胡紅巖,任相亮,姜偉麗,馬小艷,馬亞杰,馬 艷
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 棉花研究所/棉花生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河南 安陽(yáng) 455000)
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉寄主范圍、生物學(xué)特性及其應(yīng)用研究進(jìn)展
胡紅巖,任相亮,姜偉麗,馬小艷,馬亞杰,馬 艷*
(中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院 棉花研究所/棉花生物學(xué)國(guó)家重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,河南 安陽(yáng) 455000)
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉是一種重要的昆蟲(chóng)病原真菌,自然界分布廣泛,在農(nóng)林害蟲(chóng)生物防治中具有廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。系統(tǒng)總結(jié)了根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的地理分布和寄主范圍,對(duì)其生物學(xué)特性、田間流行及其影響因子進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)闡述,并對(duì)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的應(yīng)用研究現(xiàn)狀及制劑研究最新進(jìn)展進(jìn)行綜述,探討了根蟲(chóng)瘟霉制劑研究中存在的問(wèn)題,為蟲(chóng)霉資源的開(kāi)發(fā)和生物防治應(yīng)用策略的制定提供理論依據(jù)。
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉; 生物學(xué)特性; 田間流行; 種群動(dòng)態(tài); 生物防治
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉(Zoophthoraradicans)是蟲(chóng)霉目真菌中一種常見(jiàn)的昆蟲(chóng)專性病原真菌,在分類上屬于蟲(chóng)霉科蟲(chóng)瘟霉屬,廣泛分布于全世界。其寄主范圍廣泛,在自然條件下可侵染鱗翅目、雙翅目、同翅目和膜翅目等類群的昆蟲(chóng)。根蟲(chóng)瘟霉通過(guò)自動(dòng)彈射孢子侵染寄主,在適宜的環(huán)境條件下能引起大豆、小麥、水稻和甘藍(lán)等作物上豌豆蚜(Acyrthosiphonpisum)[1]、稻縱卷葉螟(Cnaphalocrocismedinalis)[2]、小菜蛾(Plutellaxylostella)[3]、歐洲粉蝶(Pierisbrassicae)[4]和微葉蟬(Empoascakraemeri)[5]等多種昆蟲(chóng)流行病的發(fā)生,從而降低田間害蟲(chóng)種群數(shù)量。基于這種流行學(xué)特征,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉被認(rèn)為是調(diào)節(jié)害蟲(chóng)種群動(dòng)態(tài)變化的一種自然因子,在害蟲(chóng)生物防治中起著重要作用[4,6]。
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉是目前國(guó)際上研究最多的蟲(chóng)霉之一,從20世紀(jì)七八十年代起,人們對(duì)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的寄主范圍、生物學(xué)特性、體外培養(yǎng)、貯存及制劑等方面進(jìn)行了廣泛研究,并開(kāi)展了一系列田間試驗(yàn),在害蟲(chóng)種群控制方面取得了較好效果[7-8]。在我國(guó),其流行最早見(jiàn)于云南、四川、江蘇和浙江等地茶園的小綠葉蟬(Empoascaflavescens)[9]和茶尺蠖(Ectropisobliquehypulina)[10]害蟲(chóng)種群。雖然我國(guó)對(duì)蟲(chóng)生真菌的應(yīng)用研究起步較晚,但近幾十年來(lái),在根蟲(chóng)瘟霉生物學(xué)特性、致病機(jī)制及制劑研究等方面也有了較大進(jìn)展[11-13]。為此,就國(guó)內(nèi)外有關(guān)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的應(yīng)用研究現(xiàn)狀進(jìn)行了綜述,為蟲(chóng)生真菌資源的開(kāi)發(fā)和利用提供參考。
1.1 地理分布
