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      無菌和帶菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松的致病性*

      2017-06-23 12:08:50康李鵬葉建仁朱麗華
      林業(yè)科學(xué) 2017年5期
      關(guān)鍵詞:赤松培苗松材

      林 麗 周 蕾 潘 珺 康李鵬 葉建仁 朱麗華

      (南方現(xiàn)代林業(yè)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)林學(xué)院 南京 210037)

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      無菌和帶菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松的致病性*

      林 麗 周 蕾 潘 珺 康李鵬 葉建仁 朱麗華

      (南方現(xiàn)代林業(yè)協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心 南京林業(yè)大學(xué)林學(xué)院 南京 210037)

      【目的】 探討無菌和帶菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松的致病性,明確松材線蟲在松樹萎蔫病中的地位,為致病機(jī)制研究及病害防控提供依據(jù)?!痉椒ā?以赤松胚性愈傷組織為材料,每塊組織接種無菌松材線蟲250條,培養(yǎng)12天后,利用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色法對(duì)愈傷組織進(jìn)行染色,分析無菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松愈傷組織細(xì)胞活性的影響。以赤松組培苗和4年生盆栽實(shí)生苗為對(duì)象,每株接種無菌松材線蟲和帶菌松材線蟲(組培苗250條,4年生苗3 000條),分別于18天和35天后統(tǒng)計(jì)2種類型線蟲接種所致松苗萎蔫率,并對(duì)植株體內(nèi)線蟲進(jìn)行再分離,分析2種類型松材線蟲對(duì)赤松幼苗的致病能力?!窘Y(jié)果】 無菌松材線蟲接種導(dǎo)致赤松胚性愈傷組織嚴(yán)重水漬化,TTC染色為米黃色或淡粉色,證明愈傷組織已失去活性。無菌松材線蟲和帶菌松材線蟲接種均能導(dǎo)致赤松組培苗萎蔫,接種18天后,萎蔫率分別為70%和60%; 萎蔫植株中均可再分離到松材線蟲,其每株平均分別為599±567條和365+240條,二者差異顯著(P<0.01)。剩余外觀健康的赤松組培苗中也分離到線蟲,但數(shù)量較少(僅10~20條)。2種類型松材線蟲接種引起赤松盆栽苗同等程度的萎蔫,接種35天后的萎蔫率均達(dá)80%,無菌和帶菌松材線蟲致萎蔫植株中均可再分離到松材線蟲,其每株平均分別為34 733±34 162條和25 057±21 410條,但差異不顯著(P=0.508)。其余外觀尚健康的松苗也進(jìn)行線蟲分離,2株接種無菌松材線蟲的植株體內(nèi)線蟲分別為486條和22條; 接種帶菌松材線蟲的2株松苗中,1株分離到646條線蟲,另1株沒有分離到線蟲?!窘Y(jié)論】 無菌和帶菌松材線蟲均對(duì)赤松具有致病性,松材線蟲是赤松萎蔫的直接原因,伴生細(xì)菌并非赤松萎蔫的必須因子。

