籍萬杰
漢語中的動(dòng)詞沒有時(shí)態(tài),而英語中動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)多達(dá)十六種,常用的也達(dá)八種之多。這種語言差異造成同學(xué)們很難養(yǎng)成注意動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的習(xí)慣,而動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是高考語法填空和短文改錯(cuò)的必考考點(diǎn)。同學(xué)們利用下面的四種方法,便能快速、正確地解答時(shí)態(tài)題。
[找標(biāo)法]
如果考查時(shí)態(tài)的句子中有標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語,則往往可以據(jù)此使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
例1 In recent years, stress _______ (regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness.
解析 has been regarded。該句缺謂語動(dòng)詞,空格中的regard應(yīng)使用謂語動(dòng)詞形式。根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語In recent years可知應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);根據(jù)句意可知此處表示被動(dòng);再根據(jù)與主語stress的一致關(guān)系可知,應(yīng)填has been regarded。
例2 Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 63 (be) often acceptable.
解析 分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知,該句的主語是動(dòng)名詞短語Leaving the less important things until tomorrow,此處be應(yīng)使用謂語動(dòng)詞形式,并且是第三人稱單數(shù),再結(jié)合本句中的often可知,應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),故填is。
例3 —Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for?
—The new Star Wars. We _______ (wait) here for more than two hours.
解析 have been waiting?!癴or+時(shí)間段”與完成時(shí)連用,根據(jù)語境可知,說話的時(shí)候仍然在等,因此用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),故填have been waiting。
例4 More efforts, as reported, _______ (make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.
解析 will be made。in the years ahead意思是“在未來的幾年”,是一般將來時(shí)的標(biāo)志,而且more efforts與make構(gòu)成被動(dòng)關(guān)系,所以應(yīng)使用一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)形式。
例5 Silk _______ (become) one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.
解析 had become。時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞是“by+過去時(shí)間”,意思是到過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間為止,表示的是“過去的過去”,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用過去完成時(shí),故填had become。
點(diǎn)撥 要熟記常用時(shí)態(tài)所對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間狀語。
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí):often,always,sometimes,usually,seldom,now,every day等。
2. 一般過去時(shí):then,yesterday,last week,after that,ago等。
3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):now,right now,at present,at this moment,these days。
4. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí):at that time,at this time yesterday,at eight oclock yesterday,from one oclock to three oclock yesterday,between one oclock and three oclock yesterday等。
5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):recently,lately,up to/till now,so far,in the past/last few months/years ...,“for+一段時(shí)間”,“since+一段時(shí)間”等。
6. 過去完成時(shí):before,by the end of last month/years ... 等。
7. 一般將來時(shí):tomorrow,next week/month ... ,in an hour等。
8. 過去將來時(shí):the following month,the next week。
[呼應(yīng)法]
如果是主從復(fù)合句,可根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的原則使用正確的時(shí)態(tài)。
例6 Just as I got to the school gate, I realized I _______ (leave) my book in the cafe.
解析 had left。從句時(shí)態(tài)要與主句保持一致,“落下”這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,且發(fā)生在“意識(shí)到”這個(gè)動(dòng)作之前,表示“過去的過去”,故應(yīng)使用過去完成時(shí)。
例7 As you go through this book, you _______ (find) that each of the millions of people who lived through World War II had a different experience.
解析 這是一個(gè)含有as引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句。從句中使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來,根據(jù)“主將從現(xiàn)”的時(shí)態(tài)使用原則,主句中應(yīng)該使用一般將來時(shí)。
例8 Unless extra money _______ (find), the theatre will close.
解析 is found。句意為:除非找到額外的錢,否則這家劇院得關(guān)門。這是一個(gè)含有unless引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句的復(fù)合句,主句使用一般將來時(shí),根據(jù)“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則,從句應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),且此處表示被動(dòng)。
點(diǎn)撥 在根據(jù)主從句時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)原則解題時(shí),要把握以下兩點(diǎn):
1. 在含有時(shí)間、條件等狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,應(yīng)貫徹“主將從現(xiàn)”的時(shí)態(tài)搭配原則。
2. 在含有賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,同學(xué)們應(yīng)熟知以下規(guī)則:主句動(dòng)詞為現(xiàn)在時(shí),則從句動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)需要使用任何時(shí)態(tài);主句動(dòng)詞為過去時(shí),則從句動(dòng)詞須用合適的過去時(shí)態(tài)(表示客觀真理時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí))。
[搭配法]
如果句子構(gòu)成某種時(shí)態(tài)的固定搭配或特殊句式,則根據(jù)規(guī)則使用相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)。
例9 Jack _______ (work) in the lab when the power cut occurred.
解析 was working。此句含有be doing ... when ...固定句型,意思是“某人正在做……時(shí),突然……”。主句使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí),從句使用一般過去時(shí)。
例10 Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week? If you _______ (tell) me, I could have helped.
解析 空格處的句子是虛擬語氣,表示對(duì)過去的虛擬,if從句中用過去完成時(shí),故填had told。
例11 Close the door of fear behind you, and you _______ (see) the door of faith open before you.
解析 will see。句意:關(guān)上你身后的懼怕之門,你就會(huì)看到信心之門在你面前敞開著?!捌硎咕?and/or+簡(jiǎn)單句”是并列句的一種固定句式,and/or后的簡(jiǎn)單句通常用將來時(shí)或用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示將來。
點(diǎn)撥 高考測(cè)試的熱點(diǎn)句型有:
1. sb. was doing (about to do) ... when ... (一般過去時(shí));sb. had just done ... when ... (一般過去時(shí))
2. no sooner ... (過去完成時(shí))than ... (一般過去時(shí));hardly ... (過去完成時(shí))when ... (一般過去時(shí))
3. It is/was the first/second ... time ... (現(xiàn)在/過去完成時(shí))
4. It is/has been some time since sb. did ...
5. It will be some time before sb. do/does ...
6. If sb. dont/doesnt do sth., nor will sb.
7. sb. did ... before sb. did/could do ...
[語境法]
如果找不到時(shí)間標(biāo)志,也不是固定搭配或主從復(fù)合句,同學(xué)們應(yīng)根據(jù)具體語境使用合適的時(shí)態(tài)。
例12 So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base ... I 62 , (allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-acre centre.
解析 was allowed。該句中沒有謂語動(dòng)詞,空格處應(yīng)填謂語動(dòng)詞。allow通常用allow sb. to do sth.這一搭配,根據(jù)句型和句意可知,此處應(yīng)為be allowed to do。由前一句中的was可知,此處應(yīng)使用一般過去時(shí)。
例13 He must have sensed that I _______ (look) at him. He suddenly glanced at me and said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that?”
解析 was looking。句意:他當(dāng)時(shí)肯定是感覺到我在看他。他突然瞥了我一眼然后輕聲問道:“你為什么要那樣盯著我看?”根據(jù)句意可知此處表示當(dāng)時(shí)“我正在看他”,再根據(jù)前面的must have sensed(表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè))和后面的glanced at可知應(yīng)該使用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
點(diǎn)撥 近年來高考試題對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)考查的要求越來越高,大部分試題趨向情境化。我們的對(duì)策是:捕捉信息,理解情境,綜合運(yùn)用,靈活答題。