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      高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果

      2017-09-03 02:26:25馬黨捐康彥智韋明炯劉雨峰
      實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志 2017年7期
      關(guān)鍵詞:挫裂傷硬膜高壓氧

      馬黨捐,康彥智,韋明炯,劉雨峰

      ·適宜技能·

      高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果

      馬黨捐,康彥智,韋明炯,劉雨峰

      目的 觀察高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果。方法 選取2012—2015年陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院收治的重型顱腦損傷患者146例,其中失訪29例,實(shí)際納入患者117例,采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法分為對(duì)照組53例與觀察組64例。對(duì)照組患者予以常規(guī)治療,觀察組患者在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上予以高壓氧治療;兩組患者均連續(xù)治療8周。比較兩組患者治療前后血腫面積、Loewenstein認(rèn)知評(píng)定量表(LOTCA)評(píng)分。結(jié)果 治療前兩組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜外出血、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積小于對(duì)照組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者(P<0.05),但兩組中硬膜外出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。治療前兩組患者定向評(píng)分、知覺評(píng)分、視組織運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分、思維運(yùn)作評(píng)分、注意與集中評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者定向評(píng)分、知覺評(píng)分、視組織運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分、思維運(yùn)作評(píng)分、注意與集中評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果確切,可有效縮小血腫面積,改善患者認(rèn)知功能。

      顱腦損傷;高壓氧;計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描;治療結(jié)果

      馬黨捐,康彥智,韋明炯,等.高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果[J].實(shí)用心腦肺血管病雜志,2017,25(7):74-77.[www.syxnf.net]

      MA D J,KANG Y Z,WEI M J,et al.Clinical effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on severe craniocerebral injury[J].Practical Journal of Cardiac Cerebral Pneumal and Vascular Disease,2017,25(7):74-77.

      顱腦損傷是指因暴力直接或間接作用于頭部引起的腦組織損傷,其中腦損傷后昏迷>6 h或再次昏迷者為重型顱腦損傷,臨床表現(xiàn)為意識(shí)障礙、頭痛、惡心、嘔吐、癲癇發(fā)作、肢體癱瘓、感覺障礙、失語(yǔ)及偏盲等。近年來(lái),隨著交通、運(yùn)輸業(yè)的發(fā)展,顱腦損傷發(fā)生率呈逐年上升趨勢(shì),嚴(yán)重影響人們的生命健康和生活質(zhì)量。

      高壓氧可有效改善重型顱腦損傷患者臨床癥狀,減輕患者腦水腫,促進(jìn)昏迷患者清醒,具有較好的臨床效果[1-2]。計(jì)算機(jī)斷層掃描(CT)具有掃描時(shí)間快、圖像清晰等特點(diǎn),是臨床常用的影像學(xué)檢測(cè)方法[3-5]。本研究旨在探討高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷患者的臨床效果,現(xiàn)報(bào)道如下。

      1 資料與方法

      1.1 一般資料 選取2012—2015年陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院收治的重型顱腦損傷患者146例,其中失訪29例,本研究實(shí)際納入患者117例,經(jīng)顱腦CT或磁共振成像(MRI)檢查確診。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)有明確創(chuàng)傷史;(2)格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)評(píng)分3~8分;(3)病程<1個(gè)月。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)存在嚴(yán)重多發(fā)傷者;(2)存在心、肺、肝、腎等重要臟器功能不全者;(3)昏迷時(shí)間<6 h或GCS評(píng)分>8分者;(4)臨床明確診斷為植物狀態(tài)者;(5)存在高壓氧治療禁忌證者。采用隨機(jī)數(shù)字表法將所有患者分為對(duì)照組53例與觀察組64例。兩組患者性別、年齡、損傷類型比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表1),具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn),患者家屬均簽署知情同意書。