      松材線蟲病; 松材線蟲; 無菌; 致病性; 赤松

      松材線蟲病又稱松樹萎蔫病(pine wilt disease),是松樹的一種毀滅性病害。該病涉及寄主松樹、線蟲、天牛、真菌、細(xì)菌及環(huán)境等多個(gè)方面(Rorizetal., 2011; Niuetal., 2012),迄今為止其致病機(jī)制尚未清楚,因此給該病害的防治工作帶來極大困難(楊寶君, 2002; 談家金等, 2003; 王敏敏等, 2006)。明確病原是進(jìn)行病害防控的最基本問題,而松材線蟲病的病原迄今尚存在較大爭(zhēng)議。大多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為松材線蟲(Bursaphelenchusxylophilus)是該病害的唯一病原(楊寶君, 2002; 葉建仁等, 2012)。由于松材線蟲種群大量增長(zhǎng)前,感病寄主松樹已在生理和組織上出現(xiàn)變化,Oku等(1979)推測(cè)松材線蟲以外的因素參與病害發(fā)生發(fā)展過程。隨后,Oku(1980)提出松樹萎蔫與松材線蟲攜帶細(xì)菌的代謝產(chǎn)物有關(guān)。Kawazu等(1997; 1999)經(jīng)過一系列研究提出該病的真正病原是松材線蟲攜帶的致病細(xì)菌。洪英娣等(2003)和Han等(2003)亦報(bào)道松苗萎蔫與線蟲種類無關(guān),而是由線蟲伴生細(xì)菌的種類所決定。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為該病害是由松材線蟲及其伴生細(xì)菌引起的復(fù)合侵染性病害(郭道森等, 2000; 趙博光, 2004; 陳守常, 2010)。為了弄清松材線蟲在松樹萎蔫過程中的地位,本研究以赤松(Pinusdensiflora)胚性愈傷組織、赤松組培苗及赤松4年生盆栽苗為試驗(yàn)材料,探討無菌松材線蟲的致病性。

      1 材料與方法

      1.1 供試材料

      供試松材線蟲為強(qiáng)毒松材線蟲蟲株AMA3的近交系后代AMA3c1(本文稱帶菌松材線蟲),使用前采用單異活體法培養(yǎng),即培養(yǎng)于灰葡萄孢(Botrytiscinerea)上,4 ℃保存。無菌松材線蟲(代號(hào)為在帶菌蟲株前加BF,即BF AMA3c1)的制備及無菌檢驗(yàn)參照朱麗華等(2011)的方法。

      供試赤松胚性愈傷組織參照吳靜等(2015)的方法培養(yǎng),于增殖培養(yǎng)基中生長(zhǎng)14天后備用。

      供試赤松組培苗的培養(yǎng)參照朱麗華等(2010)的方法,將外植體切成0.5~0.8 cm大小莖段,接種于GD+2 mg·L-16-BA+0.5 mg·L-1NAA培養(yǎng)基上,25 ℃條件下培養(yǎng)5周后,將外植體連同已分化的叢生芽轉(zhuǎn)移至添加0.5 mg·L-1活性炭的DCR培養(yǎng)基上生長(zhǎng),1個(gè)月后,將伸長(zhǎng)的叢生芽單個(gè)切下,接種于DCR培養(yǎng)基上,每個(gè)月繼代1次,連續(xù)6個(gè)月,備用。

      赤松4年生盆栽實(shí)生苗培養(yǎng)于南京林業(yè)大學(xué)南大山溫室,備用。

      1.2 無菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松愈傷組織的影響及愈傷組織的活力測(cè)定

      無菌條件下將無菌松材線蟲懸浮液接種到生長(zhǎng)良好的赤松愈傷組織上,每塊組織接種100 μL(約含250條線蟲),共3皿(每皿6塊),接種等量無菌水為對(duì)照(1皿)。接種后,將其置于25 ℃培養(yǎng)箱中暗培養(yǎng),7天后觀察其形態(tài)變化。

      接種12天后,參照劉華等(2001)的方法,利用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色檢測(cè)愈傷組織活力,具體方法稍加改動(dòng)。取0.1 g愈傷組織放入離心管中,加入0.1 mol·L-1磷酸二氫鈉(NaH2PO4)緩沖液(pH 7.0)和0.4%TTC溶液各0.5 mL,25 ℃暗培養(yǎng),12 h后觀察其染色情況。

      1.3 松材線蟲對(duì)赤松組培苗的致病力測(cè)定及線蟲再分離

      赤松組培苗的接種采用截頂法,具體參照朱麗華等(2011)的方法。從超凈工作臺(tái)中將組培苗取出,截去頂端后,將其接種于新鮮培養(yǎng)基中,再將無菌小棉球置于傷口上,隨后將無菌松材線蟲和帶菌松材線蟲分別接種到棉球上,每蟲株接種赤松組培苗10株,接種量為每株250條,無菌水為對(duì)照。接種后,于28 ℃光照培養(yǎng)箱中培養(yǎng),接種后第2天開始觀察松苗萎蔫情況,持續(xù)觀察18天,統(tǒng)計(jì)松苗枯萎率。枯萎率=枯萎?dāng)?shù)/接種數(shù)×100%。

