董 坤, 牛 平, 蘇 岑, 馬繼光
帕金森病患者外周血單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1及巨噬細(xì)胞炎性蛋白-1α水平與非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀的相關(guān)性研究
董 坤1, 牛 平2, 蘇 岑2, 馬繼光2
目的 檢測(cè)帕金森病(PD)患者血清單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1(MCP-1)、巨噬細(xì)胞炎性蛋白-1α(MIP-1α)水平,并探討其與PD、尤其與非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀(non-motor symptoms,NMS)的相關(guān)性。方法 采用ELISA法對(duì)67例PD組患者及年齡、性別匹配的34例正常對(duì)照組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。采用UPDRS Ⅲ評(píng)分和Hoehn-Yahr分級(jí)對(duì)PD患者運(yùn)動(dòng)功能進(jìn)行評(píng)估,將其分為早期、中晚期;用PD非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀評(píng)定量表(NMSQuest)對(duì)NMS損害程度進(jìn)行總體評(píng)估;用漢密爾頓抑郁量表(HAMD)、漢密爾頓焦慮量表(HAMA)、簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)評(píng)價(jià)量表(MMSE)對(duì)患者抑郁、焦慮、認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估,并用Pearson直線相關(guān)分析檢驗(yàn)MCP-1、MIP-1α濃度與各量表評(píng)分之間的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果 PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平明顯高于健康對(duì)照組(P<0.01);血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與抑郁、焦慮、認(rèn)知功能呈顯著正相關(guān),特別是發(fā)現(xiàn)PD早期患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與HAMD評(píng)分呈顯著正相關(guān),PD中晚期患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與MMSE評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān);中晚期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平顯著高于PD早期,PD合并抑郁、認(rèn)知功能障礙組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平顯著高于PD未合并抑郁、認(rèn)知功能正常組(P均<0.01)。結(jié)論 血清MCP-1、MIP-1α可能參與PD的發(fā)病過(guò)程,在PD早期與抑郁顯著正相關(guān),在PD晚期與認(rèn)知功能障礙顯著正相關(guān)。PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平隨著運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀、非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀(如抑郁、認(rèn)知功能)的加重而升高。
非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀; 單核細(xì)胞趨化蛋白-1; 巨噬細(xì)胞炎性蛋白-1α; 抑郁; 焦慮
帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)常見的臨床表現(xiàn)包括以靜止性震顫、肌強(qiáng)直、運(yùn)動(dòng)遲緩、姿勢(shì)反射障礙等組成的運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,及以神經(jīng)精神癥狀、認(rèn)知障礙、睡眠相關(guān)障礙、自主神經(jīng)癥狀、胃腸道紊亂、感覺異常等組成的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀(non-motor symptoms,NMS)。NMS常在PD運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀出現(xiàn)之前或更早期出現(xiàn),易被忽視。一項(xiàng)多中心研究[1]證實(shí)NMS是導(dǎo)致PD患者晚期致殘及生活質(zhì)量下降的主要原因,可作為對(duì)PD患者殘疾及生活質(zhì)量預(yù)測(cè)及評(píng)估的重要指標(biāo)[2]。近年研究表明PD的發(fā)病及進(jìn)展與多種炎性細(xì)胞激活、浸潤(rùn),及其分泌的炎性因子、趨化因子相互作用所介導(dǎo)的炎癥反應(yīng)激活與放大相關(guān)。趨化因子(Chemokines,CK)是一類趨化細(xì)胞定向移動(dòng)的細(xì)胞因子,MCP-1、MIP-1α作為CK的典型代表,可作用于炎癥反應(yīng)的多個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。相關(guān)報(bào)道發(fā)現(xiàn)腦脊液中炎性標(biāo)志物水平與PD患者抑郁、焦慮等相關(guān),腦脊液MCP-1水平與抑郁程度也明顯相關(guān)。陳生弟等[3]發(fā)現(xiàn)PD早期患者外周血MIP-1α水平與抑郁、RBD呈負(fù)相關(guān),提示特異性CK可能與PD伴發(fā)抑郁及RBD等NMS相關(guān)。
本研究通過(guò)檢測(cè)PD患者外周血MCP-1、MIP-1α水平,探討其與PD,尤其是NMS之間的相關(guān)性。
1.1 研究對(duì)象及分組 選擇2016年5月-2016年12月就診于沈陽(yáng)軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科的原發(fā)性PD患者67例,診斷符合中華醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)神經(jīng)病學(xué)分會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)障礙及帕金森病學(xué)組制定的原發(fā)性PD診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。男37例,女30例,年齡(40~85)歲,平均(64.58±10.69)歲,病程(1~20)年,平均(6.22±4.29)年。排除近期感染(如近期發(fā)燒、外周血白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)超過(guò)正常)、腫瘤、免疫系統(tǒng)疾病、長(zhǎng)期慢性感染、2個(gè)月內(nèi)應(yīng)用抗生素、應(yīng)用非甾體類抗炎藥及免疫抑制劑者。排除不能配合檢查及合并精神疾病者。正常對(duì)照組34例,為同期健康體檢者。男20例、女14例,年齡(40~85)歲,平均(62.15±9.50)歲。兩組性別及年齡匹配。
