楊木澤+趙峰
[摘 要] 目的:比較右美托咪定和咪達唑侖用于困難氣道患者清醒插管的效果。方法:選擇2015年10月—2016年10月于我院行擇期全麻手術的困難氣道患者60例,隨機分為A組(右美托咪定組,n=28)、B組(咪達唑侖組,n=32)。2組患者均采用表面麻醉下纖支鏡輔助氣管插管。記錄2組患者麻醉前(T1)、纖支鏡進入咽腔時(T2)、纖支鏡進入聲門時(T3)、插管即刻(T4)、插管后1min(T5)、插管后3min(T6)、插管后5min(T7)時心率(HR)、平均動脈壓(MAP)、脈搏氧飽和度(SPO2)以及Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分的變化,分別于T1、T4、T6時刻監(jiān)測患者外周靜脈血中去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)、皮質醇(Cor)的濃度,統(tǒng)計2組患者插管過程中及術后24h不良反應。結果:T3~T7 A組HR、MAP明顯低于B組且A組Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分優(yōu)于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,p<0.05;T4、T6時間點A組患者NE、E、Cor明顯低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,p<0.05;A組躁動和咽喉疼痛的發(fā)生率明顯低于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,p<0.05。結論:右美托咪定用于困難氣道患者清醒氣管插管不僅鎮(zhèn)靜效果優(yōu)于咪達唑侖,而且能夠有效抑制患者的應激反應,減少不良反應的發(fā)生。
[關鍵詞] 右美托咪定;咪達唑侖;困難氣道;清醒氣管插管
中圖分類號:R614 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:2095-5200(2017)03-048-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201703021
[Abstract] Objective: This study was conducted to compare the effect of dexmedetomidine and midazolam on the awake intubation of patients with difficult airway. Methods: 60 patients with difficult airway surgery from October 2015 to October 2016 were enrolled in this study, and they were randomly divided into group A (dexmedetomidine group, n=28) and group B (midazolam group, n=32). Both two groups of patients underwent endotracheal intubation under topical anesthesia with bronchoscopy. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) and Ramsay sedation score at the time points of pre-anesthesia (T1), the bronchoscope entering into the pharyngeal cavity (T2), the bronchoscope entering into the glottis (T3), intubation immediately (T4), 1 min after intubation (T5), 3 min after intubation (T6), 5 min after intubation (T7) of both groups were recorded respectively. The patients levels of norepinephrine (NE), adrenaline (E) and cortisol (Cor) in venous blood were monitored at the time points of T1, T4 and T6, and the adverse reactions were observed during the intubation and postoperative 24 h. Results: The HR and MAP at the time points of T3-T7 in group A were significantly lower than those of group B, the Ramsay sedation score of group A was better than that of group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The levels of NE, E and Cor of group A at the time points of T4 and T6 were significantly lower than those in group B, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05); the incidences of restless and throat pain in group A was significantly lower than those in B group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions: Dextromethorphan for the awake intubation in patients with difficult airway not only has better sedative effect than midazolam, but also can effectively inhibit the stress response and reduce adverse reactions.
[Key words] dexmedetomidine; midazolam; difficult airway; awake intubation