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉是研究最早的昆蟲(chóng)病原微生物之一。早在1856年,德國(guó)學(xué)者Fresenius首次在菜粉蝶上發(fā)現(xiàn)并描述了該菌的休眠孢子,將其命名為圓孢蟲(chóng)霉(Entomophthorasphaerosperma)[14]。Brefeld于1877年報(bào)道了一種鱗翅目幼蟲(chóng)感染該菌,并將其更名為根蟲(chóng)瘟霉(Entomophthoraradicans)[14],隨后有關(guān)該菌的報(bào)道逐漸增多。由于蟲(chóng)霉目真菌種類繁多,有關(guān)蟲(chóng)瘟霉的分類一直較為混亂。Batko于1964年將Zoophthora從蟲(chóng)霉屬(EntomophthoraFresenius)中分出,將E.radicans更名為Z.radicans,并以Z.radicans為模式種建立蟲(chóng)瘟霉屬,該命名已逐漸為一些學(xué)者所認(rèn)可[15]。目前,在美國(guó)、加拿大、澳大利亞、中國(guó)大陸和臺(tái)灣等許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)均有根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的分布[16-17]。
1.2 寄主范圍
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉是自然界一種常見(jiàn)的蟲(chóng)霉,能侵染小麥、玉米、棉花、大豆、苜蓿、甘藍(lán)等農(nóng)作物和蔬菜害蟲(chóng),也是茶園、果園和其他樹(shù)木常見(jiàn)害蟲(chóng)的重要病原微生物。結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)外研究報(bào)道,對(duì)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的寄主范圍進(jìn)行了總結(jié),如表1所示,其寄主涵蓋鱗翅目的菜蛾科(Plutellidae)、螟蛾科(Pyralidae)、卷蛾科(Tortricidae)、夜蛾科(Noctuidae)、尺蛾科(Geometridae)、粉蝶科(Pieridae)、弄蝶科(Hesperidae),半翅目的突眼蝽科(Thaumastocoridae)、網(wǎng)蝽科(Tingidae)、葉蟬科(Cicadellidae)、尖胸沫蟬科(Aphrophoridae)、粉虱科(Aleyrodidae)、木虱科(Psyllidae)、飛虱科(Delphacidae)、蚜科(Aphididae),鞘翅目的象甲科(Curculionidae)、葉甲科(Chrysomelidae),膜翅目的三節(jié)葉蜂科(Argidae)、姬蜂科(Ichneumonidae)和金小蜂科(Pteromalidae)等。另外,在雙翅目、毛翅目、襀翅目的一些昆蟲(chóng)上也有根蟲(chóng)瘟霉感染。
續(xù)表1 根蟲(chóng)瘟霉寄主范圍
2.1 生物學(xué)特性
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉分生孢子梗呈掌狀分枝,可產(chǎn)生初生分生孢子、次生分生孢子和次生毛管孢子,在不利環(huán)境條件下形成休眠孢子。根蟲(chóng)瘟霉通過(guò)穿透體壁的方式侵染并殺死寄主,感病后的蟲(chóng)體由初期的黃色變?yōu)楹稚?,體表覆蓋黃白色的子實(shí)體。分生孢子彈出后,蟲(chóng)尸兩側(cè)彈射出灰白色或黃褐色的分生孢子堆。李增智[14]和賈春生等[12]對(duì)該菌的分生孢子形態(tài)特征及侵染癥狀做了詳細(xì)描述。
溫度和濕度對(duì)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)孢有很大的影響。研究認(rèn)為,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉菌落生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)孢的適宜溫度范圍是20~25 ℃[17]。10 ℃條件下也有孢子形成,隨著溫度的上升,菌落的生長(zhǎng)速度不斷加快。高溫不利于孢子形成和萌發(fā),30 ℃時(shí)蟲(chóng)霉產(chǎn)孢量明顯下降,溫度超過(guò)35 ℃則不產(chǎn)生初生分生孢子[48]。根蟲(chóng)瘟霉孢子的存活對(duì)環(huán)境濕度有很高的要求,在相對(duì)濕度95%~100%條件下,孢子存活率達(dá)到95%,但隨著濕度的降低存活率下降,在相對(duì)濕度60%下保存1 h,孢子存活率已不足10%[49]。
2.2 田間流行及影響因子
蟲(chóng)霉的侵染、流行時(shí)間及流行程度與田間環(huán)境濕度密切相關(guān)。蟲(chóng)霉孢子的形成和萌發(fā)需要較高的濕度環(huán)境[49]。當(dāng)環(huán)境相對(duì)濕度為90%,每天持續(xù)8 h以上,新蚜蟲(chóng)癘霉(Pandoraneoaphidis)和弗雷生新接霉(Neozygitesfresenii)可以在蚜蟲(chóng)種群中流行[50]。夜間是根蟲(chóng)瘟霉真菌孢子形成和釋放的高峰期[7],夜間葉片周圍長(zhǎng)時(shí)間較高的空氣濕度有利于真菌孢子的萌發(fā),在少雨的天氣,夜間凝結(jié)的露水為蟲(chóng)霉孢子的萌發(fā)提供了所需的濕度環(huán)境[31]。