      1.2 方法 對(duì)照組患者予以常規(guī)治療,包括護(hù)腦、脫水、降顱壓、抗感染以及對(duì)癥處理等。觀察組患者在對(duì)照組基礎(chǔ)上予以高壓氧治療,儀器為YC3200型空氣加壓艙,治療期間壓力維持0.2 MPa,升壓15~20 min,穩(wěn)壓70~80 min,減壓20~25 min,1次/d,4周為1個(gè)療程;對(duì)意識(shí)障礙患者予以頭罩直接供氧,意識(shí)清醒且能配合治療患者采用面罩吸氧。兩組患者均連續(xù)治療8周。

      1.3 觀察指標(biāo) (1)血腫面積:兩組患者治療前后采用西門子SomotonBR 3型CT儀進(jìn)行掃描,電壓設(shè)定為125 kV,電流設(shè)定為350 mA,層厚設(shè)定為8 mm,間距設(shè)定為8~10 mm;檢查結(jié)果由放射科醫(yī)師集體讀片后寫出報(bào)告。(2)Loewenstein認(rèn)知評(píng)定量表(LOTCA)評(píng)分:治療前后采用LOTCA評(píng)估兩組患者認(rèn)知功能,包括定向、知覺、視組織運(yùn)動(dòng)、思維運(yùn)作、注意與集中5方面,LOTCA評(píng)分越高表明患者認(rèn)知功能越好。

      表1 兩組患者一般資料比較

      注:a為t值

      2 結(jié)果

      2.1 血腫面積 治療前兩組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜外出血、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者血腫面積分別小于對(duì)照組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),但兩組中硬膜外出血患者血腫面積比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。

      2.2 LOTCA評(píng)分 治療前兩組患者定向評(píng)分、知覺評(píng)分、視組織運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分、思維運(yùn)作評(píng)分、注意與集中評(píng)分比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05);治療后觀察組患者定向評(píng)分、知覺評(píng)分、視組織運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分、思維運(yùn)作評(píng)分、注意與集中評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表3)。

      表2 兩組不同類型顱腦損傷患者治療前后血腫面積比較

      表3 兩組患者治療前后LOTCA評(píng)分比較分)

      3 討論

      重型顱腦損傷是臨床常見的急危重癥,其會(huì)影響血-腦脊液屏障功能導(dǎo)致顱內(nèi)壓升高,造成腦水腫、壞死,進(jìn)而引發(fā)微循環(huán)障礙、腦組織缺血缺氧,且隨著病情進(jìn)展可能發(fā)生腦疝,嚴(yán)重威脅患者的生命安全[6-7]。因此,及時(shí)、有效地糾正重型顱腦損傷患者腦組織缺血、缺氧可預(yù)防腦組織出現(xiàn)不可逆損傷。

      研究表明,高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果較好[8-10]。高壓氧治療可通過(guò)提高重型顱腦損傷患者血氧張力及血氧含量、增加有效彌散距離而改善缺血、缺氧腦組織供血及微循環(huán),促進(jìn)毛細(xì)血管再生和側(cè)支循環(huán)形成,進(jìn)而發(fā)揮保護(hù)病灶區(qū)及周圍神經(jīng)元的作用[11];同時(shí),重型顱腦損傷患者早期予以高壓氧治療,一方面可通過(guò)收縮腦血管、增強(qiáng)血管阻力、降低血管通透性而減輕腦水腫,另一方面可通過(guò)提高血液、腦組織及腦脊液氧分壓而降低顱內(nèi)壓,從而切斷腦缺氧-腦水腫-代謝障礙惡性循環(huán),最大限度地促進(jìn)腦組織功能恢復(fù);高壓氧治療還能促進(jìn)重型顱腦損傷患者腦神經(jīng)干細(xì)胞釋放,從而加速腦功能重組[12-16]。

