(jù)計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)分配法將患者分為松解組(術(shù)中行髕骨外側(cè)支持帶松解,74例)和對照組(術(shù)中不松解外側(cè)支持帶,74例)。記錄兩組患者膝前疼痛率、美國膝關(guān)節(jié)學(xué)會(huì)評(píng)分、髕骨評(píng)分、患者滿意度及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,并進(jìn)行比較。結(jié)果松解組4例失訪,對照組術(shù)中行“無拇指”試驗(yàn),有4例需要行外側(cè)支持帶松解,2例失訪,此10例患者排除本研究,剩下138例(松解組70例,對照組68例)患者納入最終研究。兩組患者術(shù)前一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。所有患者獲得相同的隨訪時(shí)間,為12個(gè)月。松解組術(shù)后膝前疼痛率為7.1%(5/70),對照組為19.1%(13/68),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.037);兩組患者滿意度、美國膝關(guān)節(jié)協(xié)會(huì)功能評(píng)分、髕骨評(píng)分及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均相似(P>0.05)。結(jié)論初次全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中行外側(cè)支持帶松解能夠降低術(shù)后膝前疼痛率,而不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
骨關(guān)節(jié)炎,膝;關(guān)節(jié)成形術(shù);置換,膝;療效
保留髕骨型全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)相比髕骨置換型TKA,具有減少髕骨骨折、髕骨假體松動(dòng)等并發(fā)癥等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為其可增加術(shù)后膝前疼痛率,因此,為降低保留髕骨型TKA術(shù)后膝前疼痛率,這些學(xué)者建議使用髕骨友好型假體或旋轉(zhuǎn)活動(dòng)平臺(tái),但術(shù)后膝前疼痛率仍高達(dá)19%~38%[1-3]。
既往學(xué)者研究表明膝前痛常由髕骨運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡不良而導(dǎo)致髕股關(guān)節(jié)接觸應(yīng)力增加引起,并采用髕骨外側(cè)支持帶松解術(shù)治療非TKA術(shù)后膝前痛,療效滿意[4]。一些學(xué)者也將髕骨外側(cè)支持帶松解用于TKA術(shù)中,以降低TKA術(shù)后膝前疼痛率[5-6]。然而,也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為外側(cè)支持帶松解可引起諸如血腫形成、切口愈合不良、髕骨壞死、膝外側(cè)痛及髕骨骨折等并發(fā)癥[7-8]。但另一些學(xué)者[9-10]認(rèn)為TKA術(shù)中松解與不松解外側(cè)支持帶的患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。因此本研究采用前瞻性隨機(jī)對照方法,并假設(shè)髕骨松解外側(cè)支持帶能夠降低TKA術(shù)后膝前痛,而不增加其相關(guān)并發(fā)癥。本研究目的:a)探討保留髕骨型TKA術(shù)中行外側(cè)支持帶松解術(shù)是否能夠降低術(shù)后膝前疼痛率;b)探討外側(cè)支持帶松解是否增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥;c)為防治TKA術(shù)后膝前痛提供參考。
1.1 一般資料 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):a)膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎者;b)單側(cè)手術(shù)者;c)同意加入本研究者。
排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):a)對側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)存在有癥狀性關(guān)節(jié)炎者;b)隨訪期間行同側(cè)肢體手術(shù)者;c)有精神障礙者;d)膝部內(nèi)外翻畸形大于15°者;e)同側(cè)存在手術(shù)史者;f)同側(cè)有腰疼、足部疼痛及髖關(guān)節(jié)疼痛者。
2013年1月至2015年12月,共有188例單側(cè)膝關(guān)節(jié)退變性骨關(guān)節(jié)炎患者在我科行TKA手術(shù),其中40例不符合上述選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或拒絕參加本研究而被排除,剩下148例患者根據(jù)外側(cè)支持帶松解與否,采用計(jì)算機(jī)隨機(jī)分配方法(見圖1),將患者分為松解組(術(shù)中行髕骨外側(cè)支持帶松解,74例)和對照組(術(shù)中不松解外側(cè)支持帶,74例)。
圖1 研究對象隨機(jī)化分組流程圖
1.2 手術(shù)方法 全身麻醉,止血帶下手術(shù),所有手術(shù)均由同一組醫(yī)生完成,采用膝前正中切口,髕旁內(nèi)側(cè)入路。采用保留髕骨型后交叉韌帶替代型骨水泥固定假體。股骨采用髓內(nèi)定位外翻6°截骨,脛骨采用髓外定位,垂直脛骨機(jī)械軸,后傾6°截骨。股骨旋轉(zhuǎn)力線選擇相對股骨后髁線外旋3°截骨,脛骨近端旋轉(zhuǎn)力線以脛骨結(jié)節(jié)中內(nèi)1/3作為參考。截骨完成后平衡屈伸間隙,滿意,安放骨水泥及假體,行髕骨周圍電灼去神經(jīng)化及髕骨成形術(shù),沖洗切口,放置引流管,縫合包扎切口后松解止血帶。
松解組:術(shù)中不采用“無拇指(no thumb)”試驗(yàn)評(píng)估髕骨軌跡,在切口暴露時(shí),即從股外側(cè)肌腱下1/3到髕骨下極(長5~7 cm),采用電刀由內(nèi)向外松解外側(cè)支持帶(深度為支持帶的厚度),松解過程中注意保護(hù)膝上動(dòng)脈。
