李媛媛,楊恒山,張瑞富,范秀艷,李金琴,柳寶林,德力格爾
(1. 內(nèi)蒙古民族大學(xué) 農(nóng)學(xué)院,內(nèi)蒙古 通遼 028043;2. 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)飼用作物工程技術(shù)研究中心,內(nèi)蒙古 通遼 028043;3. 通遼市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣站,內(nèi)蒙古 通遼 028015)
淺埋滴灌條件下不同灌水量對春玉米干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響
李媛媛1,2,楊恒山1,*,張瑞富1,范秀艷1,李金琴3,柳寶林1,德力格爾1
(1. 內(nèi)蒙古民族大學(xué) 農(nóng)學(xué)院,內(nèi)蒙古 通遼 028043;2. 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)飼用作物工程技術(shù)研究中心,內(nèi)蒙古 通遼 028043;3. 通遼市農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)推廣站,內(nèi)蒙古 通遼 028015)
為探究春玉米干物質(zhì)積累、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)及產(chǎn)量的差異,以及其在淺埋滴灌條件下的適宜灌水量,以鄭單958為供試品種,采用大田試驗(yàn)方法,共設(shè)置6個灌水量水平,即淺埋滴灌條件下每次灌水量分別為0、13、26、39、52 mm,傳統(tǒng)漫灌條件下每次灌水量80 mm。結(jié)果表明,隨灌水量的增加,吐絲前干物質(zhì)積累量增加,吐絲后先升后降;從完熟期物質(zhì)積累構(gòu)成來看,莖、葉、莖+葉+籽粒以淺埋滴灌條件下每次灌水量52 mm處理最大,而籽粒則以淺埋滴灌每次灌水量39 mm處理最大。隨著灌水量的增加,干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率和對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率總體上呈先升后降的趨勢,以淺埋滴灌每次灌水量39 mm處理最高。在產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素中,穗長、穗粗、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重與產(chǎn)量的相關(guān)性均達(dá)到極顯著正相關(guān)水平。淺埋滴灌每次灌水量39 mm處理比當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)漫灌每次灌水量80 mm處理增產(chǎn)6.03%,灌水量節(jié)約26.56%,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增長6.78%。在試驗(yàn)地區(qū),淺埋滴灌每次灌水量39 mm既增產(chǎn)又節(jié)水、節(jié)膜,是春玉米高產(chǎn)栽培中適宜的灌水量。
淺埋滴灌;灌水量;春玉米;干物質(zhì);傳統(tǒng)漫灌
中國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,也是世界最缺水的國家之一,農(nóng)業(yè)節(jié)水是緩解中國水資源短缺問題的關(guān)鍵所在[1]。玉米作為世界三大糧食作物之一[2],其產(chǎn)量位居世界第二[3],是需水較多的作物。通遼市地處世界玉米生產(chǎn)的“黃金帶”,是內(nèi)蒙古東部地區(qū)玉米種植的主產(chǎn)區(qū),該區(qū)域地下水位下降,用水矛盾突出、水污染嚴(yán)重,威脅當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。此外,由于當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)的灌溉方式仍為大水漫灌,不僅用水量大,還造成肥料浪費(fèi)、利用率低。因此,尋求新的節(jié)水灌溉模式勢在必行。
滴灌具有明顯的節(jié)水增產(chǎn)特點(diǎn),許多學(xué)者做了相關(guān)研究[4-13]。程先軍等[4]研究表明,傳統(tǒng)的地下滴灌存在根系入侵堵塞、苗期返水困難等問題;張勝軍等[5]研究指出,膜下地表滴灌存在滴灌帶易被灼傷導(dǎo)致漏水等問題;王建東等[6]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),覆膜淺埋滴灌能避免傳統(tǒng)地下滴灌和膜下地表滴灌存在的問題。雖然地膜對提高農(nóng)民收益有重要意義[14],但因其難以降解、不合理利用、用量不斷增加[15],造成土地惡化、產(chǎn)量下降、環(huán)境污染等問題[16]。目前,我國關(guān)于無膜淺埋滴灌的研究未見報(bào)道,本試驗(yàn)遵循穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、節(jié)水、節(jié)膜的理念,研究淺埋滴灌條件下不同灌水量對春玉米干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響,旨在尋求適宜本地區(qū)的灌溉方式和灌水量,為構(gòu)建適用于大面積推廣的淺埋滴灌技術(shù)提供理論依據(jù)。