在水稻田中,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉侵染水稻害蟲(chóng)稻縱卷葉螟,能在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)摧毀害蟲(chóng)種群,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的大規(guī)模流行與稻田適宜的濕度環(huán)境有很大關(guān)系[2,12]。因此,改善和提高田間相對(duì)濕度,有利于蟲(chóng)霉真菌的發(fā)生和流行[1]。降雨也是影響蟲(chóng)霉田間流行的一個(gè)重要因素,4月份隨著雨季的到來(lái),根蟲(chóng)瘟霉在大豆微葉蟬種群中開(kāi)始流行,雨季結(jié)束后,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的侵染不斷增加,5月中旬達(dá)到侵染高峰[31]。
分生孢子在寄主體表附著后,萌發(fā)并穿透寄主體壁是蟲(chóng)霉成功侵染的前提,寄主體表特征在一定程度上影響侵染效率及侵染程度。研究表明,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉對(duì)微葉蟬頭、胸、腹部的侵染能力有很大差異,附著胞更容易穿透腹部節(jié)間膜,而對(duì)頭胸的穿透能力相對(duì)較弱[5]。與葉蟬相比,蚜蟲(chóng)體表更為柔軟,更適合蟲(chóng)霉的侵染[51]。寄主的不同發(fā)育階段對(duì)蟲(chóng)霉的侵染效率也有一定的影響,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉更容易侵染微葉蟬幼蟲(chóng),而對(duì)成蟲(chóng)的致病力則較弱[31]。蟲(chóng)霉對(duì)小菜蛾不同齡期幼蟲(chóng)的致病力也有很大差異,對(duì)1齡和2齡幼蟲(chóng)致死率高達(dá)98.68%,而對(duì)3齡和4齡幼蟲(chóng)的致死率僅為21.34%[52]。蟲(chóng)霉的侵染依賴分生孢子的傳播,寄主密度和聚集程度越高,感病寄主彈射出的分生孢子接觸其他寄主的機(jī)會(huì)越大,越有利于真菌病害的流行和發(fā)生。蚜蟲(chóng)具有孤雌胎生、生長(zhǎng)周期短、繁殖快等特征,種群能在較短時(shí)間內(nèi)快速增長(zhǎng),當(dāng)辣椒上蚜蟲(chóng)密度達(dá)到123.7頭/株時(shí),田間可以觀察到被真菌侵染的蚜蟲(chóng),隨后感病蚜蟲(chóng)的數(shù)量不斷增加,感染率高達(dá)100%,此后田間蚜蟲(chóng)數(shù)量急劇下降[43]。種群密度是引發(fā)真菌大規(guī)模流行的一個(gè)必要條件,寄主種群密度達(dá)到一定閾值,可引起根蟲(chóng)瘟霉流行病的發(fā)生,對(duì)寄主種群起到調(diào)控的作用[6]。害蟲(chóng)種群密度較低時(shí),蟲(chóng)霉對(duì)害蟲(chóng)的生物控制作用很小,往往會(huì)被人們忽略[53]。
由于太陽(yáng)輻射對(duì)蟲(chóng)霉孢子具有很強(qiáng)的殺傷力,能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)降低分生孢子活力,因此,光照時(shí)長(zhǎng)及強(qiáng)度也是決定田間孢子能否萌發(fā)的一個(gè)重要因素。田間溫和日光照射4 h對(duì)分生孢子的侵染力沒(méi)有顯著影響,而模擬的強(qiáng)日光照射4 h之后,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的致病力大大降低[3]。除環(huán)境因素外,寄生蜂的寄生以及蚜蟲(chóng)的遷飛等行為也可在一定程度上促進(jìn)蟲(chóng)霉的傳播[47,54]。
3.1 根蟲(chóng)瘟霉在害蟲(chóng)生物防治中的應(yīng)用
在適宜的條件下,蟲(chóng)霉能夠引發(fā)害蟲(chóng)真菌病的大規(guī)模流行,可以作為害蟲(chóng)種群自然控制的一種重要因子。蟲(chóng)霉在害蟲(chóng)生物防治方面的應(yīng)用潛力很早就引起人們的重視,澳大利亞從以色列引入根蟲(chóng)瘟霉后,田間三葉草彩斑蚜種群得到有效控制[7]。通過(guò)異地引種的方式將根蟲(chóng)瘟霉引入澳大利亞用于防治三葉草彩斑蚜,成為利用根蟲(chóng)瘟霉防治害蟲(chóng)最經(jīng)典的例子。在田間接種少量孢子或釋放感病蟲(chóng)體即可引起蟲(chóng)霉在害蟲(chóng)種群中侵染。將根蟲(chóng)瘟霉引入到美國(guó)伊利諾斯州葉蟬種群,1 a后觀察到根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的感染,隨著感染率的上升,葉蟬種群被成功控制[55]。通過(guò)在溫室大棚中釋放感病小菜蛾,將根蟲(chóng)瘟霉引入到甘藍(lán)田,大棚中小菜蛾真菌感染水平達(dá)到79%[56]。
在田間噴灑根蟲(chóng)瘟霉孢子懸浮液,可用于防治作物和蔬菜害蟲(chóng)。但由于蟲(chóng)霉孢子的大量培養(yǎng)較為困難,而且孢子對(duì)環(huán)境敏感,田間誘病效果差,因此在田間直接噴灑分生孢子受到諸多限制。近幾年在小菜蛾的生物防治方面,研究人員探索出一條根蟲(chóng)瘟霉防治小菜蛾的新思路,即將根蟲(chóng)瘟霉放置在小菜蛾性信息素誘捕器中,受性誘劑的吸引,小菜蛾雄蟲(chóng)進(jìn)入誘捕器并接觸到根蟲(chóng)瘟霉,感染的雄蟲(chóng)飛回田間從而引發(fā)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的田間流行[8,57-58]。