對照組:采用“無拇指”試驗(yàn)評(píng)估髕骨軌跡,如果存在髕骨軌跡不良,則行外側(cè)支持帶松解。本組中共發(fā)現(xiàn)4例(占5.4%)患者髕骨軌跡不良,即行外側(cè)支持帶松解,這些患者排除本研究。
1.3 術(shù)后處理 麻醉前0.5 h常規(guī)靜脈使用五水頭孢唑啉鈉2 g,術(shù)后再繼續(xù)使用2 d。兩組患者均使用依諾肝素鈉注射預(yù)防深靜脈血栓形成。術(shù)后3 d采用靜脈使用氟比洛芬酯鎮(zhèn)痛,以后口服塞來昔布。引流管于術(shù)后28 h拔除,鼓勵(lì)患者在助行器輔助下負(fù)重行走,臥床期間鼓勵(lì)其積極活動(dòng)關(guān)節(jié),加強(qiáng)股四頭肌肌力訓(xùn)練。
1.4 臨床數(shù)據(jù)收集 記錄患者臨床資料:手術(shù)時(shí)間、髕骨軟骨退變等級(jí)(Outerbridge標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)估[11])、引流量、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)、術(shù)后并發(fā)癥、膝前痛(采用VAS評(píng)估,無痛,0分;輕度痛,0~2分;中度痛,3~4分;重度痛,5~10分)、滿意度(非常滿意、滿意、不確定或不滿意)、膝關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分(knee society score,KSS)[12]和髕骨評(píng)分[13]、術(shù)前髕骨形態(tài)[14]及髕股關(guān)節(jié)炎等級(jí)[15]、髕股和諧角、股骨滑車角、假體力線、髕骨位置(采用Gomes方法[16],髕骨位置不良定義為髕骨傾斜或移位;髕骨軌跡不良定義為髕骨移位大于5 mm或髕骨傾斜角度大于5°[17])、骨溶解、假體松動(dòng)、髕骨骨折和髕骨壞死等。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS 18.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析?;颊叱鲈汉笠笥?周、6個(gè)月、1年和以后每年隨訪一次。為了使數(shù)據(jù)資料具有可比性,取相同隨訪時(shí)間點(diǎn)(本研究取術(shù)后12個(gè)月)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析。定量資料若符合正態(tài)性,則采用兩獨(dú)立樣本的t檢驗(yàn),否則采用Chi-square檢驗(yàn)。定性資料采用χ2檢驗(yàn)或Fisher精確概率法,必要時(shí)使用Yates校正因子。檢驗(yàn)水準(zhǔn)取雙側(cè)α=0.05。
松解組有4例患者失訪,對照組有4例患者術(shù)中需要行外側(cè)支持帶松解,2例失訪,這10例患者排除本研究(見圖1),最終138例(松解組70例,對照組68例)患者進(jìn)入統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。兩組術(shù)前年齡、BMI、髕骨軟骨分級(jí)等一般資料比較差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),具有可比性(見表1)。兩組患者均順利完成手術(shù),無一例患者需要輸血、翻修及再手術(shù)。
2.1 臨床療效 兩組患者的手術(shù)時(shí)間、引流量、術(shù)后住院天數(shù)、滿意度、KSS評(píng)分、髕骨評(píng)分及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相似(P>0.05,見表2)。松解組患者術(shù)后膝前疼痛率顯著低于對照組。術(shù)后共10例患者發(fā)生并發(fā)癥,其中血腫3例,輕度傷口裂開4例,皮緣壞死1例及淺表感染2例,均經(jīng)保守治療痊愈(見表2)。
2.2 放射學(xué)結(jié)果 在24個(gè)月隨訪時(shí),兩組患者假體力線滿意,差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表3),骨水泥-骨界面無放射學(xué)透光帶及骨溶解。兩組術(shù)后髕骨軌跡不良發(fā)生率相似,但松解組髕骨位置不良發(fā)生率明顯低于對照組(見表3)。松解組12例髕骨位置不良患者中,2例(16.6%)術(shù)后出現(xiàn)膝前痛,而對照組有13例(59.1%)出現(xiàn)術(shù)后膝前痛,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P=0.020)。
表1 兩組患者術(shù)前及術(shù)中一般資料比較
表3 兩組患者在24個(gè)月隨訪時(shí)的放射學(xué)結(jié)果
TKA是治療膝關(guān)節(jié)終末期關(guān)節(jié)炎的有效方法,可以獲得滿意的臨床療效,但TKA術(shù)后膝前疼痛仍未根本解決,且發(fā)生率高達(dá)19%~38%[1-3]。本研究顯示保留髕骨型TKA術(shù)中松解髕骨外側(cè)支持帶,相比不松解可以獲得相似的臨床功能以及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率,但是前者可顯著降低術(shù)后膝前疼痛率以及改善髕骨位置。
研究表明髕骨外側(cè)支持帶松解能夠改善髕骨運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡和降低髕股關(guān)節(jié)間接觸應(yīng)力[18-21],而這兩個(gè)因素被認(rèn)為是引起膝前痛的主要原因[6,22]。Lee等[22]研究表明保留髕骨型TKA術(shù)中行髕骨減壓,能夠顯著降低術(shù)后膝前疼痛率。Wilson等[6]分析TKA術(shù)后有無膝前痛患者的髕骨運(yùn)動(dòng)軌跡,發(fā)現(xiàn)膝前痛患者均存在髕骨軌跡不良。另外,Leichtle等[23]比較TKA術(shù)后髕骨軌跡正?;颊吲c未置換患者的髕
股關(guān)節(jié)接觸應(yīng)力,發(fā)現(xiàn)前者應(yīng)力明顯增高。因此,我們認(rèn)為TKA術(shù)中行外側(cè)支持帶松解,能夠在一定程度上抵消因TKA引起的髕股關(guān)節(jié)接觸應(yīng)力增高,從而降低膝前痛。本研究結(jié)果也證明了上述觀點(diǎn),相比對照組,松解組術(shù)后膝前疼痛率顯著降低。