      接種18天后,將感病植株及健康植株取出,用剪刀將針葉和莖段剪成2~4 mm長(zhǎng)短的小段,采用貝爾曼漏斗進(jìn)行線蟲的再分離,24 h后收集線蟲至離心管中,離心去上清后保留1 mL,顯微鏡下統(tǒng)計(jì)線蟲數(shù)量。其中,無菌線蟲接種植株體內(nèi)線蟲的再分離于無菌條件下完成,并對(duì)所分離線蟲進(jìn)行無菌檢測(cè),以檢驗(yàn)接種過程是否污染細(xì)菌,檢驗(yàn)條件參照朱麗華等(2011)的方法。

      1.4 松材線蟲對(duì)溫室赤松盆栽實(shí)生苗的致病力測(cè)定及線蟲再分離

      赤松4年生盆栽實(shí)生苗致病力測(cè)定采用皮接法(張治宇等, 2002),將無菌松材線蟲和帶菌松材線蟲分別接種于傷口處的棉球上,每蟲株接種赤松苗10株,接種量為每株3 000條,無菌水為對(duì)照。接種后,于28 ℃溫室條件下培養(yǎng),觀察松苗發(fā)病情況,統(tǒng)計(jì)松苗枯萎率。

      接種5周后,對(duì)所有植株分別進(jìn)行線蟲分離。將植株從基部剪斷,針葉與枝條分開后,用剪刀將枝條剪成長(zhǎng)度為5~6 mm小段,采用貝爾曼漏斗進(jìn)行線蟲分離,24 h后將線蟲收集至離心管中,離心去上清后保留1 mL,顯微鏡下統(tǒng)計(jì)線蟲數(shù)量。

      1.5 數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)與分析

      處理數(shù)據(jù)采用SPSS軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)和分析。

      2 結(jié)果與分析

      2.1 無菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松胚性愈傷組織的影響

      赤松胚性愈傷組織接種無菌松材線蟲(BF AMA3c1)后,未發(fā)現(xiàn)明顯褐變現(xiàn)象,但水漬化現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重。接種7天后,愈傷組織水漬化程度達(dá)100%(圖1A),而接種無菌水的對(duì)照愈傷組織依然呈緊密的團(tuán)塊狀,表面顆粒狀,生長(zhǎng)正常(圖1B)。接種無菌松材線蟲12天后的愈傷組織經(jīng)TTC染色后呈現(xiàn)米黃色或淡粉色,表明愈傷組織已喪失活力或活力極弱(顯色越淡,活力越弱); 而對(duì)照愈傷組織呈鮮艷的紅色,表明其活力很強(qiáng)(圖1C)。

      2.2 松材線蟲對(duì)赤松組培苗的致病性

      接種5天后,開始觀察到針葉褪色、黃化,最后枯萎變成紅褐色,無菌松材線蟲和帶菌松材線蟲所接種赤松苗的萎蔫癥狀一致,18天后,接種無菌松材線蟲及帶菌松材線蟲的赤松組培苗致萎率分別達(dá)70%和60%(表1),接種無菌水的赤松組培苗始終保持健康狀態(tài)(圖2)。

      線蟲再分離結(jié)果表明,無菌松材線蟲和有菌松材線蟲接種發(fā)病的赤松組培苗中均分離到線蟲。其中無菌松材線蟲接種萎蔫的每株松苗中線蟲平均為599±567條,經(jīng)牛肉膏蛋白胨液體培養(yǎng)基檢驗(yàn)72 h后未發(fā)現(xiàn)有任何細(xì)菌生長(zhǎng); 帶菌松材線蟲接種致萎的每株松苗中線蟲平均為365±240條(表1)。剩余外觀健康的赤松組培苗中也分離到線蟲,但數(shù)量較少,為10~20條。