困難氣道是麻醉誘導期的重大挑戰(zhàn)之一,正確的氣道管理是患者麻醉手術成功的關鍵[1]。纖支鏡引導下的清醒氣管插管是困難氣道最常用的處理方法[2]。清醒氣管插管常在表面麻醉下進行,但插管過程的疼痛刺激等不適不僅會增加患者的抵抗,降低插管的成功率,而且會導致患者的血流動力學波動,增加不良反應的發(fā)生率,嚴重者甚至影響患者的生命安全[3-4]。右美托咪定是一種選擇性的α2受體激動劑 [5-6];咪達唑侖具有鎮(zhèn)靜、催眠、抗焦慮、抗癲癇、順行性遺忘的作用[7-8],二者均能有效降低外源性刺激引起的交感神經(jīng)反應,降低麻醉后心腦血管等不良反應的發(fā)生。本研究將比較右美托咪定和咪達唑侖用于困難氣道患者清醒插管的效果。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選擇2015年10月—2016年10月于我院行擇期全麻手術的困難氣道患者60例,40~60歲,ASAI~III級 ,隨機分為A組(右美托咪定組,n=28)、B組(咪達唑侖組,n=32)。2組患者術前均進行術前訪視且均確診為困難氣道(甲頦距離<0.6cm,張口度<3指,Mallampati分級為三級以上)。排除有嚴重心肺疾病、肝腎功能電解質異常、凝血功能異常,不能耐受麻醉手術的患者。2組患者一般情況(性別比、年齡、身高、體重)相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,p>0.05,具有可比性。本研究經(jīng)我院倫理委員會批準,且所有患者及家屬均簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
2組患者均采用2%利多卡因咽喉噴霧器對咽喉部進行表面麻醉,1%丁卡因3mL環(huán)甲膜穿刺,1%麻黃堿收縮鼻腔粘膜。A組患者于氣管插管前10min持續(xù)靜脈泵注右美托咪定1ug/kg,10min后以0.5ug.kg-1.h-1持續(xù)泵注;B組患者于氣管插管前5min給予咪達唑侖30ug/kg。2組患者均在纖支鏡引導下經(jīng)鼻氣管插管,男性患者選擇7.0號或7.5號氣管導管,女性患者選擇6.5號或7.0號氣管導管,將氣管導管和纖支鏡表面使用石蠟油充分潤滑,再將纖支鏡沿患者一側鼻腔垂直插入,邊向下進入邊調整角度尋找會厭及聲門,完全暴露清楚后將纖支鏡插入支氣管的上1/3處并將氣管導管順式插入聲門,退出纖支鏡,3min后接麻醉機行機械通氣,靜脈給予依托咪酯0.2mg/kg,舒芬太尼0.5ug/kg,
順式阿曲庫銨0.2mg/kg,術中均采用靜吸復合麻醉維持
麻醉。
1.3 觀察指標
記錄2組患者麻醉前(T1)、纖支鏡進入咽腔時(T2)、纖支鏡進入聲門時(T3)、插管即刻(T4)、插管后1min(T5)、插管后3min(T6)、插管后5min(T7)時心率(HR)、平均動脈壓(MAP)、脈搏氧飽和度(SPO2)以及Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分的變化,并分別于T1、T4、T6時刻監(jiān)測患者外周靜脈血中去甲腎上腺素(NE)、腎上腺素(E)、皮質醇(Cor)的濃度,統(tǒng)計2組患者插管過程中及術后24h不良反應(嗆咳、惡心嘔吐、躁動、呼吸抑制、心律失常、咽喉疼痛、聲嘶)的發(fā)生情況。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS19.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行分析,計量資料采用t檢驗或方差分析,計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗,p<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 2組不同時間點生命體征及Ramsay評分比較
2組患者T1~T7時間點SPO2相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,T1~T2時間點HR、MAP相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,T3~T7 A組患者HR、MAP明顯低于B組患者且A組患者的Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分優(yōu)于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,p<0.05,見表1。
2.2 不同時間點NE、E、Cor濃度比較
T1時間點2組患者NE、E、Cor相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,T4、T6時間點A組患者NE、E、Cor明顯低于B組患者,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,p<0.05,見表2。
2.3 不良反應發(fā)生情況
A組嗆咳、躁動、咽喉疼痛各1例,B組嗆咳3例、惡心嘔吐2例、躁動8例、呼吸抑制1例、心律失常1例、咽喉疼痛8例。A組各反應發(fā)生率均低于B組,且躁動和咽喉疼痛的發(fā)生率差異有統(tǒng)計學意義,p<0.05。
3 討論
纖支鏡引導下清醒氣管插管是處理困難氣道的有效方法之一。臨床上清醒氣管插管常在咽喉部表面麻醉后進行,但困難氣道患者氣道情況復雜,插管難度大,插管過程中纖支鏡可能會引起患者氣道損傷,且纖支鏡引起的咽喉部異物感及局部麻醉藥物的刺激會增加患者的應激,引起患者心率增快、血壓增加,進而增加患者的恐懼感和抵抗反應,降低插管成功率[9-11]。當機體受到外源性或內源性刺激后,血液中NE、E、Cor分泌增加,導致患者血流動力學波動[12-13]。
右美托咪定廣泛應用于麻醉和重癥監(jiān)護患者的鎮(zhèn)靜[14]。咪達唑侖是臨床麻醉中廣泛應用的鎮(zhèn)靜藥物之一[15]。
本研究結果顯示2組T1~T7時間點SPO2相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,表明兩種藥物在合適劑量下對患者的呼吸影響無差異,由于T1~T2時間點纖支鏡對患者的刺激輕,因而2組患者HR、MAP、NE、E、Cor相比差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。T3~T7時間點A組患者HR、MAP明顯低于B組患者且A組患者的Ramsay鎮(zhèn)靜評分優(yōu)于B組患者,T4、T6時間點A組患者NE、E、Cor明顯低于B組患者,原因為咪達唑侖無鎮(zhèn)痛作用,而右美托咪定選擇性激動α2受體,鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,因而能更好地抑制患者的應激反應[16]。由于右美托咪定鎮(zhèn)靜鎮(zhèn)痛效果好,因而A組患者躁動和咽喉疼痛的發(fā)生率比B組低且差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
綜上,右美托咪定用于困難氣道患者清醒氣管插管不僅鎮(zhèn)靜效果優(yōu)于咪達唑侖,而且能夠有效抑制患者的應激反應,減少不良反應的發(fā)生。
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