張 鑫 王 宸 梁 軍 林巖松
進展性碘難治性分化型甲狀腺癌患者阿帕替尼治療后血清學與影像學指標變化*
張 鑫①王 宸①梁 軍②林巖松①
目的:評估阿帕替尼對于局部進展性碘難治性分化型甲狀腺癌(radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer,RAIR-DTC)中位隨訪7.9個月后的治療效果。方法:隨訪中國醫(yī)學科學院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院自2016年3月至2016年6月入組阿帕替尼治療RAIR-DTC臨床實驗的受試者10例,從血清生化角度,甲狀腺球蛋白(thyroglobulin,Tg)、甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(thyroglobulin antibody,Tg-Ab)及影像學角度,靶病灶長度(target lesions,TL)觀察阿帕替尼療效及相關性,總結(jié)隨訪期間的不良事件(adverse event,AE)。結(jié)果:中位隨訪時間為7.9個月,在平均服用阿帕替尼6周內(nèi)Tg呈快速下降趨勢,平均下降60%,最大可達90%,提示該藥物血清學療效反應迅速,此后呈現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定趨勢,但停藥3~14天即可觀察到Tg的反彈趨勢,升幅波動在4%~135%;TL在服用阿帕替尼平均8周內(nèi)呈快速下降趨勢,平均下降40%,最大可達60%,提示該藥物快速的影像學療效反應,此后呈穩(wěn)定趨勢,受停藥影響不明顯;Tg周變化速率(Tgvn)和TL周變化速率(TLvn)呈正相關[TLvn=0.17×Tgvn+0.50(r=0.56,P<0.05)];受試者因不良反應均有不同程度的劑量下調(diào),劑量調(diào)整后AE于3~14天緩解,下調(diào)劑量至250 mg/d仍能有效控制病情。結(jié)論:阿帕替尼治療進展性RAIR-DTC具有快速、持久的血清學及影像學反應,Tgvn和TLvn呈正相關,且Tg較TL更為敏感,應作為RAIR-DTC靶向治療評估的客觀指標。
阿帕替尼碘難治性分化型甲狀腺癌酪氨酸激酶抑制劑血清學反應影像學反應
碘難治性分化型甲狀腺癌(radioactive iodine-re?fractory differentiated thyroid cancer,RAIR-DTC)約占分化型甲狀腺癌的30%,其表現(xiàn)為經(jīng)131Ⅰ治療后病灶不攝碘,治療后反應不佳,十年生存率不足10%[1-2]。對于RAIR-DTC的診治是全球關注的熱點問題[3-5]。目前,其治療方案主要針對不同部位、病理學特征采取手術、放療及針對不同靶點的酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(tyrosine kinase inhibitors,TKI)等治療手段[2-6]。索拉非尼和樂伐替尼為美國食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局(U.S.Food and Drug Administration,F(xiàn)DA)批準的可用于治療RAIR-DTC的靶向藥物[7-10],但昂貴的價格限制了其在中國的推廣。阿帕替尼作為我國自主研發(fā)的以血管內(nèi)皮生長因子受體-2(vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2,VEGFR-2)為靶點的小分子TKI[11-14],目前已被我國食品藥品監(jiān)管管理總局(CFDA)批準上市,用于標準化療失敗后的胃癌治療[15-16],并相繼開展治療乳腺癌、食管癌、結(jié)直腸癌、肝癌、非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)等臨床試驗[17-21]。本課題組初步研究表明,阿帕替尼可安全用于RAIR-DTC,且在8周治療后從血清學及結(jié)構影像學角度證實其快速有效、客觀緩解率(objective response rate,ORR)較高[22]。本研究中位隨訪阿帕替尼治療RAIR-DTC 7.9個月的血清學及影像學變化趨勢。
1.1 臨床資料
本研究已通過中國醫(yī)學科學院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院倫理委員會的審批。所有患者在入組前均被告知研究的相關利弊及風險,并簽署知情同意書(倫理批號:北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院HS-970)。隨訪阿帕替尼治療局部進展性碘難治性甲狀腺癌Ⅱ期臨床試驗自2016年3月至2016年6月入組的10名受試者,分析其由入組至2016年12月31日期間的病情變化情況。所有患者均符合本試驗標準,共18個靶病灶,平均年齡54.9(32~76)歲,男女比例為1∶1。目前,共有7例在訪,1例因不良反應停藥7 d,停藥后肺部出現(xiàn)新病灶于第16周評定為PD,1例于第7周因不能耐受藥物不良反應脫落,1例于第22周因肺部感染住院而停藥,第24周達總生存期(overall survival,OS)終止隨訪,隨訪時間最長291d,最短111 d,平均224 d?;举Y料見表1。