日糧中添加微量元素與添加劑對蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響研究

張露露，王東升

（1.北京中農(nóng)榜樣蛋雞育種有限責(zé)任公司，北京 102100；2.上海光明荷斯坦牧業(yè)有限公司，上海 200436）

日糧中添加微量元素與添加劑對蛋殼品質(zhì)的影響研究

張露露1，王東升2

（1.北京中農(nóng)榜樣蛋雞育種有限責(zé)任公司，北京 102100；2.上海光明荷斯坦牧業(yè)有限公司，上海 200436）

近年來，關(guān)于營養(yǎng)對蛋殼指數(shù)影響的研究主要集中在日糧中微量元素的水平及來源，而飼料添加劑可改善腸道健康及礦物質(zhì)吸收利用率也會影響蛋殼的質(zhì)量。產(chǎn)蛋雞日糧中添加劑和微量元素利用的研究結(jié)果并不一致。研究表明，一定條件下，日糧錳的水平及錳的存在形式，還有其他添加劑如益生菌、有機酸及中草藥提取物等，都對蛋殼品質(zhì)有顯著的影響。文章概述了影響蛋殼品質(zhì)的因素，特別是在微量元素及添加劑方面?？偨Y(jié)和探討了日糧鈣、磷及維生素D3的水平和來源對蛋殼品質(zhì)影響的研究成果。

蛋雞；營養(yǎng)；蛋殼質(zhì)量；微量元素；添加劑

蛋殼質(zhì)量差是家禽業(yè)一直存在的重要問題，不僅降低蛋禽養(yǎng)殖經(jīng)濟效益，還會降低蛋孵化率，增加胚胎死亡率[1]。蛋殼能保護胚胎免受外界環(huán)境的有害影響。鈣的添加是影響胚胎發(fā)育及蛋殼質(zhì)量的重要因素[2]。由于破殼蛋及畸形蛋很容易感染致病菌，因而蛋殼質(zhì)量對消費者的影響也較大。規(guī)?；\養(yǎng)，其蛋殼需氧菌的污染明顯高于家庭常規(guī)圈養(yǎng)蛋[3]。研究表明，籠養(yǎng)蛋蛋殼總微生物菌群比散養(yǎng)的低[4]。

蛋殼質(zhì)量對蛋雞養(yǎng)殖效益的影響非常大。Mabe等研究表明，80%～90%的破損蛋通常要降級處理[5]。蛋殼質(zhì)量降低的一個主要原因就是蛋雞日齡過長，在產(chǎn)蛋后期，破損蛋≥20%[6]。

許多因素影響蛋殼的形成和質(zhì)量，包括遺傳因素、環(huán)境因素、營養(yǎng)因素以及蛋雞的健康狀況。研究最多的是日糧中微量元素及維生素D3對蛋殼和骨質(zhì)量的影響。日糧中某些微量元素水平，主要是鋅和錳，同時在日糧中添加能提高腸道消化吸收率，有利于蛋殼的形成，提高蛋殼的質(zhì)量。因此，本文總結(jié)和討論了日糧中添加微量元素及添加劑對蛋殼質(zhì)量的影響。

1 鈣和磷

由于蛋殼特殊的化學(xué)組成（95%為鈣的碳酸鹽）及鈣化過程，因此鈣是影響蛋殼質(zhì)量的極其重要的營養(yǎng)因子。Jiang等研究表明，產(chǎn)蛋雞飼喂高水平鈣（4.4%），比對照組蛋殼質(zhì)量降低[7]。用粗石灰石或貝殼粉替代精制石灰石效果較好，兩者均能在嗉囊中停留較長的時間，因而溶解的較慢，從而能在夜間給機體提供持續(xù)充足的血鈣[8-9]。Cufadar等研究了日糧鈣水平（3.0%、3.6%或4.2%）和石粒大?。ǎ? mm、2～5 mm、＞5 mm）對換羽蛋雞（76周齡）的影響，結(jié)果表明，日糧鈣水平低時，適中或大顆粒的石粒與蛋殼質(zhì)量強度呈正相關(guān)，但是這種影響在日糧鈣水平正?；蚋邥r無影響[10]。

研究表明，日糧中可利用磷的水平為0.3%～0.35%即可滿足蛋殼質(zhì)量的需求。而較高的磷水平（＞0.4%～0.45%）會影響鈣的吸收，導(dǎo)致蛋殼質(zhì)量下降[11-12]。將日糧中磷的水平降到0.15%～0.2%，對蛋殼質(zhì)量無不良影響[13]。但低水平的含磷量可能會降低產(chǎn)蛋量。

2 維生素

維生素D3可促進機體對鈣的利用。因此，日糧中充足的維生素D3對良好的蛋殼質(zhì)量也是必需的。由于蛋雞代謝過程中合成維生素D3的能力下降，在日糧中添加25-OH-D3有利于第二個產(chǎn)蛋周期的產(chǎn)蛋量[14]。

