推理判斷題易錯(cuò)分析

徐鴻鳴

每年英語(yǔ)高考的閱讀理解中，細(xì)節(jié)理解題和推理判斷題都是兩大主要考點(diǎn)，2014、2015年推理判斷題高達(dá)7個(gè)小題，甚至超過(guò)了細(xì)節(jié)理解的題數(shù)。

據(jù)很多參加完高考的同學(xué)反饋，每年閱讀理解的失分大部分都在推理判斷題和主旨大意題上。尤其是推理判斷題，題量大，難度也高，若失分多，勢(shì)必極大影響高考成績(jī)。

根據(jù)歷年英語(yǔ)高考的反饋信息可知，在推理判斷題上出錯(cuò)的原因主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面。

[主觀臆斷]

推理判斷要求在理解原文文字信息的基礎(chǔ)上，作出一定的推理判斷，從而領(lǐng)會(huì)文章的隱含意義和深層意義。因此推理判斷必須依據(jù)文中相關(guān)信息，從題目提問(wèn)的角度結(jié)合一定的規(guī)律和線索作出合理的推斷，絕不能主觀臆斷。

例1 （2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）

24. What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text？

A. They are highly educated.

B. They are truly creative.

C. They are pioneers.

D. They are peace-lovers.

解析 C。本文介紹了三位偉大的女性，其中Jane Addams是社會(huì)福利工作的帶頭人，Rachel Carson是環(huán)保運(yùn)動(dòng)的發(fā)起者，Sandra Day OConnor是反對(duì)性別歧視的領(lǐng)頭人，Rosa Parks是民權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)的推動(dòng)者。由此可見(jiàn)，這四位女性都是不同領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)。而“受過(guò)高等教育”“具有創(chuàng)新精神”“和平愛(ài)好者”都不是她們的共性，如果選ABD三項(xiàng)只能是憑空推斷。

例2 （2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ）

Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time. His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home. I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect（感染） other students.

26. What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3？

A. He liked to help his teacher.

B. He preferred to study alone.

C. He was active in class.

D. He was imaginative.

解析 D。根據(jù)Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work. His presence meant ... whose creativity would infect（感染） other students.可知這個(gè)孩子給作者留下的主要印象是他富有創(chuàng)造性。而D“富有想象力”屬于創(chuàng)造性的范疇。有些同學(xué)僅憑文中的teaching assistant和a good part of his bedroom at home認(rèn)定A或B為正確答案，但這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)的結(jié)論都無(wú)法從文中推斷出來(lái)。因?yàn)椤拔摇贝蛩阕屗鰐eaching assistant不代表他喜歡幫助老師，他在家和藝術(shù)教室里放了一些他用構(gòu)造玩具做出的東西不代表他喜歡獨(dú)自鉆研。

例3 （2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ）

Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to make sacrifices， but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.

28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph？

A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own.

B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.

C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.

D. Get to know themselves better.

解析 A。根據(jù)最后一段... but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far away is hard， especially knowing your adult child is struggling， but giving up the life you know may be harder.可知祖輩應(yīng)該首先考慮自己的生活。而“讓孩子們多看望他們”“為孩子們多犧牲”“多了解自己”都只是根據(jù)中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)或自己的憑空判斷得出的結(jié)論。

[缺乏邏輯性]

有的同學(xué)在做推理判斷題時(shí)，閱讀不仔細(xì)，不注意上下文，致使推斷過(guò)程缺乏邏輯，經(jīng)不起推敲。

例4 （2016·浙江卷）

“Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday？” Lindsey whispers to Tori.

With her eyes shining， Tori brags， “You bet I did， Sean told me two days ago.”

... Still， Lindsey and Tori arent very different from most students here at Linton Higt School， including me. Many of our conversations are gossip（閑話）.