1.1.1入組標準1)年齡≥18歲,性別不限;2)乳頭狀、濾泡狀、Hurthle細胞及低分化癌局部晚期或轉(zhuǎn)移性分化型甲狀腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC),至少有1個經(jīng)治療的可測量病灶,計算機斷層顯像(computed tomography,CT)掃描長徑≥10 mm,符合實體瘤療效評價標準1.1(response evaluation criteria in solid tumors 1.1,RECIST 1.1)的要求。包括:完全緩解(complete response, CR)、部分緩解(partial response,PR)、疾病穩(wěn)定(stable disease,SD)、疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)和ORR等[23];3)在入組之前14個月內(nèi)出現(xiàn)疾病進展(必須使用RECIST 1.1作為疾病進展的評估依據(jù));4)放射性碘難治(滿足下述條件之一):①靶病灶(target lesions,TL)在放射性碘治療中完全喪失攝碘能力;②患者12個月內(nèi)接受單次放射碘治療(≥3.7 GBq)且靶病灶疾病進展;③患者每2次放射性碘治療時間間隔<12個月,劑量≥3.7 GBq,至少有1次碘治療后超過12個月疾病進展;④累計接受放射性碘治療劑量≥22.2 GBq。
1.1.2 排除標準1)DTC外的其他甲狀腺癌組織學亞型(如髓樣癌、淋巴瘤或肉瘤);2)6個月內(nèi)使用過VEGFR-TKI小分子藥物,如凡德他尼(vandetanib)、卡巴唑替尼(cabozantinib)、樂伐替尼(lenvatinib)、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)及索拉非尼(sorafenib)等治療的患者;3)患有高血壓,經(jīng)降壓藥物治療無法降至正常范圍者(收縮壓>140 mmHg、舒張壓>90 mmHg),患有≥Ⅱ級的冠心病、心律失常(包括QTc間期延長男性>450 ms,女性>470 ms)及心功能不全;4)具有影響口服藥物吸收的多種因素(如無法吞咽、惡心嘔吐、慢性腹瀉和腸梗阻等);5)具有胃腸道出血風險的患者不可入組,包括下列情況:①有活動性消化潰瘍病灶,且大便潛血(++);②3個月內(nèi)有黑便、嘔血病史者;6)凝血功能異常(INR>1.5倍正常上限(upper lim?it of normal,ULN)、APTT>1.5×ULN),具有出血傾向者;7)既往接受化療抗甲狀腺癌治療(允許使用低劑量化療進行放射增敏)或沙利度胺及其衍生物治療;8)懷孕或哺乳期婦女。
1.2 方法
阿帕替尼750 mg,每天1次,口服。每4周定義為1個治療周期。每個治療周期允許停藥≤2次。允許下調(diào)2次劑量至250 mg,但不允許上調(diào)劑量。
1.3 療效檢測
所有患者均于入組時檢測甲狀腺球蛋白(thyro?globulin,Tg)、甲狀腺球蛋白抗體(thyroglobulin antibody,Tg-Ab)水平及靶病灶CT,并于服藥后定期隨訪。前2個周期,每2~4周復查Tg和Tg-Ab,每4周復查CT;2個周期后,每4~8周復查Tg及Tg-Ab,每8周測量靶病灶,并計算Tg同比下降率。Tg同比下降率為:(Tg-Tg基線)/ Tg基線;靶病灶同比縮小率為:(TL-TL基線)/TL基線。此外,計算Tg平均周變化速率,定義為相鄰兩次Tg測量值之差除以時間間隔,公式為:Tgvn=[Tgn-Tg(n-1)]/間隔時間;同理,計算靶病灶周平均變化速率,公式為:TLvn=[TLn-TL(n-1)]/間隔時間,以初步評估患者血清學及影像學變化情況。
2.1Tg同比變化率
10例受試者中共有8例Tg水平可用于評估,另2例因TgAb陽性(TgAb>100.00 IU/mL)影響Tg測量,故未納入評價。平均服用阿帕替尼6周內(nèi)Tg呈快速下降趨勢,平均下降60%,最大可達90%,此后呈穩(wěn)定趨勢,中位迅速起效時間為6周;停藥3~14 d Tg即可上浮4%~135%,恢復用藥后可降至停藥前水平;變化如圖1,2。
2.2 基于RECIST 1.1評估標準的病灶長度變化
選取18個靶病灶應用RECISIT 1.1標準進行療效評價[23]。平均服用阿帕替尼8周內(nèi)TL呈快速下降趨勢,平均下降40%,最大可達60%,此后呈穩(wěn)定趨勢,受停藥影響不明顯;其中,70%(7/10)患者TL變化在8周時趨于穩(wěn)定;停藥后TL未見明顯波動,具體趨勢如圖3。從療效評估結(jié)果分析,6例受試者目前仍呈PR;1例轉(zhuǎn)為SD,1例因AE于第32周出組,1例因肺部感染死亡,1例因出現(xiàn)新病灶評定為PD。截至2016年12月31日,本試驗DCR為90%,ORR為70%,中位無進展隨訪時間為222.5 d(圖3,4)。
2.3 安全性
截至最后一次隨訪,10例受試者均出現(xiàn)Ⅲ級及以上不良事件:6例受試者出現(xiàn)手足皮膚反應(hand-foot skin reaction,HFSR)共計16例次,為最常見AE;高血壓、胃痛分列2、3位。1例受試者出現(xiàn)Ⅳ級低鈣血癥。受試者用藥劑量均有所下調(diào),截至最后一次隨訪,7例服用阿帕替尼劑量降至500 mg/d,3例降至250 mg/d。停藥3~14 d后即可明顯改善。經(jīng)劑量下調(diào)、對癥處理后,患者均能耐受藥物不良反應。另有1例受試者因肺部感染住院治療,與藥物不良反應無關(表2)。