      2.3 松材線蟲對(duì)赤松4年生盆栽實(shí)生苗的的致病性

      溫室接種試驗(yàn)表明,無菌松材線蟲及帶菌松材線蟲均能使赤松4年生盆栽實(shí)生苗發(fā)病,接種5周后,2種類型線蟲的致萎率均達(dá)80%(表2),且所致萎蔫癥狀一致,均為針葉先褪色、黃化,進(jìn)而枯萎變成紅褐色,而對(duì)照松苗針葉依然保持健康的綠色(圖3)。

      表1 赤松組培苗接種松材線蟲的萎蔫率及再分離線蟲數(shù)量(接種18天后)①Tab.1 Wilting ratios of tissue-cultured shoots of P. densiflora inoculated with aseptic and non-aseptic pine wood nematode and number of nematodes recovered(18 d after inoculation)

      ① 數(shù)值表示平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤,不同字母表示差異顯著,t檢驗(yàn)(P< 0.01)。Values represent the mean ± SD. Different letters are significantly different according tottest (P< 0.01). N代表此處未研究。 “N” means not done.下同。The same below.

      表2 赤松4年生盆栽苗接種松材線蟲的萎蔫率及再分離線蟲數(shù)量(接種后35天)Tab.2 Wilting ratios of 4-year-old P. densiflora seedlings inoculated with aseptic and non-aseptic pine wood nematode and number of nematodes recovered(35 d after inoculation)

      圖1 無菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松胚性愈傷組織活力的影響Fig.1 Effect of aseptic pine wood nematode on the viability of the embryogenic calli of P. densifloraA. 接種無菌松材線蟲的赤松胚性愈傷組織(7天后); B. 接種無菌水的赤松胚性愈傷組織(第7天); C. 接種無菌松材線蟲12天后愈傷組織TTC染色結(jié)果(前3管為接種無菌松材線蟲的愈傷組織,后3管為對(duì)照)。A. Embryogenic calli inoculated with aseptic pine wood nematode(7 d later); B. Embryogenic calli inoculated with non-aseptic pine wood nematode(7 d later); C. Embryogenic calli staining with TTC solution(the first three tubes were aseptic PWNs inoculation and the last three tubes were CK).

      圖2 接種無菌松材線蟲和帶菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松組培苗的影響Fig.2 Symptoms of tissue-cultrued shoots of P. densiflora after inoculated with aseptic and non-aseptic pine wood nematodes上排: 接種1天后。Up: 1 d after inoculation; 下排: 接種18天后。Down: 18 d after inoculation.A. 無菌松材線蟲; B. 帶菌松材線蟲; C. 對(duì)照(無菌水)。A. Aseptic pine wood nematode; B. Non-aseptic pine wood nematode; C. CK(sterile water).

      圖3 接種無菌松材線蟲、帶菌松材線蟲對(duì)赤松盆栽實(shí)生苗的影響Fig.3 Symptoms of potted seedlings of P.densiflora after inoculated with aseptic and non-aseptic pine wood nematodes

      線蟲再分離表明,2類線蟲接種萎蔫的赤松苗體內(nèi)均能再分離到松材線蟲,其數(shù)量差異不顯著,其中無菌線蟲接種萎蔫植株平均每株線蟲為34 733±34 162條,帶菌線蟲接種萎蔫植株平均每株線蟲為25 057±21 410條(表2)。對(duì)其余外觀尚健康的松苗也進(jìn)行線蟲分離,2株接種無菌松材線蟲的健康植株體內(nèi)線蟲分別為486條和22條; 接種帶菌松材線蟲的2株松苗中,1株分離到646條線蟲,1株沒有分離到線蟲。