1.2 方法 肘正中靜脈采血5 ml,自然凝固,1 h內(nèi)離心,分離血清,分裝后保存于-80 ℃冰箱內(nèi)。采用生物素雙抗體夾心酶聯(lián)免疫吸附法(Enzyme-Linked Immunolsorbent Assay,ELISA)定量測(cè)定血清中MCP-1、MIP-1α水平。
1.3 PD患者運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀與非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀評(píng)估 采用UPDRSⅢ評(píng)分和Hoehn-Yahr分級(jí)對(duì)PD運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀進(jìn)行評(píng)估及分級(jí)。PD早期為1~2級(jí)、中晚期為2.5~5級(jí)。采用PD非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀評(píng)定量表(NMSQuest)對(duì)非運(yùn)動(dòng)功能損害進(jìn)行評(píng)估,采用HAMD、HAMA分別對(duì)抑郁、焦慮狀態(tài)進(jìn)行評(píng)估,HAMD>20分確定存在抑郁狀態(tài),HAMA>14分確定存在焦慮狀態(tài);采用MMSE量表評(píng)估認(rèn)知功能,MMSE<27分確定存在認(rèn)知功能障礙,27≤MMSE≤30確定認(rèn)知功能正常。
2.1 PD組與對(duì)照組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平比較 PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平分別為(43.08±12.00)ng/L、(23.96±6.18)ng/L;對(duì)照組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平分別為(20.90±11.36)ng/L、(9.15±4.16)ng/L。PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平均顯著高于對(duì)照組,差異極顯著(P<0.01)。
2.2 不同分期PD患者血清MCP-1、MCP-1α水平比較 按H-Y分級(jí)對(duì)PD組進(jìn)行分組比較,1~2級(jí)為早期組;2.5~5級(jí)為中晚期組。結(jié)果表明PD早期血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平分別為(33.79±4.45)ng/L、(18.85±2.51)ng/L;PD中晚期血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平分別為(50.18±11.06)ng/L、(27.86±5.23)ng/L;PD中晚期血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平顯著高于PD早期,差異極顯著(P<0.01)。
2.3 伴發(fā)不同NMS的PD患者血清MCP-1、MCP-1α水平比較 采用HAMD、HAMA、MMSE評(píng)分將PD組患者分為抑郁組與非抑郁組、焦慮組與非焦慮組、認(rèn)知障礙組與認(rèn)知正常組,分組比較各組間血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平。結(jié)果表明抑郁組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平高于非抑郁組,差異極顯著(P<0.01)(見表1);認(rèn)知障礙組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平高于認(rèn)知功能正常組,差異極顯著(P<0.01)(見表2);焦慮組與非焦慮組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平無(wú)顯著性差異(P>0.05)。
2.4 PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與UPDRSⅢ、NMSQuest、HAMD、HAMA、MMSE評(píng)分的相關(guān)性分析 采用UPDRSⅢ、NMSQuest、HAMD、HAMA、MMSE分別對(duì)PD組患者運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀、非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀、抑郁、焦慮、認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行評(píng)分。采用Pearson直線相關(guān)分析PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與各評(píng)分的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果表明PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與UPDRSⅢ、NMSQuest、HAMD、HAMA評(píng)分呈正相關(guān),與MMSE評(píng)分呈負(fù)相關(guān)(見表3)。
2.5 不同分期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與HAMD、HAMA、MMSE評(píng)分相關(guān)性分析 采用Pearson直線相關(guān)分析分別對(duì)早、中晚期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與各評(píng)分的相關(guān)性,結(jié)果表明早期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與HAMD評(píng)分呈顯著正相關(guān)(見圖1、圖2);中晚期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與MMSE評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(見圖3、圖4);早、中晚期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與HAMA 均無(wú)相關(guān)性。
表1 抑郁組與非抑郁組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α 水平比較
與非抑郁組比較*P均<0.01
表2 認(rèn)知功能障礙組與認(rèn)知功能正常組血清 MCP-1、MIP-1α水平比較
與認(rèn)知功能正常組比較*P均<0.01
表3 PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與UPDRSⅢ HAMD、HAMA、MMSE評(píng)分相關(guān)性(r)
雙變量相關(guān)性△P<0.01,*P<0.05
圖1 早期PD患者血清MCP-1水平與HAMD評(píng)分相關(guān)性分析
圖2 早期PD患者血清MIP-1α水平與HAMD評(píng)分相關(guān)性分析
圖3 中晚期PD患者血清MCP-1水平與MMSE評(píng)分相關(guān)性分析
圖4 中晚期PD患者血清MIP-1α水平與MMSE評(píng)分相關(guān)性分析