既往常采用“無拇指”試驗(yàn)或巾鉗試驗(yàn)判斷髕骨軌跡,并選擇性行外側(cè)支持帶松解,但這一方法并不精確,導(dǎo)致術(shù)后髕骨位置不良發(fā)生率較高[24-25]。本研究結(jié)果也論證了上述觀點(diǎn),對照組術(shù)后髕骨位置不良發(fā)生率明顯高于松解組。
本研究結(jié)果顯示兩組患者術(shù)后總并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相似,而且均行保守治療而痊愈。說明TKA術(shù)中行外側(cè)支持帶松解并不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。本研究結(jié)果也得到眾多學(xué)者的支持[9-10]。Weber等[10]對1 071例TKA患者進(jìn)行隨訪比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)外側(cè)支持帶松解患者術(shù)后可發(fā)生較輕微的并發(fā)癥,對臨床療效不構(gòu)成影響。Kusuma等[9]比較TKA術(shù)中松解與不松解外側(cè)支持帶患者的術(shù)后并發(fā)癥,發(fā)現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率相似。也有一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為外側(cè)支持帶松解可導(dǎo)致術(shù)后髕骨骨折、髕骨壞死及切口愈合困難等發(fā)生率,但是這些學(xué)者報(bào)道的病例均為髕骨置換的患者[7-8],而保留髕骨TKA行外側(cè)支持帶松解常無此并發(fā)癥[5]。
綜上所述,初次全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中行外側(cè)支持帶松解能夠降低術(shù)后膝前疼痛率而不增加術(shù)后并發(fā)癥。
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InfluenceofLateralRetinacularReleaseonClinicalOutcomesFollowingTotalKneeAarthroplastywithoutResurfacingofthePatella
Shu Yunjun
(Department of Orthopaedics,Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ya'an City,Ya'an 625000,China)
ObjectiveTo prospectively compare the effect of lateral retinacular release on the clinical outcomes after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsFrom January 2013 to December 2015,148 patients with unilateral degenerative knee arthritis were treated by TKA.The patients were divided into two groups:release group (lateral retinacular released,n=74) and control group (lateral retinacular not released,n=74),according to the method of computerized random assignment.The anterior knee pain,Knee Society clinical scoring system (KSS),patella score,patient satisfaction and complication rates were recorded and compared these between the two groups.ResultsFour patients were lost during follow-up in the release group,four patients in the control group required lateral retinacular release,according to “no thumb” test,two patients were lost during follow-up in the control group.These 10 patients were excluded.There were 138 patients (70 in the release group and 68 in the control group) available for analysis.There was no significant difference between the two groups in preoperative general data (P>0.05).All patients achieved the same follow-up time which were 12 months.The incidence of anterior knee pain was 7.1% in the release group and 19.1% in the control group,the difference was statistically significant (P=0.037).Patient satisfaction,KSS,patella score,and complication rates were similar in both groups (P>0.05).ConclusionRelease of the lateral retinacular in the primary TKA,can reduce the postoperative knee pain without increasing complications.
osteoarthritis,knee;arthroplasty;replacement,knee;outcomes
陳兵乾(1979- ),男,副主任醫(yī)師,蘇州大學(xué)附屬常熟市第一人民醫(yī)院骨科,215500。
1008-5572(2017)09-0790-05
R687.4+2
:A
2017-04-10
舒云均.全膝關(guān)節(jié)置換術(shù)中外側(cè)支持帶松解對臨床療效的影響[J].實(shí)用骨科雜志,2017,23(8):790-793;806.