表1 患者基本資料Table1 Characteristics of enrolled patients
圖1 甲狀腺球蛋白(Tg)變化Figure1 Tg change
圖2 典型病例甲狀腺球蛋白(Tg)變化Figure2 Change of Tg in a typical case
圖3 靶病灶長度(TL)變化Figure3 Target lesion length(TL)
?圖4典型病例病灶變化Figure4 The change of the target lesions in CT of a typical case
表2 不良事件發(fā)生情況Table2 Adverse events
目前,RECIST 1.1標準是評估腫瘤靶向藥物治療效果的主要標準。本試驗表明,服用阿帕替尼早期TL呈快速下降趨勢,反映其快速、持久的影像學療效。但監(jiān)測TL需調(diào)動較多的人力、物力,監(jiān)測周期長,患者在接受影像學檢查時需要接受一定輻射劑量,且不能反映停藥時阿帕替尼對于腫瘤控制作用的影響。
占甲狀腺癌90%以上的DTC部分保留了甲狀腺濾泡細胞的功能,如合成Tg的能力。因此,血清Tg也成為評估DTC術后、131Ⅰ治療效果及預后的重要血液生化特異性指標,其檢測手段較比TL監(jiān)測更為方便、快捷、經(jīng)濟[24-25]。關于TKI治療RAIR-DTC后Tg的監(jiān)測已有報道,如服用樂伐替尼4周后Tg即迅速下降,在達到疾病控制的受試者(PR和SD)Tg降幅達65.5%,提示其從血清學角度對腫瘤的快速控制[26-27]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)平均服用阿帕替尼6周內(nèi)Tg呈快速下降趨勢,平均下降約60%,這與樂伐替尼所提示的快速血清學療效相一致。在此基礎上,本研究進一步探索Tg變化在監(jiān)測阿帕替尼療效中的應用價值以及Tg與TL變化速率的關系。本研究提示,停服阿帕替尼約8個半衰期(t1/2,約9 h)即可出現(xiàn)Tg回升,說明其可靈敏地反映腫瘤在失去阿帕替尼控制后快速反彈,提示Tg作為阿帕替尼治療RAIR-DTC療效的監(jiān)測指標具較高敏感性。但因缺少RAIR-DTC患者服用阿帕替尼的藥代動力學證據(jù),尚需深入研究[11]。本研究首次觀察到阿帕替尼治療RAIRDTC中Tgvn和TLvn呈正相關[TLvn=0.17×Tgvn+0.50(r= 0.56,P<0.05)],提示Tg作為腫瘤標志物可以輔助預測TL變化情況。綜合阿帕替尼服用過程中Tg及TL變化規(guī)律及停藥情況對相關指標的影響,本研究認為Tg能更敏感地反映阿帕替尼對腫瘤的控制作用。監(jiān)測Tg變化有利于早期預測及評估阿帕替尼對RAIR-DTC的治療效果,篩選獲益人群;停藥后密切的Tg監(jiān)測更有助于及早發(fā)現(xiàn)病情變化,為采用其他有效治療爭取時間(圖5)。
圖5 靶病灶變化速率(TLvn)和甲狀腺球蛋白變化速率(Tgvn)散點圖Figure5 Scatter plot of target lesion change rate(TLvn)and thyroglob‐ulin change rate(Tgvn)
截至2016年12月31日,本研究中位隨訪時間為7.9個月,雖然低于索拉非尼治療RAIR-DTC中位無進展生存時間(median progression free survival,mPFS)10.8個月,但高于其安慰劑組5.8個月[7]。此外,目前本試驗最長無進展隨訪時間為10.4個月,接近索拉非尼PFS。提示阿帕替尼對于控制RAIRDTC具有良好的有效性。研究表明,TKI靶向治療效果和不良反應有關[28]。在阿帕替尼治療中,因發(fā)生Ⅲ級及以上AE,受試者用藥劑量均有不同程度的調(diào)整,減量后仍能維持SD,提示有待擴大樣本量進一步摸索阿帕替尼治療RAIR-DTC的最佳劑量,以兼顧安全性及有效性。本試驗樣本量較少、缺乏停藥對Tg影響的系列數(shù)據(jù)(停藥起止測定Tg水平)等,在后續(xù)Ⅲ期臨床試驗中將進一步觀察并報告。
綜上所述,本單臂前瞻性研究提示,在中位隨訪7.9個月時間內(nèi)阿帕替尼治療進展性RAIR-DTC具有快速、持久的血清學及影像學反應,血清Tg和靶病灶的變化呈正相關,且Tg較CT影像學評估更為敏感,可作為RAIR-DTC靶向治療評估的客觀指標和CT等影像學評估的重要補充。
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(2017‐02‐15收稿)
(2017‐03‐22修回)
(編輯:孫喜佳校對:鄭莉)
Follow-up study on biochemical and structural response in progressive radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer patients treated with apatinib
Xin ZHANG1,Chen WANG1,Jun LIANG2,Yansong LIN1
