徐繼宏
要想閱讀歷史就要走進(jìn)博物館。中國絲綢博物館趙豐館長說,“一帶一路”建設(shè),應(yīng)該先講好絲綢之路故事,這有助于推動浙江文化走出去、國外優(yōu)秀文化引進(jìn)來。
文博的天地、學(xué)術(shù)的殿堂,中國絲綢博物館剛剛度過25周年館慶。
記得有哲人說過,要想閱讀歷史,就走進(jìn)博物館;無論它是綜合的,還是專業(yè)的。受這樣的影響,筆者與趙豐館長相約,就圍繞“一帶一路”架起文化溝通的橋梁作深度交談。在小橋流水、傳統(tǒng)時尚的中國絲綢博物館,我們聊絲綢之路,也聊絲路之綢的過去、現(xiàn)在、未來……
國際絲綢之路日
作為連續(xù)兩屆全國人大代表,趙豐每年都在兩會上提一些建議,與文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)有關(guān),與絲綢、絲綢之路有關(guān)。他說:“我是研究絲綢的學(xué)者,從業(yè)30多年,對于絲綢一直有著一個復(fù)興的夢?!?/p>
2013年,中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人向世界提出共建“一帶一路”倡議,得到國際社會的高度關(guān)注和認(rèn)可。2014年6月22日,由中國、哈薩克斯坦和吉爾吉斯斯坦聯(lián)合申報(bào)的“絲綢之路:起始段—天山廊道的路網(wǎng)”項(xiàng)目通過審議,正式列入聯(lián)合國科教文組織的《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》。
趙豐說,絲綢之路是一個起源于中國、由國外學(xué)者提出、由國際組織認(rèn)可的概念,因此自己提議設(shè)立“國際絲綢之路日”,這可在國際社會表明中國作為絲綢之路的主體,具有一定的擔(dān)當(dāng)與責(zé)任,也為日后的拓展起到促進(jìn)作用?!?月22日是絲綢之路跨國申遺成功之日,說明絲綢之路是大家的絲綢之路,具有較大的號召力?!?/p>
趙豐認(rèn)為,“一帶一路”建設(shè),文化應(yīng)該先行。講好絲綢之路故事,有助于夯實(shí)“一帶一路”的民意基礎(chǔ),有助于達(dá)到“一帶一路”的民心相連。在2017年兩會上,趙豐再次建議設(shè)立“國際絲綢之路日”。他亟盼在2017年“一帶一路”國際合作高峰論壇上,由中國政府聯(lián)合出席國家政府共同提出倡議,寫入共識。他具體設(shè)想,設(shè)計(jì)一個“國際絲綢之路日”標(biāo)志;率先與哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦共同策劃和連續(xù)實(shí)施系列主題以及配套活動,從而得到“一帶一路”沿線國家的認(rèn)可、支持與參與。在他看來,借助“國際絲綢之路日”的設(shè)立,是整合和協(xié)調(diào)“一帶一路”的相關(guān)舉措,對打造“一帶一路”國際平臺可以起到舉重若輕的作用。
絲路之綢
交談中,筆者首次聽到趙豐提出一個“絲路之綢”的概念,即以絲綢及紡織服飾文化遺產(chǎn)為核心,參與“一帶一路”相關(guān)的文化建設(shè)。
趙豐介紹,近年來,從遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)、大型展覽和學(xué)術(shù)會議,到文化交流合作機(jī)制建設(shè)和文化產(chǎn)業(yè)建設(shè),中國絲綢博物館走出了一片廣闊而光明的天地?!抖鼗徒z綢藝術(shù)全集》出版和敦煌絲綢修復(fù)項(xiàng)目、馬圈灣出土漢代絲綢研究項(xiàng)目、俄羅斯北高加索地區(qū)出土絲綢研究項(xiàng)目……中國絲綢博物館不僅參與了絲綢之路沿線的遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)以及其他相關(guān)世界遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù),還承擔(dān)了赴俄羅斯、德國、土耳其等十多個國家的中國文化中心舉辦絲綢展覽的工作。
近兩年,隨著新館改擴(kuò)建的完成,中國絲綢博物館打造了“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+絲綢文明(絲綢之路)”、參與了“一帶一路”文博產(chǎn)業(yè)繁榮計(jì)劃,從教育和文創(chuàng)兩方面開展中華絲綢文明價值挖掘及傳播服務(wù)示范等工作。中國絲綢博物館還積極參與到文化交流合作機(jī)制建設(shè)中:發(fā)起并建立國際絲路之綢研究聯(lián)盟;參與發(fā)起2017年5月18日成立的絲綢之路國際博物館聯(lián)盟,以絲綢文化遺產(chǎn)為核心進(jìn)行研究、傳承、創(chuàng)新和推廣,為國際同行特別是絲路沿途國家提供共享、交流、合作的研究平臺……這也是文化部“一帶一路”行動計(jì)劃中的重要內(nèi)容之一。
染草園和女紅傳習(xí)館
中國人種桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢,延綿5000多年,今天,絲綢仍然是最優(yōu)良的“纖維皇后”,因此,對絲綢的整理、收集、保護(hù),成為展示中國軟實(shí)力的重要一環(huán)。