1.1 試驗(yàn)地概況
試驗(yàn)于2016年在內(nèi)蒙古通遼市厚德種業(yè)科技園區(qū)進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)地位于43°43′N、122°19′E,海拔178 m,屬中溫帶大陸性季風(fēng)氣候,多年平均氣溫6.4 ℃,試驗(yàn)?zāi)甓壬L季降雨量見表1。試驗(yàn)田地勢平坦,水利設(shè)施好,土壤肥力中上等,質(zhì)地為壤土。播前土壤養(yǎng)分狀況:有機(jī)質(zhì)17.82 g·kg-1,堿解氮54.08 mg·kg-1,速效磷28.20 mg·kg-1,速效鉀173.31 mg·kg-1,pH值8.3。
1.2 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
以鄭單958為供試品種。設(shè)置淺埋滴灌每次灌水量0、13、26、39、52 mm及傳統(tǒng)漫灌每次灌水量80 mm,共計(jì)6個處理,分別以CK、DG1、DG2、DG3、DG4、GG表示。具體的灌水日期、灌水量及灌水次數(shù)見表2,各處理隨機(jī)區(qū)組排列,3次重復(fù),小區(qū)面積為72 m2(7.2 m×10.0 m)。為了避免灌水后處理間相互影響,小區(qū)之間間隔1 m。試驗(yàn)采用大小壟種植模式,一次性施底肥后起壟,施肥量相同,均為嘉化復(fù)合肥(N∶P∶K=13∶25∶10)450.0 kg·hm-2和尿素352.5 kg·hm-2。大壟寬80 cm,小壟寬40 cm,壟底寬70 cm,壟頂寬50 cm,壟間距40 cm,壟高10 cm。壟起好之后鋪設(shè)滴灌管,滴頭間距為33 cm,滴頭流量為2.4 L·h-1,其中,GG不鋪設(shè)滴灌管,之后在滴灌管上覆土5 cm。各處理單獨(dú)安裝水表和控制閥,按照灌溉定額灌水,種植密度均為7.5萬株·hm-2,4月27日播種,10月3日收獲。
表1 2016年玉米生長季降雨量
Table 1 Precipitation under spring maize growing period in 2016 mm
表2 2016年春玉米灌水方案設(shè)計(jì)
Table 2 Irrigation design of spring maize in 2016 mm
1.3 測定項(xiàng)目與方法
1.3.1 干物質(zhì)量測定
干物質(zhì)量分別在大喇叭口期(V12)、吐絲期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)和完熟期(R6)4個時期取樣,每個小區(qū)同行內(nèi)連續(xù)取代表性植株3株,按莖、葉、穗分離,105 ℃殺青30 min后,75 ℃烘干,待完全烘干后測定干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量。
1.3.2 產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素測定
春玉米完熟期,各處理連續(xù)取15株,進(jìn)行室內(nèi)考種。主要測定指標(biāo)有穗長、穗粗、禿尖長、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重等。待玉米成熟后,按小區(qū)單獨(dú)收獲,脫粒并測產(chǎn),將小區(qū)籽粒產(chǎn)量折合成hm2換算,各處理的產(chǎn)量為3個重復(fù)小區(qū)產(chǎn)量的平均值。
[17]的方法,計(jì)算玉米干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率和干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率,計(jì)算方法如下:
干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量(g·株-1)=吐絲期干物質(zhì)積累量-完熟期干物質(zhì)積累量;
干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率=干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量/吐絲期干物質(zhì)積累量×100%;
干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率=干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量/粒重×100%。
1.4 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用Excel進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理;運(yùn)用SPSS 19.0進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,LSD法進(jìn)行差異顯著性分析。
2.1 不同灌水量對春玉米干物質(zhì)積累的影響