近年研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD病程中通常伴隨著免疫炎癥的發(fā)生,表現(xiàn)為膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞激活、外周免疫細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)、免疫復(fù)合物沉積,并產(chǎn)生與釋放大量的促炎細(xì)胞因子。多種炎癥細(xì)胞激活、浸潤(rùn),并與其分泌的細(xì)胞因子相互作用,介導(dǎo)了炎癥的激活與放大。Block等[5]發(fā)現(xiàn)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞作為腦內(nèi)固有的免疫細(xì)胞,在免疫刺激和神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞死亡后,會(huì)持續(xù)活化,并產(chǎn)生促炎因子如 TNF-α、PGE2、IFN-γ等,引起多巴胺能神經(jīng)元凋亡,多巴胺能神經(jīng)元損傷可能又進(jìn)一步加劇了炎癥反應(yīng)。Gordon等[6]在PD小鼠實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)P椭邪l(fā)現(xiàn)小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞上蛋白激酶Cδ上調(diào)能驅(qū)動(dòng)神經(jīng)炎癥反應(yīng)和多巴胺能神經(jīng)元退行性變。藥理抑制蛋白激酶Cδ和基因敲除能夠抑制NF-κB活化,減少細(xì)胞因子和CK的釋放,減輕炎癥反應(yīng)。
一些研究證實(shí)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)MCP-1、MIP-1α等CK通過(guò)與相應(yīng)受體結(jié)合,參與PD等神經(jīng)退行性疾病的發(fā)生發(fā)展。Nagata等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)PD患者腦脊液中MCP-1水平顯著高于脊髓小腦共濟(jì)失調(diào)患者及健康人群。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD組患者外周血MCP-1、MIP-1α水平顯著高于正常對(duì)照組,PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與反應(yīng)PD運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀的UPDRS Ⅲ評(píng)分呈正相關(guān)。對(duì)不同臨床分期的PD患者進(jìn)行分組比較,結(jié)果表明中晚期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平顯著高于早期PD患者,提示血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平隨病情加重而增高,可能與PD的進(jìn)展相關(guān)。
TANG[8]等在體外實(shí)驗(yàn)中發(fā)現(xiàn)紋狀體神經(jīng)細(xì)胞死亡后,MCP-1和MIP-1α對(duì)于誘導(dǎo)腦室下區(qū)(SVZ)來(lái)源的神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞遷移具有重要作用。并在體內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)中通過(guò)檢測(cè)成年大鼠MCP-1、MIP-1α濃度,分析腦室下區(qū)神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞遷移的個(gè)體效應(yīng)。研究結(jié)果提示MCP-1、MIP-1α能夠顯著增加腦室下區(qū)神經(jīng)前體細(xì)胞遷移到紋狀體的密度,證實(shí)了MCP-1和MIP-1α對(duì)于紋狀體神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的趨化作用。Lindqvist等[9]發(fā)現(xiàn)腦脊液中MCP-1、MIP-1β、IL-6、CRP等水平與PD患者抑郁、焦慮、疲勞和認(rèn)知嚴(yán)重程度呈正相關(guān),腦脊液中MCP-1與抑郁嚴(yán)重程度顯著相關(guān)。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)PD組患者外周血MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與抑郁、焦慮、認(rèn)知障礙顯著相關(guān),早期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與抑郁呈顯著正相關(guān);中晚期PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與認(rèn)知功能障礙呈顯著正相關(guān)。與Lindqvist等結(jié)論一致。
抑郁為PD患者最常見的非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀[10]。已證實(shí)腦內(nèi)某些神經(jīng)環(huán)路,尤其是邊緣葉-皮質(zhì)紋狀體-蒼白球-丘腦環(huán)路在抑郁發(fā)生中起重要作用[11]。研究證實(shí)[12]PD早期,藍(lán)斑、中縫核及腦橋相關(guān)核團(tuán)受損,中縫核、藍(lán)斑主要為5-HT、去甲腎上腺素能神經(jīng)元,5-HT是調(diào)控情感活動(dòng)的重要神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)。PD患者5-HT系統(tǒng)廣泛變性,其病理改變?cè)缬诤谫|(zhì)紋狀體多巴胺能神經(jīng)元變性,導(dǎo)致抑郁先于運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀出現(xiàn)。與未伴發(fā)抑郁的PD患者比較,伴發(fā)抑郁者中縫背核5-HT能神經(jīng)元丟失更多,暗示了5-HT水平的異常變化與抑郁嚴(yán)重程度有明顯相關(guān)性[13]。隨著疾病進(jìn)展,腦內(nèi)神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)包括5-HT、多巴胺、去甲腎上腺素等水平發(fā)生明顯變化,抑郁程度進(jìn)而加重[14]。本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)伴發(fā)抑郁、認(rèn)知功能障礙的PD患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平明顯高于未伴發(fā)抑郁、認(rèn)知功能障礙的PD患者。提示MCP-1、MIP-1α水平可能可以作為PD合并抑郁、認(rèn)知功能障礙診斷的一個(gè)指標(biāo)。
PD伴發(fā)焦慮多在臨床確診PD之前1 y出現(xiàn),認(rèn)為是運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀出現(xiàn)前期的危險(xiǎn)因素。Gaenshen等[15]通過(guò)問卷調(diào)查的形式,分析96例PD患者19項(xiàng)非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀和6項(xiàng)早期運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀,發(fā)現(xiàn)焦慮早于運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀出現(xiàn)。本研究結(jié)果表明血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與HAMA評(píng)分呈顯著正相關(guān),但是,伴焦慮PD組患者血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與未伴焦慮PD組比較無(wú)顯著性差異。