3 微量元素

Mabe等研究微量元素如鋅、錳、銅，作為一些酶的輔基，通過影響晶體的形成及改變，蛋殼晶體的結(jié)構(gòu)，影響蛋殼的形成，結(jié)果表明，蛋雞69～ 82周齡基礎(chǔ)日糧（含鋅32.6 mg·kg-1）添加了鋅60 mg·kg-1，對蛋殼硬度呈正相關(guān)；但是，由于添加了錳60 mg·kg-1和銅10 mg·kg-1，因而不能確定這種影響是否與鋅的添加有關(guān)[5]。Xiao等對海蘭褐蛋雞研究表明，在日糧中添加錳100 mg·kg-1，能通過增加合成糖胺聚糖及糖醛胺的含量而提高蛋殼質(zhì)量，包括提高蛋殼強度、蛋殼厚度、斷裂韌度等[15]。蛋雞日糧中微量元素的添加形式（無機態(tài)或有機態(tài)）均能影響蛋殼質(zhì)量。但蛋雞日糧中無機態(tài)和有機態(tài)微量元素的利用效率如何，尚無定論。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明，用鋅和錳的氨基酸結(jié)合物替代其氧化物，能減少鋅和錳對蛋雞的副作用，且在產(chǎn)蛋后續(xù)階段（62～70周齡）能提高蛋殼強度，對生理及脛骨指數(shù)、脛骨灰分含量及腳趾灰分含量、蛋殼比例、蛋殼厚度和蛋殼密度無影響[16]。Gheisari等在玉米-豆粕型日糧中添加錳和銅的氨基酸結(jié)合物或硫酸酯（分別為40、40和7 mg·kg-1），結(jié)果表明，蛋殼厚度比日糧中添加有機微量元素3.8%時高[17]。Favero等同時在科寶500肉仔雞日糧中添加錳、鋅和銅的無機硫酸酯復(fù)合物和氨基酸復(fù)合物，結(jié)果表明，同時添加鋅、銅和錳的無機和有機態(tài)復(fù)合物，能顯著提高蛋殼質(zhì)量[18]。Stefanelloefal等在蛋雞日糧中提高鋅、錳和銅的水平，能提高蛋殼質(zhì)量，包括蛋殼硬度、蛋殼厚度、降低破蛋率[19]。Pekel等研究表明，含植酸酶低磷蛋雞日糧中添加有機態(tài)銅對蛋殼質(zhì)量無影響[20]。Attia等也有類似的報道，用無機態(tài)的銅替代有機態(tài)的銅對蛋殼比例及蛋殼厚度或單位蛋殼質(zhì)量無影響[21]。Ma等在產(chǎn)蛋后期日糧中添加丙酸鉻（600 μg·kg-1）能提高蛋殼質(zhì)量及蛋殼厚度[22]。Attia等在蛋雞日糧中用有機硒（硒代甲硫氨酸）替代無機硒（亞硒酸鈉）不影響蛋殼質(zhì)量、蛋殼比例、蛋殼厚度或者單位面積蛋殼重量[23]。

4 飼料添加劑

4.1 益生元或益生菌

研究表明，飼料添加劑主要是益生元或益生菌及有機酸，能提高蛋殼質(zhì)量，這種影響可能主要是其促進鈣和其他礦物元素的利用[24]。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明，菊糖或果糖在一定程度上有利于蛋殼質(zhì)量的提高（蛋殼比例、蛋殼密度及蛋殼硬度）[25]。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明，在高DDGS含量的日糧中添加菊糖能提高產(chǎn)蛋末期（50周齡）蛋殼質(zhì)量[26]。Cesari等研究在海蘭褐蛋雞日糧中添加含益生元（含54%乳糖的脫脂奶粉）及嗜酸乳桿菌對產(chǎn)蛋性能及蛋殼質(zhì)量的影響，結(jié)果表明，益生元（3%或4%）有利于蛋殼質(zhì)量提高，這可能是由于增加了腸道短鏈脂肪酸與益生菌及乳糖的結(jié)合[27]。然而，Yildiz等研究表明，日糧中添加菊糖對蛋殼重量、厚度及硬度沒有影響[28]。在蛋雞日糧中添加酵母細胞壁對蛋殼質(zhì)量無影響[29]。