由表3可以看出,6個處理的干物質(zhì)積累總量均隨生育期的推進(jìn)呈上升趨勢,在完熟期達(dá)到最大值。在大喇叭口期,單株干物質(zhì)積累量以GG處理最大,DG4處理次之,CK最??;在吐絲期和乳熟期,單株干物質(zhì)積累量以DG4處理最大,GG處理次之,CK最??;在完熟期,單株干物質(zhì)積累量以DG4處理最大,DG3處理次之,CK最小。莖、葉干物質(zhì)積累量以吐絲期最大,處理間莖、葉干物質(zhì)積累量除大喇叭口期GG處理最大以外,其余時期均以DG4處理最大。籽粒干物質(zhì)積累量在完熟期表現(xiàn)為DG3>DG4>DG2>GG>DG1>CK,各處理分別較CK處理增加了30.16%、28.89%、28.08%、27.68%和10.57%,與CK差異均達(dá)顯著水平,說明DG3處理更有利于籽粒的干物質(zhì)積累。
2.2 不同灌水量對春玉米干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響
由表4可見,各處理春玉米各器官的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量(T)、干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率(TE)及干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率(TC)均高于CK,其中,DG3處理最大,DG4處理次之。各處理的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量(T)和干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率(TC)均表現(xiàn)為莖>葉;而各處理的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率(TE)則相反,均表現(xiàn)為葉>莖。DG3、DG4、GG處理的莖+葉干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率(TE)分別較CK高22.65%、17.86%、16.49%;DG3、DG4、GG處理的莖+葉干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率(TC)分別較CK高11.78%、11.01%、9.23%。
2.3 不同灌水量對春玉米產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素的影響
由表5可知,不同灌水量處理的產(chǎn)量均高于CK,且與CK之間的差異均達(dá)到了顯著水平(P<0.05),表現(xiàn)為DG3>DG4>DG2>GG>DG1>CK。
表3 不同灌水量對春玉米干物質(zhì)積累的影響
Table 3 Effect of different irrigation amount on dry matter accumulation of spring maize g·plant-1
相同生育時期同列數(shù)據(jù)后無相同小寫字母表示處理間差異顯著(P<0.05)。表5同。
Data marked without the same lowercase letter in each column at the same growth stages indicated significant differences atP<0.05. The same as bellow.
表4 不同灌水量對春玉米干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響
Table 4 Effect of different irrigation amount on dry matter transportation of spring maize
處理Treatment莖StalkT/(g·plant-1)TE/%TC/%葉LeafT/(g·plant-1)TE/%TC/%莖+葉Stalk+LeafT/(g·plant-1)TE/%TC/%CK16.4122.3311.4013.5428.309.4029.9650.6320.80DG118.9824.3911.9215.3530.189.6434.3254.5721.56DG222.0426.6311.9517.9532.849.7339.9859.4721.68DG323.9427.6012.7719.6434.4910.4843.5862.1023.25DG423.4726.6812.6419.3832.9910.4442.8559.6723.09GG23.1026.5512.5618.6732.4310.1541.7758.9822.72
T、TE、TC分別表示干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率、干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率。
T, TE and TC represented dry matter transportation amount, dry matter transportation efficiency and contribution rate of dry matter transportation to grain, respectively.