      3 討論

      松材線蟲病是涉及多個(gè)因素的復(fù)雜病害,關(guān)于該病害的病原國(guó)際上存在較大爭(zhēng)議。各國(guó)學(xué)者采用多種寄主材料對(duì)松材線蟲及其攜帶細(xì)菌在松樹萎蔫中的作用進(jìn)行探討。郭道森等(2001)和洪英娣等(2003)曾利用愈傷組織驗(yàn)證細(xì)菌與松材線蟲病的關(guān)系,發(fā)現(xiàn)無菌松材線蟲接種不造成愈傷組織褐變,而攜帶細(xì)菌的線蟲可導(dǎo)致愈傷組織褐變,因此認(rèn)為松材線蟲所攜帶細(xì)菌在病害發(fā)生過程中起至關(guān)重要的作用。由于植物愈傷組織對(duì)培養(yǎng)基成分、激素種類及含量、pH值等要求比較嚴(yán)格,條件稍有變化,常容易引起褐變壞死,很難區(qū)別其褐變壞死是由于細(xì)菌分泌的毒素所致,還是因?yàn)榧?xì)菌分泌了某些物質(zhì)引起培養(yǎng)條件改變所致。Tamura(1983)利用無菌赤松苗進(jìn)行試驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)無菌松材線蟲單獨(dú)接種能使松苗萎蔫,Zhu (2012)和Faria (2015)等進(jìn)一步證實(shí)Tamura的結(jié)果; 而Kawazu等(1997)、Zhao (2003)、洪英娣等(2003)以及Han (2003)等卻得到相反的結(jié)果,即無菌化處理使松材線蟲失去致病性。Bolla (1982)和Zhao (2013)溫室條件下的接種試驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,無菌松材線蟲能使松苗萎蔫,而Zhao (2003)、池樹友等(2006; 2008)和談家金等(2008)的試驗(yàn)結(jié)果與之相反。

      4 結(jié)論

      本研究利用赤松胚性愈傷組織、赤松組培苗以及溫室赤松盆栽實(shí)生苗為材料,在完全無菌和開放的環(huán)境條件下,證明無菌松材線蟲和帶菌松材線蟲一樣,均具有致病性。無菌松材線蟲接種赤松愈傷組織7天后,導(dǎo)致其水漬化現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重; 接種12天后,赤松愈傷組織雖然未明顯褐變,但TTC染色顯示愈傷組織已完全失去活性或活性極低,從細(xì)胞水平證實(shí)無菌松材線蟲接種對(duì)寄主細(xì)胞造成極大影響甚至死亡。無菌松材線蟲與帶菌松材線蟲接種均可致赤松組培苗萎蔫,且萎蔫率相當(dāng); 2類線蟲致萎蔫植株體內(nèi)均再分離到松材線蟲,無菌松材線蟲接種萎蔫植株中分離到的線蟲數(shù)量顯著高于帶菌線蟲接種植株,且無菌檢驗(yàn)證實(shí)無菌接種過程未感染任何細(xì)菌,進(jìn)一步證實(shí)無菌化處理并未使松材線蟲失去致病性。在溫室開放環(huán)境中,無菌及帶菌松材線蟲接種同樣導(dǎo)致赤松4年生盆栽實(shí)生苗萎蔫枯死,且致萎蔫率相當(dāng),說明無菌化處理后的松材線蟲依然保持其致病性。線蟲再分離結(jié)果顯示,在2種類型松材線蟲接種致萎蔫的植株中均分離到松材線蟲,帶菌線蟲接種植株體內(nèi)再分離到的線蟲數(shù)量相對(duì)較少,但與無菌線蟲接種植株體內(nèi)再分離線蟲數(shù)量差異不顯著。此外,對(duì)針葉也進(jìn)行了分離(結(jié)果未列出),其中,無菌線蟲接種萎蔫植株的針葉中,有6株分離到線蟲,數(shù)量7~1 000條不等; 而帶菌線蟲接種萎蔫植株的針葉中,有5株分離到線蟲,數(shù)量相對(duì)較少,僅3~50條。溫室條件下的接種試驗(yàn)再次驗(yàn)證松材線蟲能單獨(dú)導(dǎo)致松苗萎蔫。因此,松材線蟲是導(dǎo)致赤松萎蔫的的直接原因。

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      (Zhu L H, Wu X Q, Dai P P,etal. 2010. In vitro plantlet regeneration from seedling explants ofPinusdensiflora. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University: Natural Sciences Edition, 34(2): 11-14. [in Chinese])

      Bolla I, Jordan W. 1982. Cultivation of the pine wilt nematode,Bursaphelenchusxylophilus, in axenic culture media. Journal of Nematology, 14(3): 377-381.