超過(guò)80%的PD患者有認(rèn)知功能損害,近30%發(fā)展為癡呆,約為正常組的6倍[16]。早期識(shí)別認(rèn)知功能障礙,并給予治療,可明顯改善患者的生活質(zhì)量。本研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)中晚期PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與MMSE評(píng)分呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與認(rèn)知功能障礙顯著相關(guān)。Braak等提出PD的病理進(jìn)程可按照路易體出現(xiàn)的先后分為6期。認(rèn)知功能障礙出現(xiàn)在PD病理進(jìn)程的5、6期,即路易體已累及邊緣系統(tǒng)、新皮質(zhì)。PD患者非運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀至運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間約為10~20 y[17]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)PD組血清MCP-1、MIP-1α水平與其運(yùn)動(dòng)癥狀、抑郁、焦慮、認(rèn)知功能等均密切相關(guān),提示其可能有助于PD病變程度的監(jiān)測(cè)。
近年來(lái)對(duì)MCP-1、MIP-1α為代表的CK家族與PD相關(guān)性的研究報(bào)道較多,Thome等[18]通過(guò)敲除趨化因子受體基因的小鼠PD模型與未敲除趨化因子受體基因小鼠比較,前者的小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞吞噬能力減弱,炎癥反應(yīng)減輕。通過(guò)MCP-1、MIP-1α受體拮抗劑、敲除CK及其受體基因、功能性封閉抗體等方法,將有助于PD的診斷治療,進(jìn)而延緩疾病進(jìn)展。
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The correlation between the serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1、macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease
DONGKun,NIUPing,SUCen,etal.
(JinzhouMedicalUniversity,GeneralHospitalofShenyangMilitaryRegionofPLATrainingBaseforGraduate,Jinzhou121001,China)
Objective To detect the serum concentration of MCP-1,MIP-1α and to explore the correlation with PD,especially the NMS.Methods The serum levels of MCP-1 and MIP-1α of 67 patients with PD and 34 healthy subjects with age and sex matched were measured by ELISA.By using the UPDRSⅢ and Hoehn-Yahr classification the motor function was evaluated,which can be divided into the early and the late.The NMSQuest is used to evaluate the general NMS.With the use of HAMD、HAMA、MMSE, the depression、 anxiety、cognitive function were assessed and correlation between the serum MCP-1,MIP-1α levels and all scale scores by Pearson correlation analysis.Results The serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α levels were significantly higher than the control group(P<0.01).The serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α levels were significantly correlated with the scores of HAMD、HAMA and MMSE,especially the serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α levels in the early of PD were significantly positively correlated with the HAMD scores,the serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α levels in the late of PD was significantly negatively correlated with the MMSE scores.The serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α levels in the late of PD were significantly higher than that of the early of PD(P<0.01).The levels of the serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α were significantly higher in PD patients combined with depression and cognitive impairment than those without depression and cognitive impairment(P<0.01).Conclusion The serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD,and have significant positively correlation with depression in the early stage of PD and significantly positively correlation with cognitive impairment in PD.The levels of the serum MCP-1 and MIP-1α in PD were increased with the aggravate of motor symptoms and NMS such as depression and cognitive function.
Non-motor symptoms; MCP-1; MIP-1α; Depression; Anxiety
1003-2754(2017)04-0312-04
2017-02-13;
2017-03-29
遼寧省科技攻關(guān)課題(No.2010225003)
(1.錦州醫(yī)科大學(xué)中國(guó)人民解放軍沈陽(yáng)軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院研究生培養(yǎng)基地,遼寧 錦州 121001;2.沈陽(yáng)軍區(qū)總醫(yī)院神經(jīng)內(nèi)科,遼寧 沈陽(yáng) 110016)
牛 平,E-mail:np0702@sina.com
R742.5
A