根蟲(chóng)瘟霉在田間的應(yīng)用效果受到多種因素的影響,在改善田間耕作和栽培管理的基礎(chǔ)上,創(chuàng)造有利于根蟲(chóng)瘟霉侵染循環(huán)的條件,可以促進(jìn)害蟲(chóng)流行病的發(fā)生。Pickering等[1]研究了2種灌溉方式對(duì)新蚜蟲(chóng)癘霉和根蟲(chóng)瘟霉流行的影響,結(jié)果表明,噴灌條件下有利于新蚜蟲(chóng)癘霉和根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的流行,豌豆蚜更易受到2種真菌的侵染,而滴灌條件下真菌感染率極低。因此,可以通過(guò)灌溉提高田間相對(duì)濕度,促進(jìn)真菌孢子的侵染循環(huán)。
3.2 根蟲(chóng)瘟霉制劑研究現(xiàn)狀
在根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的生產(chǎn)工藝和制劑加工方面,目前主要是針對(duì)菌絲體的繁殖而開(kāi)展的。根蟲(chóng)瘟霉菌絲繁殖對(duì)培養(yǎng)基的營(yíng)養(yǎng)要求比較高,在普通的薩氏培養(yǎng)基(SDAY)上難以生長(zhǎng),但容易在蛋黃牛奶培養(yǎng)基(SEMA)上培養(yǎng),轉(zhuǎn)接到含有乳化芝麻油的薩氏培養(yǎng)液(SDY)中可以極大提高菌絲產(chǎn)量[59]。可以將菌絲充分干燥并于低溫保存,使用時(shí)復(fù)水即可恢復(fù)菌絲活性。干燥的菌絲雖然能在低溫下保存較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,但是在冷凍和粉碎的過(guò)程中菌絲活性被嚴(yán)重破壞,在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用上仍存在許多技術(shù)難題[60]。
近年來(lái),蟲(chóng)霉制劑研究進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的階段,即用吸濕保濕的材料對(duì)菌絲體進(jìn)行包埋,并制成顆粒劑,混合粒劑能夠吸收空氣中的水分,當(dāng)水分含量達(dá)到一定程度可使菌絲活化,恢復(fù)彈孢功能[61]。研究人員在包埋載體材料方面進(jìn)行了很多探索,曾嘗試用丙烯酰胺淀粉凝膠和海藻酸鹽等吸水性材料作為載體對(duì)菌絲進(jìn)行包埋,但是由于工藝復(fù)雜、成本高、菌絲產(chǎn)孢能力差及田間應(yīng)用效果不佳等難題的存在,菌絲包埋技術(shù)未能達(dá)到蟲(chóng)霉制劑規(guī)模化和商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的要求[58,62]。
經(jīng)過(guò)多年的探索和積累,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者在蟲(chóng)霉的培養(yǎng)和制劑研究方面取得了新的進(jìn)展,浙江大學(xué)馮明光教授團(tuán)隊(duì)利用黍米作為蟲(chóng)霉菌絲培養(yǎng)基質(zhì),將黍米和蟲(chóng)霉混合后制成黍米培養(yǎng)物顆粒。研究表明,黍米可以作為培養(yǎng)蟲(chóng)霉的一種天然營(yíng)養(yǎng)基質(zhì),據(jù)此制成的飛虱蟲(chóng)癘霉(Pandoradelphacis)、新蚜蟲(chóng)癘霉和根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的黍米顆粒物,產(chǎn)孢活力大、持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),在產(chǎn)孢性能和對(duì)小菜蛾的侵染力等方面與天然病死蟲(chóng)尸一致[13,63-64]。將黍米和高吸水凝膠粉或海藻酸鹽按比例混合后接入蟲(chóng)霉,制成黍米凝膠和黍米海藻酸鹽2種顆粒,其單粒產(chǎn)孢量和產(chǎn)孢時(shí)間均優(yōu)于單頭蚜尸[65]。用黍米培養(yǎng)物顆粒模擬蟲(chóng)霉致死蟲(chóng)尸的方法,是蟲(chóng)霉菌絲體繁殖和制劑研究的一次突破,技術(shù)更為簡(jiǎn)單,生產(chǎn)成本更低,對(duì)于其他蟲(chóng)霉的培養(yǎng)及制劑開(kāi)發(fā)具有借鑒意義。迄今為止,蟲(chóng)霉的劑型化研究還處于探索階段,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉制劑的商業(yè)化之路仍面臨很多挑戰(zhàn)。