41. The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to .

A. introduce a topic

B. present an argument

C. describe the characters

D. clarify his writing purpose

解析 A。根據(jù)文章開(kāi)頭的對(duì)話內(nèi)容和下文內(nèi)容可知，作者使用對(duì)話的主要目的是引出本文的話題“人們?yōu)槭裁聪矚g說(shuō)閑話”，故選A。如果斷章取義就有可能錯(cuò)選成“呈現(xiàn)一場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)論”或“對(duì)文章進(jìn)行分類(lèi)”。

[缺乏常識(shí)]

閱讀的一個(gè)重要作用就是獲取信息和知識(shí)。英語(yǔ)高考閱讀理解所選素材應(yīng)該都是同學(xué)們比較熟悉或者是能夠理解的，不會(huì)超出你們應(yīng)有的知識(shí)面和認(rèn)知程度。因此從某個(gè)層面而言，做英語(yǔ)閱讀理解可以檢驗(yàn)同學(xué)們的社會(huì)或自然科學(xué)常識(shí)。如果缺乏這些常識(shí)，定會(huì)給閱讀帶來(lái)一定的障礙。

例5 （2016·北京卷）

California condors are North Americas largest birds， with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s， electrical lines and lead poisoning（鉛中毒） nearly drove them to dying out. Now， electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.

In the late 1980s， the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred（繁殖） ...

63. California condors attract researchers interest because they .

A. are active at night

B. had to be bred in the wild

C. are found on in California

D. almost died out in the 1980s

解析 D。根據(jù)第一段In the 1980s， electrical lines and lead poisoning（鉛中毒） nearly drove them to dying out.可知是加利福尼亞禿鷹在20世紀(jì)瀕臨滅絕，因而引起科研人員的關(guān)注。A“在夜晚很活躍”不符合事實(shí)，事實(shí)上禿鷹是在夜晚尋找歸宿；B“必須在野生環(huán)境里繁殖”也不符合常識(shí)，文中已提到可人工繁殖后放回到野生環(huán)境里；C“只有在加利福尼亞才能發(fā)現(xiàn)”文中并未提到，文中提到North Americas largest birds“美洲北部最大的鳥(niǎo)”，這說(shuō)明不僅僅只有加利福尼亞才有。因此除了D選項(xiàng)以外，其他所有選項(xiàng)都不符合常識(shí)或事實(shí)。

[過(guò)度推理]

做推理判斷題的一個(gè)非常重要的原則是只推一步。答題時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)問(wèn)題的設(shè)置，利用問(wèn)題中的關(guān)鍵詞在文中找到相應(yīng)的段落，當(dāng)二者對(duì)應(yīng)后，閱讀含本信息點(diǎn)的句子或上下句，順著線索往前推一步，一般即可找到答案。

有的同學(xué)總覺(jué)得推理判斷題既然是推理，就不會(huì)那么簡(jiǎn)單或直接，總喜歡作更深遠(yuǎn)的推理，這樣并不會(huì)有助于得到正確答案。而有的同學(xué)在選對(duì)答案后，之后核查時(shí)又將原來(lái)的答案推翻。這幾種現(xiàn)象都屬于過(guò)度推理。

例6 （2016·江蘇卷）

As Muhammad Ali puts it， “Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire， a dream， a vision.” One of the things Shelly-Ann can be proud of is her understanding of this truth.

69. By mentioning Muhammad Alis words， the author intends to tell us that .

A. players should be highly inspired by coaches

B. great athletes need to concentrate on patience

C. hard work is necessary in ones achievements

D. motivation allows great athletes to be on the top

解析 D。Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them.可直接知道Ali的意思，即冠軍的成就靠的是內(nèi)在的動(dòng)力，選項(xiàng)D的意思直接對(duì)應(yīng)該結(jié)論。而教練的激勵(lì)、耐心、刻苦訓(xùn)練都是成為優(yōu)秀運(yùn)動(dòng)員的相關(guān)因素，但并沒(méi)有從Muhammad Ali口中說(shuō)出，皆為無(wú)中生有，若選這幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)則屬于推理過(guò)度。