      本研究結(jié)果顯示,治療后觀察組中腦挫裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者的血腫面積小于對(duì)照組中腦失傳裂傷、硬膜下出血、蛛網(wǎng)膜下腔出血患者,但兩組中硬膜外出血患者的血腫面積間無(wú)差異,提示高壓氧治療可減少重型顱腦損傷患者的血腫面積。本研究利用CT對(duì)重型顱腦損傷患者高壓氧治療前后血腫面積進(jìn)行評(píng)估,對(duì)早期診斷和提高重型顱腦損傷患者預(yù)后具有重要意義;且由于CT檢查具有準(zhǔn)確率較高、操作方便快捷等優(yōu)點(diǎn),故CT檢查可能在診斷和評(píng)估重型顱腦損傷方面具有廣泛應(yīng)用前景。本研究結(jié)果還顯示,觀察組患者定向評(píng)分、知覺評(píng)分、視組織運(yùn)動(dòng)評(píng)分、思維運(yùn)作評(píng)分、注意與集中評(píng)分高于對(duì)照組,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果一致[17-18],提示高壓氧治療可改善重型顱腦損傷患者的認(rèn)知功能。

      綜上所述,高壓氧治療重型顱腦損傷的臨床效果確切,可有效縮小血腫面積,改善患者認(rèn)知功能,值得臨床推廣應(yīng)用。但本研究樣本量較小,觀察指標(biāo)較少,結(jié)果結(jié)論仍有待擴(kuò)大樣本量、增加觀察指標(biāo)等進(jìn)一步研究證實(shí)。

      [1]XU Y,JI R,WEI R,et al.The Efficacy of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Animal Studies:A Meta-Analysis[J].PLoS One,2016,11(2):e0148324.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0148324.

      [2]HADANNY A,EFRATI S.The efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in traumatic brain injury[J].Expert Rev Neurother,2016,16(4):359-360.DOI:10.1586/14737175.2016.1157018.

      [3]RELJIC T,MAHONY H,DJULBEGOVIC B,et al.Value of repeat head computed tomography after traumatic brain injury:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].J Neurotrauma,2014,31(1):78-98.DOI:10.1089/neu.2013.2873.

      [4]MAIER D,NJOKU I Jr,SCHMUTZHARD E,et al.Traumatic brain injury in a rural and an urban Tanzanian hospital——a comparative,retrospective analysis based on computed tomography[J].World Neurosurg,2014,81(3/4):478-482.DOI:10.1016/j.wneu.2013.08.014.

      [5]ALBERS C E,VON ALLMEN M,EVANGELOPOULOS D S,et al.What is the incidence of intracranial bleeding in patients with mild traumatic brain injury?A retrospective study in 3088 Canadian CT head rule patients[J].Biomed Res Int,2013:453978.DOI:10.1155/2013/453978.

      [6]CHO K,YU J,RHEE H.Risk factors related to falling in stroke patients:a cross-sectional study[J].J Phys Ther Sci,2015,27(6):1751-1753.DOI:10.1589/jpts.27.1751.

      [7]ALGHADIR A H,GABR S A,AL-EISA E S.Assessment of the effects of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies and trace elements on cognitive performance in older adults[J].Clin Interv Aging,2015,10:1901-1907.DOI:10.2147/CIA.S95974.

      [8]WEE H Y,LIM S W,CHIO C C,et al.Hyperbaric oxygen effects on neuronal apoptosis associations in a traumatic brain injury rat model[J].J Surg Res,2015,197(2):382-389.DOI:10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.052.

      [9]GUEDES V A,SONG S,PROVENZANO M,et al.Understanding the pathology and treatment of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder:a therapeutic role for hyperbaric oxygen therapy[J].Expert Rev Neurother,2016,16(1):61-70.DOI:10.1586/14737175.2016.1126180.

      [10]MILLER R S,WEAVER L K,BAHRAINI N,et al.Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on symptoms and quality of life among service members with persistent postconcussion symptoms:a randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA Intern Med,2015,175(1):43-52.DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5479.

      [11]FU X,ZHU M,SUN X,et al.Hyperbaric oxygen treatment and enteral nutrition support with glutamine relieves traumatic brain injury in the rats[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2014,7(12):5686-5690.