蛋雞日糧中添加益生菌能提高蛋殼品質(zhì)。Abdelqader等研究在日糧中添加枯草芽孢桿菌（2.3× 108cfu·g-1）對蛋雞（64周齡）產(chǎn)蛋性能和蛋殼質(zhì)量的影響，結(jié)果表明，提高了蛋殼重量、增加厚度，同時降低破蛋率[30]。Abdelqader等在日糧中分別添加枯草芽孢桿菌和菊糖或同時添加，結(jié)果表明，日糧中分別添加或者同時添加益生菌（0.01%）和菊糖（0.01%），均能提高產(chǎn)蛋后期產(chǎn)蛋性能、蛋殼質(zhì)量及鈣的沉積。產(chǎn)蛋性能和蛋殼質(zhì)量的提高與使用了益生元和益生菌有關(guān)，大量的益菌定殖及絨毛隱窩吸收面積增加[31]。益生菌和益生素能提高蛋殼質(zhì)量，可能是通過提高礦物質(zhì)的溶解度而促進了礦物質(zhì)的利用率，其原因是由于通過益生菌基質(zhì)的增加而提高短鏈脂肪酸的產(chǎn)生，改變腸道黏膜層，提高細菌發(fā)酵產(chǎn)物，通過益生菌酶降解植酸鹽，增加鈣粘蛋白表達，這些都有益于腸道健康[32]。

4.2 有機酸

Sengor等對白色寶萬斯蛋雞研究表明，日糧中添加短鏈脂肪酸（SCFA）0.05%可以提高蛋殼強度，同時降低臟蛋、破殼蛋和畸形蛋[33]。蛋殼質(zhì)量的改善與血清鈣濃度增加有關(guān)，這可能是由于有機酸促進了鈣的吸收。Swiatkiewicz等研究表明，日糧中鏈脂肪酸（MCFA），如癸酸、己酸及更短鏈脂肪酸，對提高產(chǎn)蛋中后期（46～70周齡）蛋殼質(zhì)量（蛋殼比率、厚度、強度）的作用相對短鏈脂肪酸（SCFA）較弱[26]。

4.3 精油和植物提取物

對產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞（54～74周齡）的研究結(jié)果表明，混合精油（牛至、月桂樹葉、鼠尾草葉、番石榴葉、茴香籽和柑橘果皮油混合物）可以降低15.5%破蛋率[6]。Kaya等研究表明，混合精油（鼠尾草、百里香、薄荷提取物，0.015或0.030%）能提高蛋殼強度和重量[34]。Lokaewmanee等研究表明，日糧中添加植物提取物（含有0.10%紅色三葉草和大蒜素）的褐殼蛋雞日糧可以改善蛋殼質(zhì)量，提高蛋殼強度，這些改善可能與小腸組織結(jié)構(gòu)變化有關(guān)[35]。Sharma等研究表明，在蛋雞日糧中添加中草藥可以增加蛋殼厚10%，蛋殼強度增加15.2%，同時降低2.5%破損蛋[36]。Zhou等研究表明，產(chǎn)蛋后期日糧中添加復(fù)方中草藥可使蛋殼強度提高19.3%，并改善脛骨質(zhì)量[37]。中草藥有助于減少骨質(zhì)損失，并刺激產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞對礦物質(zhì)的吸收。

5 小結(jié)

基于對蛋殼質(zhì)量影響因素的分析，蛋雞日糧中添加微量元素和飼料添加劑其效果受蛋雞日齡、生理狀況和添加劑化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)與組成的影響。然而，一些研究表明，通過優(yōu)化錳的添加形式和水平，及添加益生素和益生菌、有機酸和中草藥可以提高蛋殼質(zhì)量[38-41]。應(yīng)該強調(diào)的是，這些有益的作用可能不明顯，尤其對于青年蛋雞。而對于產(chǎn)蛋后期蛋雞，效果可能更好。

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The Study on the Effect of Trace Elements and Feed Additives in Feed on Eggshell Quality

ZHNG Lulu1,WANG Dongsheng2
（1.Beijing Zhongnong Example of Laying Hens Breeding Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 102100,China; 2.Shanghai Bright Holstan Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai 200436,China）

Many recent studies regarded the effect of nutrition on eggshell parameters focussing on dietary trace elements levels and sources.There has been also growing interest in the influence of feed additives on improving intestinal health and mineral availability.The results demonstrate that the result of layerhen diet supplementation with trace elements and feed additives was not consistent,however findings of several trials indicated that eggshell quality might be positively affected in certain conditions by optimal dietary level and form of mangae,as well as by the addition of probiotics,organic acids,and chinese herb extracts.This paper summarized the influencing factors of eggshell quality,especially the trace elements and feed additives.The effects of dietary calcium,phosphorus and vitamin D3levels and sources on eggshell quality were summarizedand discussed.

laying hens;nutrition;eggshell quality;trace elements;feed additives

S831；S816.7

A

1001-0084（2017）01-0029-04

2016-10-23

張露露（1989-），女，河北石家莊人，碩士研究生，研究方向為蛋雞營養(yǎng)、畜禽疾病控制。