化學(xué)農(nóng)藥的大量使用帶來(lái)的生態(tài)破壞和環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題日益加重,糧食安全生產(chǎn)已經(jīng)成為人們所關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn),尋找環(huán)保、高效的生物農(nóng)藥將是保證糧食安全,促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要途徑之一。蟲(chóng)生真菌作為一種重要的昆蟲(chóng)病原真菌,不僅種類多、數(shù)量大,在自然條件下能引起害蟲(chóng)流行病的發(fā)生,而且對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)污染,持續(xù)期長(zhǎng),為蟲(chóng)生真菌的應(yīng)用展示了美好的前景。自20世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái),各國(guó)科研工作者對(duì)蟲(chóng)生真菌的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行了大量研究,并研制和開(kāi)發(fā)了多種蟲(chóng)生真菌殺蟲(chóng)劑,如白僵菌、綠僵菌、蠟蚧輪枝菌和玫煙色擬青霉等。
雖然有關(guān)蟲(chóng)生真菌殺蟲(chóng)劑的開(kāi)發(fā)利用取得了一定進(jìn)展,成為害蟲(chóng)生物防治的新途徑,但是目前根蟲(chóng)瘟霉在生物防治中的應(yīng)用還處于試驗(yàn)階段。其規(guī)?;a(chǎn)一直未有突破,主要原因是根蟲(chóng)瘟霉的大量培養(yǎng)、制劑的生產(chǎn)及貯存等方面仍然存在很多問(wèn)題。另外,根蟲(chóng)瘟霉孢子的萌發(fā)、侵染和流行需要高濕環(huán)境,且容易受到紫外線的影響,因而其田間防治效果不穩(wěn)定,持續(xù)期短,這也是限制根蟲(chóng)瘟霉應(yīng)用的一個(gè)重要原因。
近年來(lái),分子生物學(xué)和生物工程技術(shù)的進(jìn)步極大地促進(jìn)了真菌殺蟲(chóng)劑的發(fā)展。例如通過(guò)基因工程技術(shù)將外源毒力基因?qū)肜ハx(chóng)病原真菌,獲得高致病力菌株,可提高昆蟲(chóng)病原真菌的殺蟲(chóng)活性。在今后的研究中,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉分子生物學(xué)和劑型方面的研究,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)對(duì)根蟲(chóng)瘟霉進(jìn)行遺傳改良,改進(jìn)生產(chǎn)工藝和制劑形式,提高制劑貨架壽命,這將是根蟲(chóng)瘟霉制劑開(kāi)發(fā)的重要方向。
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Review of Host Range,Biological Characters and Application ofZoophthoraradicans
HU Hongyan,REN Xiangliang,JIANG Weili,MA Xiaoyan,MA Yajie,MA Yan*
(Institute of Cotton Research,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology,Anyang 455000,China)
As an important pathogenic fungus of insect pests,Zoophthoraradicanswidely exists in the natural environment and has broad application prospects in biocontrol of agricultural and forest pests.In this paper,the geographical distribution and host range ofZ.radicanswere summarized systematically,the biological characters,prevailing and impact factors were detailedly described,the status of field application and the advances in preparations ofZ.radicanswere reviewed,and at last the existent problems in the research of preparations were discussed,to provide theoretical basis for the development and utilization of entomogenous fungus resources,and the strategy choice of biocontrol application.
Zoophthoraradicans; biological characters; field epidemic; population dynamics; biocontrol
2016-08-02
國(guó)家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012BAD19B05-002)
胡紅巖(1986-),女,河南鶴壁人,研究實(shí)習(xí)員,博士,主要從事昆蟲(chóng)生態(tài)與分子生物學(xué)研究。 E-mail:huhongyan1986@163.com
S433;S476
A
1004-3268(2017)03-0013-07