針對“一帶一路”文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù),趙豐建議成立一個由政府主導(dǎo)、與國際組織間合作的高端智庫,提供策略支持和服務(wù);除推動成立絲綢之路國際博物館聯(lián)盟外,應(yīng)該再成立絲綢之路國際文物科技聯(lián)盟,主要工作是梳理絲路沿線文物科技領(lǐng)域的共性問題,形成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、規(guī)范、專利和材料、工藝、裝備等成套技術(shù),向絲路沿線國家輸出并推廣,促進(jìn)各國研究人員的往來交流。
十年的全國人大代表經(jīng)歷,使趙豐對絲綢文化遺產(chǎn)的傳承與發(fā)展更為關(guān)心。他說:“隨著‘一帶一路戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施,這些建議都是相當(dāng)迫切的?!粠б宦烦袚?dān)著國家經(jīng)濟(jì)、外交的歷史任務(wù)。我希望國家通過文化部、商務(wù)部、教育部等各種渠道使中國絲綢在世界上有更大展示平臺。今年我寫了一篇文章,題目就叫《絲綢之路不要讓絲綢缺位》?!?/p>
趙豐介紹:“2010年,國家紡織品文物保護(hù)重點(diǎn)科研基地在中國絲綢博物館落戶,我們從染料、染色技術(shù),到織造技術(shù)、組織結(jié)構(gòu),再到圖案、花紋等,對紡織品文物的認(rèn)知水平不斷提高,正在逐步建立起中國古代絲綢的數(shù)據(jù)庫?!?/p>
趙豐透露,2016年9月,中國絲綢博物館新布置了染草園和農(nóng)家小屋“桑廬”,又設(shè)立了體驗(yàn)式的“女紅傳習(xí)館”,目前正在杭州周邊建立生態(tài)園,里面將種桑種麻,種染料作物,這樣就可以有豐富的標(biāo)本做研究?!拔奈镅芯俊⑽墨I(xiàn)研究、‘活態(tài)實(shí)驗(yàn)相結(jié)合,優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化就能傳承、發(fā)展?!?/p>
絲路之夜
除了介紹遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)和利用之外,趙豐特別向筆者談起了“時尚”。他說,絲綢的生命力應(yīng)該是時尚。古時候,絲綢帶有特殊的政治和文化的符號,表現(xiàn)尊貴與優(yōu)雅,之后變成一種美的象征,變成時尚。絲綢文化的傳承,還是應(yīng)該從傳統(tǒng)走向時尚。
自2011年起,中國絲綢博物館啟動了收藏、記錄當(dāng)代服裝與紡織時尚的工作,并推出每年一度的時尚回顧展。從2011年的“發(fā)現(xiàn)”、2012年的“穿越”、2013年的“新生”、2014年的“筑夢”到2016年的“化蝶”,回顧展每一個主題都凸顯了年度的時尚特色,梳理了當(dāng)年潮流,為社會收藏“今天”。2016年展中的“峰會印象”部分,集中展現(xiàn)了G20杭州峰會的志愿者服裝、元首禮服等特色絲綢禮品。
“今年,我們會在晚上開展系列活動,主要包括‘絲博之夜和‘絲路之夜兩種形式?!壁w豐介紹,“絲博之夜”將向觀眾免費(fèi)開放。
“絲路之夜:從絲綢到跨文化對話”系列活動,則是中國絲綢博物館一個新的嘗試?!叭ツ晡覀兣e辦了‘意大利之夜‘阿拉伯之夜‘正倉院之夜‘法蘭西之夜等4場活動,今年將舉辦‘波斯之夜‘壯鄉(xiāng)之夜等活動?!?/p>
“我希望把杭州的夜生活帶起來,把休閑當(dāng)成一種時尚?!壁w豐強(qiáng)調(diào):“我的理念是,文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)、傳承、創(chuàng)新,在一個專業(yè)博物館里要整體的實(shí)現(xiàn)。中國絲綢博物館必須把絲綢延伸到當(dāng)下的服裝,服裝是時尚最好的載體?!?/p>
“我漸漸地思考,什么是美的;當(dāng)過去的美成為傳統(tǒng)、成為遺產(chǎn),新的時尚必然伴生,這是一種循環(huán)?!?/p>
其實(shí),趙豐所做的,主旨就是推動浙江文化走出去、國外優(yōu)秀文化引進(jìn)來。
(本文照片由中國絲綢博物館提供)
Curator Talks about Silk and Road & Belt Initiative
By Xu Jihong
In 2017, China National Silk Museum (NSM) in Hangzhou celebrates its 25th anniversary. The other day, I had a talk with Zhao Feng, the curator of China National Silk Museum about silk and the Silk Road and Economic Belt Initiative launched in 2013. As the head of the countrys top silk museum, which is located in Hangzhou, a city of 5,000 years engaged in silk, and a scholar of silk for more than 30 years, Zhao has a lot to say. The following is a brief summary of his ideas and proposals about silk and relevant issues.