表5 不同灌水量對春玉米產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素的影響
Table 5 Effect of different irrigation amounts on yield and its components of spring maize
處理Treatment穗長Earlength/cm穗粗Eardiameter/cm禿尖長Lengthofbareear/cm穗粒數(shù)Grainnumberperear千粒重1000-grainweight/g產(chǎn)量Yield/(kg·hm-2)CK14.53b4.83c1.00a402.42c366.71b8961.37dDG116.27a5.13b0.67a496.31b370.03b11279.21cDG216.90a5.37ab0.67a547.87a387.42ab13578.11abDG316.67a5.40a0.67a557.78a403.95a14194.18aDG416.87a5.50a0.83a539.27ab394.21ab13784.73abGG17.03a5.37ab0.83a545.82a394.35ab13386.42b
DG3處理的產(chǎn)量分別較CK、DG1、GG、DG2和DG4處理增加58.39%、25.84%、6.03%、4.54%和2.97%,增產(chǎn)效果明顯。在春玉米產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素中,各處理間禿尖長的差異均不顯著;各灌水處理穗長均高于CK,且與CK之間的差異均達(dá)到了顯著水平;穗粗以DG4處理最高,DG3處理次之,且兩處理之間差異不顯著;穗粒數(shù)和千粒重均以DG3處理最大。從變化趨勢看,隨灌水量的增加,穗粒數(shù)和千粒重總體呈先增后降趨勢,即在淺埋滴灌條件下,每次灌水量為39 mm時,玉米的穗粒數(shù)最多,千粒重最大,表明穗粒數(shù)和千粒重是DG3處理增產(chǎn)的主要原因。
2.4 不同灌水量下春玉米產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素的相關(guān)性分析
對不同灌水處理春玉米產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素進(jìn)行相關(guān)性分析,結(jié)果見表6。穗長、穗粗、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重與產(chǎn)量均呈極顯著正相關(guān),其中,穗粒數(shù)與產(chǎn)量的相關(guān)系數(shù)最大,達(dá)0.916;禿尖長與產(chǎn)量呈不顯著負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.129。穗粗與千粒重的相關(guān)性達(dá)到顯著水平,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.527;穗粒數(shù)、穗長、禿尖長與千粒重呈不顯著的正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)依次減小。穗粗、穗長與穗粒數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān),其中,穗粗與穗粒數(shù)的相關(guān)系數(shù)較大,為0.865;禿尖長與穗粒數(shù)呈不顯著負(fù)相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)為-0.155。穗長與穗粗的相關(guān)性也達(dá)到了極顯著水平,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.668。表明在產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素中,除了禿尖長與產(chǎn)量關(guān)系不密切外,穗長、穗粗、禿尖長、穗粒數(shù)4個指標(biāo)均是影響產(chǎn)量的重要因素。
2.5 不同灌水量處理的玉米經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析
經(jīng)濟(jì)效益分析表明(表7),不同灌水量處理對春玉米的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益具有明顯影響。CK、DG1、DG2、DG3、DG4、GG各處理春玉米產(chǎn)值分別為10 753.64、13 535.05、16 293.73、17 033.02、16 541.68和16 063.70元·hm-2,DG3處理產(chǎn)值最高。與GG處理相比,DG3處理增加效益1 064.99元·hm-2,增加了6.78%。
表6 不同灌水量下春玉米產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素的相關(guān)性分析
Table 6 Correlation analysis of spring maize yield and its components under different irrigation amounts
相關(guān)系數(shù)Pearsoncorrelation穗長Earlength穗粗Eardiameter禿尖長Lengthofbareear穗粒數(shù)Grainnumberperear千粒重1000-grainweight產(chǎn)量Yield穗長Earlength1穗粗Eardiameter0.668**1禿尖長Lengthofbareear0.0950.0231穗粒數(shù)Grainnumberperear0.753**0.865**-0.1551千粒重1000-grainweight0.2450.527*0.0150.4351產(chǎn)量Yield0.685**0.909**-0.1290.916**0.713**1