1Department of Nuclear Medicine,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences,Beijing 100730,Chi‐na;2Department of Oncology,Peking University International Hospital,Beijing 102206,China
Yansong LIN;E‐mail:LinYS@pumch.cn
Objective:To evaluate the biochemical and structural changes of apatinib in patients with progressive radioactive iodine‐re‐fractory differentiated thyroid cancer(RAIR‐DTC).Methods:The participants(n=10)were followed up since March 2016.Treatment ef‐fect was evaluated in using both biochemical[thyroglobulin(Tg)and thyroglobulin antibody(Tg‐Ab)]and structural responses(target lesions,TL).Adverse events were also recorded over time.Results:The median follow‐up was 7.9 months.The Tg level declined rapid‐ly within 6 weeks after apatinib treatment,and the average decline ranged from 60%to 90%,indicating the immediate biochemical re‐sponse of apatinib in progressive RAIR‐DTC.The Tg level tended to stabilize thereafter.However,the Tg level rebounded by 4%–135% when withdrawal was performed for 3–14 days.The number of TLs decreased rapidly within 8 weeks,and the average decreased ranged from 40%to 60%,indicating the presence of rapid structural responses.Thereafter,the number of TLs continued to stabilize. TLs,in contrast to Tg,were not significantly affected by drug withdrawal.The rate of change in Tg(Tgvn)was positively correlated with the rate of change in TL(TLvn)[TLvn=0.17×Tgvn+0.50(r=0.56,P<0.05)].The apatinib dose was adjusted due to adverse events,which could be relieved after 3 to 14 days of withdrawal.Apatinib can effectively control the disease even at a reduced dose of 250 mg/d. Conclusion:Apatinib treatment showed a fast and sustainable biochemical and structural responses.Tg could be regarded as an objec‐tive indicator.Tgvn is positively correlated with TLvn,and the response of Tg is more sensitive than that of TLs.
apatinib,radioactive iodine‐refractory differentiated thyroid cancer,tyrosine kinase inhibitor,biochemical response,struc‐tural response
10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.08.172
張鑫專業(yè)方向為甲狀腺癌分子影像學診斷及治療。E-mail:zhangx716@126.com
①中國醫(yī)學科學院北京協(xié)和醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學科(北京市100730);②北京大學國際醫(yī)院腫瘤內(nèi)科
*本文課題受國家自然科學基金項目(編號:81571714)資助
林巖松LinYS@pumch.cn
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81571714)