As a deputy of National Peoples Congress, he has proposed twice to set up an International Silk Road Day. The ideal day for the international celebration, according to Zhao, is June 22. On that day in 2014, the Silk Road was officially included into the UNESCO World Heritage list. The application was jointly submitted by China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Known as the Tianshan Corridor, this 5,000-km-long section of the Silk Road consists of 33 historical sites along the route, including 22 in China, 8 in Kazakhstan and three in Kyrgyzstan.
Zhao Feng has made the proposal on the grounds that the Silk Road started in China and that the concept is international, as it was first put forward by a foreign scholar, is recognized by international organizations. He hopes that the proposal can be adopted at the Road & Belt Initiative Summit 2017. If successfully set up, the international day can help China and other countries along the old trade routes come closer in a cultural sense.
Zhao Feng is the man behind the museums focus on the silk of the Silk Road over past decades. In recent years, NSM has accomplished quite a lot in international preservation projects, exhibitions and symposiums, cultural exchanges and cooperation, and cultural industry. The museum has participated in preservation projects along the trade routes and held silk exhibitions at China Cultural Centers in countries such as Russia, Germany and Turkey.
In 2011, the museum launched a project to collect and record textile and garment fashion. Since then, the museum has hosted an annual retrospection exhibition. In 2016, the annual event featured the silk garments worn by volunteers who contributed to the services for the G20 summit in Hangzhou and the silk garments for top government leaders who attended the summit. The museum has designed a series of events for the annual project, including Nights of Silk Museum and Night of Silk Road. In 2016, Nights of Silk Museum respectively featured Italy, Arab, France, and the Shoso-in, a treasure house of Japan that has existed for more than 1,000 years. This year, visitors will see the beauty of silk in Persia and in the land of the Zhuang minority people in southwestern China.
Since 2010, NSM has been engaged in a research and preservation project on antique textiles. The project has yielded a number of successes. Scientists have accumulated knowledge on dyes, dying techniques, fabric-making techniques, fabric structures, patterns and designs. At present, a data base has been set up on ancient Chinese silk.
Since the expansion of the museum, NSM has set up new sections on the compound where visitors could see mulberry trees whose leaves silk worms feed and plants that produce natural dyes. At present, the museum is building up a farm in a suburb of Hangzhou where mulberry trees, jute and dye plants will be planted. The farm will provide the scientists with materials for further studies and experiments.
Zhao has many proposals. He proposes to set up a think tank which, if sponsored by the government and in close cooperation with international organizations, can provide strategies and services for preservation of cultural heritages of the countries and regions involved in the Road and Belt Initiative. He wishes that international museums along the Silk Road form a league so that many unprecedented exhibitions will be possible. And he wants international institutes along the Silk Road to work together with the focus on science and technology studies on cultural heritages. He hopes that Chinas education, culture and business authorities can work together to open up more opportunities to exhibit Chinese silk across the world.
Zhao Feng emphasizes the importance of innovation concerning silk and fashion. He explains: “The China National Silk Museum should not be a place where people only look back into the past. It should be a place where people can appreciate the beauty of silk of today and tomorrow.“ That explains why NSM is bringing more fashion shows to the venue.