**表示在0.01水平上顯著相關(guān);*表示在0.05水平上相關(guān)。
** represented correlation was significant at 0.01 lever; * represented correlation was significant at 0.05 lever.
表7 不同灌水量處理經(jīng)濟(jì)效益
Table 7 Economic benefit of different irrigation amount treatments
處理Treatments灌水量Irrigationamount/(m3·hm-2)用電量Electricityconsumption/(kWh·hm-2)電費(fèi)Electricitycharges/(yuan·hm-2)產(chǎn)值Output/(yuan·hm-2)比對照增減產(chǎn)值ComparedtoCK/(yuan·hm-2)CK400.2050.0345.0210753.640DG11050.53131.32118.1813535.052708.25DG21700.85212.61191.3516293.735393.77DG32351.18293.90264.5117033.026059.89DG43001.50375.19337.6716541.685495.39GG3201.60400.20360.1816063.704994.90
除灌水量不同外,其他管理相同。玉米價(jià)格為1.2元·kg-1,1 m3水折合成用電量為0.125 kWh。產(chǎn)值=玉米價(jià)格(1.2)×產(chǎn)量;比對照增減產(chǎn)值=(某處理產(chǎn)值-電費(fèi))-(CK處理產(chǎn)值-電費(fèi));效益=2個處理比對照增減產(chǎn)值之差/(其中1個處理產(chǎn)值-電費(fèi)),如(DG3-GG)的比對照增減產(chǎn)值/(GG產(chǎn)值-電費(fèi))
Except for different irriguon amount, other treatments were the same. The rpice of corn was 1.2 yuan per kilogram. A cubic meter of water converted into electricity consumption was 0.125 kWh. output value=the price of corn× output; Compared to CK-(A treatment output value-electricity charges)-(CK output value-electricity charges), Benefits=the difference of two treatments compared to CK/(one of the processing output value-electricity charges), such as compared to CK of (DG3-GG)/(output value of GG-electricity charges).
充足的物質(zhì)積累是春玉米高產(chǎn)的保障[18]。以往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),灌水量過多會使胡麻提前衰老,適當(dāng)增加灌水量有利于植株干物質(zhì)積累[19];適度的限量灌溉對于小麥干物質(zhì)的積累有利[20]。本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明,全生育期內(nèi),DG3、DG4和GG處理的干物質(zhì)積累量均高于DG1和CK,即灌溉定額較高的處理更有利于玉米干物質(zhì)總量的積累,這與王雪苗等[13]研究的全生育期內(nèi)供水量越大,干物質(zhì)積累相對越好基本一致。CK的干物質(zhì)積累量始終最小,表明水分脅迫嚴(yán)重抑制玉米生長,減少營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累。在大喇叭口期,GG處理干物質(zhì)積累量最大,這可能是因?yàn)楣嗨孔疃?,促進(jìn)營養(yǎng)生長,增加干物質(zhì)積累。在完熟期,DG4處理干物質(zhì)積累量最大,DG3處理次之;GG處理較DG4、DG3處理干物質(zhì)積累量低的原因可能是因其灌水量過多,導(dǎo)致莖、葉的干物質(zhì)向籽粒中轉(zhuǎn)移受阻,轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率下降。周新國等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),高水分(灌水量51.8 mm)處理有利于玉米干物質(zhì)積累,而低水分(灌水量31.4 mm)處理的籽粒分配率顯著提高。本試驗(yàn)中,從不同灌水量處理各器官干物質(zhì)積累量看,莖、葉均表現(xiàn)為處理DG4>GG>DG3>DG2>DG1>CK,而籽粒則表現(xiàn)為處理DG3>DG4>DG2>GG>DG1>CK。這是因?yàn)楣嗨看蟮奶幚?DG4、GG)雖然干物質(zhì)積累量較多,但向籽粒中轉(zhuǎn)移的干物質(zhì)少,導(dǎo)致產(chǎn)量降低;而灌水量小的處理(DG1、CK)雖然節(jié)水,但干物質(zhì)積累量嚴(yán)重不足,產(chǎn)量也不高。表明合理的灌水量有利于協(xié)調(diào)春玉米營養(yǎng)生長與生殖生長之間的關(guān)系,促進(jìn)光合產(chǎn)物向生殖器官轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),從而提高干物質(zhì)在籽粒中的分配比例,進(jìn)而提高籽粒產(chǎn)量。