      Faria J M, Sena I, da Silva I V,etal. 2015. In vitro co-cultures ofPinuspinasterwithBursaphelenchusxylophilus: a biotechnological approach to study pine wilt disease. Planta, 241(6): 1325-1336.

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      (責(zé)任編輯 王艷娜 郭廣榮)

      Pathogenicity of Aseptic and Germ-CarryingBursaphelenchusxylophilusonPinusdensiflora

      Lin Li Zhou Lei Pan Jun Kang Lipeng Ye Jianren Zhu Lihua

      (Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037)

      【Objective】The aim of this study is to explore the pathogenicity of asepticBursaphelenchusxylophilus(pine wood nematode, PWN) and non-aseptic PWN onPinusdensiflora, to better understand the role of PWN in pine wilt disease development, and to provide useful information on pathogenicity mechanism and disease control. 【Method】 The embryogenic calli ofP.densiflorawere inoculated with aseptic PWNs under aseptic conditions and cultured for 5 days. The effect of aseptic PWNs on the activity of embryogenic callus cells were evaluated by staining the embryogenic calli with the triphenyltetrazoliumchloride (TTC) solution. Tissue-cultured microshoots and 4-year-old seedlings cultured in green house were inoculated with aseptic PWNs and non-aseptic PWNs, respectively. In 18 and 35 days after inoculation, the pine wilt ratio was recorded and the PWNs were isolated from inoculated seedlings. The pathogenicity of aseptic PWN and non-aseptic PWN onP.densiflorawas analyzed. 【Result】The inoculation by aseptic PWNs caused severe water stain in embryogenic calli ofP.densiflora, and the TTC assay showed beige/light pink of embryogenic calli, revealing that the embryogenic cells lost viability. The embryogenic calli of control treatment remained healthy and showed bright red in TTC assay. Both the aseptic PWN and non-aseptic PWN wilted the tissue-cultured microshoots ofP.densiflora. The wilting rates of the microshoots were 70% and 60% in 18 days after inoculation with aseptic PWNs and non-aseptic PWNs, respectively. PWNs were recovered from all wilted microshoots with average number of PWNs 599+567/microshoot for aseptic PWNs inoculation and 365+240/microshoot for non-aseptic PWNs. The number of nematodes recovered from wilted microshoots showed significant difference (P< 0.01) between aseptic PWN and non-aseptic PWN treatments. Fewer PWNs (10-20/microshoot) were also recovered from the remaining healthy-looking microshoots. The aseptic PWN could induce wilting of potted-seedlings ofP.densiflora, as the same as non-aseptic PWN, with average of 80% wilting ratio in 35 days after inoculations. PWNs were recovered from wilted seedlings in both treatments. The number of recovered PWNs per seedling was 34 733±34 162 and 25 057±21 410 for aseptic PWNs and non-aseptic PWNs inoculations, respectively. No significant difference was found in number of recovered PWNs between the two treatments (P= 0.508). The number of recovered PWNs in two healthy-looking seedlings of aseptic PWNs treatment was 486 and 22, while only one healthy-looking seedlings of non-aseptic PWNs treatment contained 646 PWNs. 【Conclusion】 The aseptic and non-aseptic PWN could cause wilting ofP.densiflora. The PWN is the main factor causing wilt of Japanese red pine, while the bacteria carried by the PWN are not necessary for the development of PWD.

      pine wilt disease;Bursaphelenchusxylophilus; asepsis; pathogenicity;Pinusdensiflora

      10.11707/j.1001-7488.20170510

      2016-09-23;

      2016-12-11。

      江蘇省高校自然科學(xué)研究重大項(xiàng)目(15KJA220003); 江蘇高校優(yōu)勢(shì)學(xué)科建設(shè)工程資助項(xiàng)目(PAPD)。

      S763.11

      A

      1001-7488(2017)05-0082-06

      *朱麗華為通訊作者。

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