      [12]ZHANG Y,YANG Y,TANG H,et al.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy ameliorates local brain metabolism,brain edema and inflammatory response in a blast-induced traumatic brain injury model in rabbits[J].Neurochem Res,2014,39(5):950-960.DOI:10.1007/s11064-014-1292-4.

      [13]PELEG R K,F(xiàn)ISHLEV G,BECHOR Y,et al.Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus,stroke or traumatic brain injury and healthy volunteers:a prospective,crossover,controlled trial[J].Diving Hyperb Med,2013,43(4):218-221.

      [14]KRAITSY K,UECAL M,GROSSAUER S,et al.Repetitive long-term hyperbaric oxygen treatment(HBOT)administered after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats induces significant remyelination and a recovery of sensorimotor function[J].PLoS One,2014,9(5):e97750.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0097750.

      [15]EFRATI S,BEN-JACOB E.Reflections on the neurotherapeutic effects of hyperbaric oxygen[J].Expert Rev Neurother,2014,14(3):233-236.DOI:10.1586/14737175.2014.884928.

      [16]YANG Y,ZHANG Y G,LIN G A,et al.The effects of different hyperbaric oxygen manipulations in rats after traumatic brain injury[J].Neurosci Lett,2014,563:38-43.DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.01.002.

      [17]HARCH P G.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for post-concussion syndrome:contradictory conclusions from a study mischaracterized as sham-controlled[J].J Neurotrauma,2013,30(23):1995-1999.DOI:10.1089/neu.2012.2799.

      [18]BLAKEMAN T C.Evidence for oxygen use in the hospitalized patient:is more really the enemy of good?[J].Respir Care,2013,58(10):1679-1693.DOI:10.4187/respcare.02677.

      (本文編輯:李潔晨)

      Clinical Effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Severe Craniocerebral Injury

      MADang-juan,KANGYan-zhi,WEIMing-jiong,LIUYu-feng

      DepartmentofImageology,theSecondPeople′sHospitalofShaanxiProvince,Xi′an710005,ChinaCorrespondingauthor:LIUYu-feng,E-mail:511388645@qq.com

      Objective The observe the clinical effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on severe craniocerebral injury.Methods A total of 146 patients with severe craniocerebral injury were selected in the Second People′s Hospital of Shaanxi Province from 2012 to 2015,thereinto 29 cases lost to follow-up,thus 117 cases enrolled into this study eventually,and they were divided into control group(n=53)and observation group(n=64)according to random number table.Patients of control group

      conventional treatment,while patients of observation group received hyperbaric oxygen therapy based on conventional treatment;both groups continuously treated for 8 weeks.Hematoma area and LOTCA score were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.Results No statistically significant differences of hematoma area in patients with cerebral contusion and laceration,with extradural hemorrhage,with subdural hemorrhage or with subarachnoid hemorrhage between the groups before treatment(P>0.05);after treatment,hematoma area in patients with cerebral contusion and laceration,with subdural hemorrhage and with subarachnoid hemorrhage of observation group was statistically significantly smaller than that in patients with cerebral contusion and laceration,with subdural hemorrhage and with subarachnoid hemorrhage of control group(P<0.05),while no statistically significant differences of hematoma area in patients with extradural hemorrhage was found between the two groups(P>0.05).No statistically significant differences of orientation score,consciousness score,eyesight tissue movement score,mental operation score,attention and concentration score was found between the two groups before treatment(P>0.05),while orientation score,consciousness score,eyesight tissue movement score,mental operation score,attention and concentration score of observation group were statistically significantly higher than those of control group after treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has certain clinical effect in treating severe craniocerebral injury,can effectively shrink the hematoma area and improve the cognitive function.

      Craniocerebral trauma;Hyperbaric oxygenation;Computed tomography scan;Treatment outcome

      劉雨峰,E-mail:511388645@qq.com

      R 651

      B

      10.3969/j.issn.1008-5971.2017.07.017

      2017-03-18;

      2017-07-14)

      710005陜西省西安市,陜西省第二人民醫(yī)院影像科

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