前人研究認(rèn)為,籽粒灌漿物質(zhì)來源于2部分,一部分是開花前生產(chǎn)的同化產(chǎn)物,另一部分是開花后的同化產(chǎn)物[22],其中花后同化產(chǎn)物積累及向籽粒運(yùn)移是產(chǎn)量增加的重要來源[23-24]。本研究中,春玉米各器官的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率及對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率隨灌水量的增加總體呈先增后降趨勢,以DG3處理最大。這表明DG3處理的灌水量適中,使干物質(zhì)向籽粒中的運(yùn)輸更加順暢,對籽粒貢獻(xiàn)大,利于籽粒產(chǎn)量的提高;同時利于春玉米群體與個體發(fā)展協(xié)調(diào),能有效利用水分進(jìn)行物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)。胡昌浩等[25]研究認(rèn)為莖稈的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)移量對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率大于葉片,宋鳳斌等[26]研究認(rèn)為玉米從灌漿至成熟,莖稈干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量及轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率最大。本研究結(jié)果與前人研究結(jié)果一致,各處理的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量和對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率均表現(xiàn)為莖>葉。莖和葉的干物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)效率及對籽粒的貢獻(xiàn)率均以DG3處理最高,這表明適宜的灌水量有利于春玉米干物質(zhì)向籽粒中運(yùn)輸,一旦超過適量范圍,不僅造成水資源浪費(fèi),經(jīng)濟(jì)成本增加,還阻礙產(chǎn)量提高。
王德梅等[27]在研究小麥中發(fā)現(xiàn),適量的灌溉處理(拔節(jié)水+開花水)產(chǎn)量要高于灌水量多的處理(冬水+拔節(jié)水+開花水+灌漿水)。唐光木等[28]研究指出,灌溉定額超出6000 m3·hm-2時,玉米的千粒重和產(chǎn)量出現(xiàn)不同程度的降低。劉玉潔等[29]研究表明,在一定程度上適當(dāng)增加灌溉定額可增加產(chǎn)量,但超過一定值后,作物產(chǎn)量并無顯著提高。本研究結(jié)果表明,隨灌水量增加,產(chǎn)量并不持續(xù)增大,而以中等灌水量DG3處理的產(chǎn)量最高,這可能是因?yàn)镈G4、GG處理的水分過于充足,致使春玉米生育期被推遲,在收獲時籽粒還沒有完全成熟,穗長、穗粗的增加不能彌補(bǔ)千粒重和穗粒數(shù)的降低,最終導(dǎo)致春玉米產(chǎn)量降低;也可能是因?yàn)镈G3處理的禿尖長相對較短,頂部籽粒發(fā)育良好,敗育小穗少,從而獲得了較多的穗粒數(shù),同時每hm2千粒重也高于DG4、GG處理。這與黃鵬飛等[30]的研究結(jié)論一致,即在適宜的環(huán)境條件下,在一定范圍內(nèi),灌溉定額越多作物產(chǎn)量越高,但超過一定閾值,產(chǎn)量不隨灌溉定額的增加而增加。從產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素看,徐泰森等[31]研究認(rèn)為,灌水對產(chǎn)量、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重均有顯著影響。本試驗(yàn)中,DG3處理的產(chǎn)量與穗長、穗粗、穗粒數(shù)、千粒重均達(dá)到極顯著正相關(guān)水平,表明適宜的灌水量主要是對春玉米中后期的生長發(fā)育和物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)有利。本試驗(yàn)中,DG3處理與GG處理相比增產(chǎn)6.03%,節(jié)水26.56%,經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增長6.78%。
本研究結(jié)果表明,DG3處理能夠在節(jié)水節(jié)膜的前提下達(dá)到增產(chǎn)效果,同時增加經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。從產(chǎn)量效應(yīng)、資源環(huán)境永續(xù)利用效應(yīng)方面考慮,并結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件,推薦每次灌水量39 mm,灌溉5次,為研究地區(qū)春玉米淺埋滴灌較為適宜的灌水量。本試驗(yàn)在自然條件下進(jìn)行,雖然無法準(zhǔn)確控水,但考慮到試驗(yàn)?zāi)甓壬L季降水與歷年同期平均降水量接近,故試驗(yàn)所得結(jié)果對于指導(dǎo)研究地區(qū)或同類地區(qū)玉米生產(chǎn)具有一定意義。如果在防雨棚條件下進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),雖更能清晰地反映不同灌水量下春玉米干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)以及產(chǎn)量的變化規(guī)律,但是它會影響輻射、土壤蒸發(fā)、玉米蒸騰作用甚至CO2的輸送等,這又與大田生產(chǎn)有一定的差異,與實(shí)際情況不完全符合。今后試驗(yàn)應(yīng)將自然條件和防雨棚兩者結(jié)合起來,進(jìn)一步開展準(zhǔn)確定量補(bǔ)灌的相關(guān)研究。
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(責(zé)任編輯 侯春曉)
Effects of different irrigation amount on dry matter accumulation and transportation of spring maize under shallow subsurface drip irrigation
LI Yuanyuan1,2, YANG Hengshan1,*, ZHANG Ruifu1, FAN Xiuyan1, LI Jinqin3, LIU Baolin1, DELIGEER1
(1.CollegeofAgronomy,InnerMongoliaUniversityforNationalities,Tongliao028043,China; 2.EngineeringResearchCenterofForageCropsofInnerMongoliaAutonomous,Tongliao028043,China; 3.AgriculturalTechnologyExtensionStationofTongliao,Tongliao028015,China)
In order to determine the suitable irrigation amount and provide reference for spring maize, effects of different irrigation amounts (0, 13, 26, 39, 52 mm every time under shallow subsurface drip irrigation and 80 mm every time under flood irrigation) on dry matter accumulation and transportation of spring maize were studied through field experiments using Zhengdan 958. The results showed that with the increase of irrigation amount, dry matter accumulation levels increased before silking, while increased first and then decreased after silking. From the composition of dry matter accumulation at immature stage, stems, leaves and stems+leaves+grains reached the maximum under the shallow subsurface drip irrigation 52 mm a time, and grains reached the maximum under the shallow subsurface drip irrigation 39 mm a time. Dry matter transportation amount, dry matter transportation efficiency and contribution rate of dry matter transportation to grain were increased first and then decreased with the the increase of irrigation amount, and reached the highest under the shallow subsurface drip irrigation 39 mm a time. The yield was significantly positively correlated with ear length, ear diameter, grain number per ear and 1 000-grain weight in the yield component factors. Compared with traditional flood irrigation 80 mm a time, yield of shallow subsurface drip irrigation 39 mm a time increased 6.03%, irrigation amount was saved 26.56% and economic benefit increased 6.78%. In the experimental area, the shallow subsurface drip irrigation 39 mm a time which could increase yield, save water and mulch was the suitable irrigation amount for high yield cultivation of spring maize.
shallow subsurface drip irrigation; irrigation amount; spring maize; dry matter; flood irrigation
10.3969/j.issn.1004-1524.2017.08.03
2017-03-31
國家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2013BAD07B04);內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)飼用作物工程技術(shù)研究中心項(xiàng)目(MDK2017006);博士啟動項(xiàng)目(BS328)
李媛媛(1982—),女,河北唐山人,碩士,講師,主要從事作物栽培與節(jié)水技術(shù)研究。E-mail: liyuanyuan20131128@126.com
*通信作者,楊恒山,E-mail: yanghengshan2003@aliyun.com
S513
A
1004-1524(2017)08-1234-09
李媛媛, 楊恒山, 張瑞富, 等. 淺埋滴灌條件下不同灌水量對春玉米干物質(zhì)積累與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)的影響[J]. 浙江農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào), 2017, 29(8): 1234-1242.
浙江農(nóng)業(yè)學(xué)報(bào)2017年8期